SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF APHID GENERA
(in alphabetical order) XYZ
Two little-known east Asian
species with very broad antennal tubercles and flangeless siphunculi, very
similar to Jacksonia, but first instars have no spinules on
their hind tibiae. Xenosiphonaphis conandri Takahashi Apterae are pale, colour is unrecorded; BL
c.0.8 mm (?) (BL of alata is 1.6-2.1 mm). On undersides of leaves of Conandron ramondioides, growing on wet
rocks, in Japan. Heteroecious holocyclic, with a sexual phase on Stachyurus preacox; there are alate
fundatrigeniae from this plant in the BMNH collection, leg. M. Sorin. [A record
and description by A.K.Ghosh & Raychaudhuri (1968) of an alata from a
species of Gramineae/Poaceae in Sikkim, India should probably be referred to Jacksonia papillata.] Xenosiphonaphis
japonica Takahashi Colour of apterae (fundatrices) is not recorded;
BL c. 3.1 mm (Miyazaki 1971, as Jacksonia).
Immature alatae are densely covered with cottony wax. On undersides of leaves
of Stachyurus praecox in Japan in
spring, migrating to an unknown secondary host.
About 20 species related to Aphis, Brachyunuguis and Protaphis
with a short antennal terminal process, short dark volcano-shaped siphunculi
and a short triangular cauda. They mostly live on Compositae/Asteraceae,
especially Anthemidae, although several including the type species are on
Chenopodiaceae. Many species were transferred from Absinthaphis by Kadyrbekov
(2001c); Mier Durante & Nieto Nafría (1991) compared morphometric data
for 8 species previously in that genus, and Nieto Nafría et al. (2005a) reviewed the Spanish species. Kadyrbekov (2014b)
revised the genus, describing three new species from Kazakhstan, establishing
several synonymies and providing a key
to apterae. Specimens from Sueda sp.
in Sinai (BMNH collection, leg. E. Mescheloff) are similar to a specimen
illustrated but not described from Korea as Absinthaphis koraiensis Paik (see Remaudière & Remaudière
1997). Xerobion
alakuli (Juchnevitch) Apterae are dark green, covered with wax
powder; BL 0.9-1.2 mm. On Artemisia and
Seriphidium spp. in Kazakhstan and
western China (Xinjiang). Kadyrbekov (1995a) provided a redescription. Xerobion album (Remaudière
& Davatchi) (Fig.31d) Apterae are white due to complete covering
of fine wax powder, with basal segments of antennae, legs and siphunculi dark
brown, and cauda pale; BL 1.4-2.0 mm. Apterae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 0-8, IV 1-5 and V 0-1, and alatae have them distributed III
11-12, IV 5-6, V 1-2. Found in colonies (with Brachycaudus helichrysi) on
flower-stalks and inflorescences of Helichrysum
armenium in Iran (original description, as Protaphis albus), and also recorded from Turkey. Xerobion
amurensis (Pashchenko) Apterae are green, heavily wax-dusted, with
dark siphunculi and a pale cauda; BL c.1.4-1.5 mm. On Artemisia desertorum, sometimes in dense colonies on the upper
part of the plant, causing stunting of growth and clumping of leaves. In east
Siberia (Maritime Territory). Xerobion
barsukense Kadyrbekov Apterae are dark brown powdered with wax,
with blackish siphunculi; BL c.1.4-1.5 mm. On flowers and shoots of Helichrysum arenarium in a desert
habitat in south-west Kazakhstan (Aral region), attended by ants (Kadyrbekov
2014b). Xerobion
blascoi (García Prieto & Sanchís
Segovia) Apterae are dull black; BL
1.0-1.6 mm. Apterae have secondary rhinaria distributed III (0-)1-5, IV 0-3,
and alatae have them distributed III (0-)4-9, IV (0-)1-3, V 0-2. In very dense
colonies on terminal parts of Artemisia herba-alba (incl. subsp. valentina),
often causing deformation. In Los Monegros, Spain (García Prieto &
Sanchís Segovia 1998, in Aphis
subgen. Absinthaphis). Xerobion
camphorosmae (Tashev) Apterae are dark grey, but almost covered
in life with thick woolly wax, except for small dark spots in front of the
siphunculi and a larger dark spot on the posterior abdomen; BL 1.1-1.6 mm. On
Camphorosma in Bulgaria, colonising
needle-like leaves and creeping stems; also known from Kazakhstan (as Protaphis comphorosmi; Juchnevitch
1974) and western China (Xinjiang). Kadyrbekov (1995a) provided a couplet
separating this species from X.
eriosomatinum. Xerobion
caspicae (Bozhko) Apterae are dark green or blackish tinged
with green, coated with greyish wax powder, with a rusty-coloured patch
between siphunculi (Barbagallo 1996, as Absinthaphis
brutii); BL 1.1-1.7 mm. Apterae have secondary rhinaria distributed III
0-6, IV 0-4, V 0-1, and alatae have them distributed III 6-12, IV 2-5, V 0-2.
Original description is from Artemisia
caspica (an unresolved plant name) in Ukraine. Kadyrbekov (2014b, 2017a)
recorded this species from Artemisia
sp. and A. terrae-albae in
Kazakhstan, and established that X.
brutii (Barbagallo), described
from upper parts of stems and leaves of A.
variabilis in southern Italy, and X.
georgii (Mier Durante & Nieto Nafría), described from A. campestris ssp. glutinosa in Spain, are synonyms. In
Spain it is monoecious holocyclic, with oviparae in October (Pérez Hidalgo et al. 2007b) and alate males
found in early November (Mier Durante & Nieto Nafría 1991). Xerobion
cinae (Nevsky) Plate 7g (Fig.12r) Apterae are dark green or greenish brown
with blackish siphunculi, wax-coated; BL 1.2-1.8mm. Apterae have secondary
rhinaria distributed III 0-5, IV 0-2 and V 0-1, and alatae have them distributed ANT III 5-11, IV 1-4,
V 0-3. On Artemisia and Seriphidium spp., mainly on stems and
leaf petioles, sometimes on undersides of leaves which become slightly
wrinkled (Ivanoskaya 1960, as Aphis
artemisiae), usually ant-attended. In Turkey, Iran, Russia (lower Volga,
western Siberia), Central Asia, India (Kashmir)and western China (Xinjiang).
Monoecious holocyclic with oviparae and alate males in mid-October to late
November in Central Asia (original description, as Cryptosiphum). Kadyrbekov (2014b) redescribed apterae and
alatae and established that X. artemisiae (Narzikulov) and X. terraealbae (Ivanoskaya) were
synonyms. 2n=8. Xerobion
compositae Kadyrbekov Apterae are dark green with blackish
siphunculi, without wax powder; BL c.1.5-1.6 mm. On undersides of leaves of Cousinia perovskiensis in southern
Kazakhstan, attended by ants (Kadyrbekov 2014b). Oviparae identified as this
species were collected from Cirsium
arvense in September in central Kazakhstan. Xerobion
desertorum Kadyrbekov Apterae are dark green with blackish
siphunculi, without wax powder; BL c.1.0-1.2 mm. On flowers and shoots
of Helichrysum
arenarium, attended by ants, in a desert habitat in south-west Kazakhstan
(Aral region) (Kadyrbekov 2014b). Xerobion
eriosomatinum Nevsky Plate 7i (Fig.36e,f) Apterae are dark brown with a covering of
bluish-white wax, except for dark antesiphuncular and postsiphuncular spots:
BL 1.3-1.8 mm. Apterae and alatae both have secondary rhinaria distributed
III 0-5, IV 0-1. In ant-attended colonies on stems and lower and upper sides
of leaves on Kochia prostrata in
Spain, northern Italy (Jörg & Lampel 1988) and eastward to Pakistan (Naumann-Etienne & Remaudière 1995)
and China (L. Zhang & G. Zhang 2000b, as Aphis (Zyxaphis) kochiae). Monoecious holocyclic; oviparae were
described from Kazakhstan (Smailova 1974), and from Spain (Mier Durante et al. 1989). Xerobion eteriae
Barjadze & Gratiashvili Appearance in life is unknown; BL of
apterae 0.9-1.4 mm (of alatae 1.2-1.9 mm). Alatae have 2-10 secondary
rhinaria on ANT III only. On Acantholimon
spp. in Iran (Barjadze & Gratiashvili 2020). Xerobion
hortobagyi (Szelegiewicz) Apterae are brownish, without wax; BL
1.0-1.2 mm. On terminal parts of Artemisia
maritima ssp. monogyna (= A. santonicum), not visited by ants.
In Hungary and Slovakia. Xerobion
inthybi Bozhko Apterae are dark brownish green; BL c.1.5
mm. On undersides of leaves of Cichorium
intybus in Ukraine. Possibly this species should be in Aphis (Protaphis). Xerobion
juchnevitchae Smailova Apterae are dark green or brownish, wax-dusted, with blackish
siphunculi; BL 1.2-1.8 mm. Secondary rhinaria are confined to ANT III in both
apterae (0-2) and the single known alata (9). On apical parts or on
undersides of leaves of Atriplex cana in central and eastern
Kazakhstan, visited by ants. Kadyrbekov (2014b) provided a redescription. Xerobion
judenkoi (Szelegiewicz) Apterae are green, lightly wax-powdered;
BL 1.4-1.7 mm. On apical parts of Artemisia
campestris in Poland, and also recorded from Artemisia spp. in Latvia, Lithuania and northern Kazakhstan. An aphid on the anomalous host Achillea millefolium in Lithuania identified as this species had
a relatively long antennal terminal process, warranting further investigation
(Rakauskas et al. 2008). Xerobion lambersi (Tashev) Apterae are pale
yellow-green to green with pale brown siphunculi, without wax powder (cf. X. cinae); BL 1.3-1.7 mm. Secondary
rhinaria distributed III (0-)1-7, IV (0-)1-3, V 0-2 in apterae and III 5-12,
IV 2-5, V 1-3 in alatae. On flowers and shoots of Artemisia spp. of the “Oligosporus
group” (campestris, dracunculus, marschalliana, scoparia),
attended by ants. Severe stunting and some witch’s broom formation is
reported on A. scoparia in Pakistan
(Naumann-Etienne & Remaudière 1995, as Aphis (Absinthaphis) cinae). This species was redescribed
and removed from synonymy with X. cinae
by Kadyrbekov (2014b). It was originally described from Bulgaria and is also
recorded from Moldova, Ukraine, Iran, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Xerobion
pannonica (Szelegiewicz) Apterae are brown, without wax, almost
shiny; BL 1.3-1.5 mm. In ant-attended colonies on basal parts of Artemisia absinthium in Hungary, and
also recorded from Romania, Slovakia and Kazakhstan. Xerobion
zoijae (Nevsky)
Apterae are yellow-green with large dark spots on dorsal abdomen and
dark brownish femora and siphunculi; BL 1.7-2.3mm. On stems and leaves of Hyalea
pulchella in Turkmenistan (Repetek) and southern Kazakhstan. Alatae have
secondary rhinaria distributed III 5-6, IV c.1 (original description, as Brachyunguis zoijae; transferred to Xerobion by Kadyrbekov 2001c).
Ten
oriental species associated with Acer
and perhaps most closely related to the North American genus Drepanaphis, but they are larger
aphids, lack dorsal processes, and often have dark pigment on the forewings
and distal reticulation on the siphunculi. All viviparae are alate. Accounts
are available from India (Chakrabarti 1988, A.K. Ghosh & Quednau 1990),
China (Qiao & Zhang 2001c, Qiao et
al. 2005b), Korea (An & Park 1993) and Japan (Higuchi 1972, 1974;
Sugimoto 2017a). Sugimoto (2017a) provided keys to viviparae, oviparae, males
and first instar nymphs of the five Japanese species. The species from Acer buergerianum in China described
as Y. obscura in Qiao et al. (2005b) requires a new name.
Fukatsu (2001) reported that secondary intracellular symbiotic bacteria occur
in at least two species of this genus. Yamatocallis
acericola Higuchi
Alatae are green, with forewing membrane diffusely pigmented towards
wing-tip and siphunculi blackish-brown except for pale bases; BL 3.1-4.8 mm.
On upper surfaces of leaves of Acer
carpinifolium in Japan (Higuchi 1974). Sexual morphs collected in
November were described by Sugimoto (2017a). [The species keyed under this
name in Qiao et al. (2005b, p. 407)
is the one described on pp. 106-7 of the same work as Y. obscura, but is in fact another species, as yet unnamed.] Yamatocallis acerisucta Qiao
& Zhang Alatae are pale in life,
with distal halves of siphunculi dark, and wing membrane mostly unpigmented;
BL c. 2.8 mm. On an unidentified Acer sp. in Shaanxi, China (Qiao &
Zhang 2001). Biology and sexual morphs
are unknown. Yamatocallis brevicauda
Chakrabarti Colour of alatae in life
is not recorded, wing membrane probably unpigmented and siphunculi
black-tipped; BL 3.1-3.8 mm. On Acer
villosum in Uttar Pradesh, India. Sexual morphs occur in October
(Chakrabarti 1988). Yamatocallis hirayamae
Matsumura (fig. 22G)
Alatae
are pale green, green, pinkish brown or yellowish-brown, with pale green or
pale brown siphunculi, and forewings with a broad dark band of pigment
traversing the anterior part of the membrane from the base of Cu1a
to the wing-tip; BL 2.4-3.5 mm. On various Acer spp. in Japan, China, Korea and eastern Siberia (Higuchi
1972, Pashchenko 1988a). Sexual morphs occur in late October to early
December; Sugimoto (2017a) provided descriptions of all morphs. Yamatocallis nikkoensis Sugimoto Alatae are green with wholly black
siphunculi and a broad band of dark pigment on the anterio-distal part except
for a contrastingly clear area bordered by the pterostigma and radial sector;
BL 2.0-2.9 mm (BL of fundatrix c. 3.4 mm). Sexual morphs were collected in
October-November. All morphs were described from a single tree of Acer shirasawanum (= tenuifolium) in Honshu, Japan
(Sugimoto 2017a). Yamatocallis obscura
(M.R. Ghosh, A.K. Ghosh & Raychaudhuri)
Alatae are green, and have forewings with membrane unpigmented, and
siphunculi dark brown distally; BL 3.4-4.1 mm. On undersides of young leaves
of an unidentified plant (assumed here to be an Acer sp.) in West Bengal (M.R Ghosh et al. 1971, as Megalophyllaphis).
A.K. Ghosh & Quednau (1990) provided a redescription. The life cycle is
unknown. [Qiao et al. (2005b)
described a species from Acer
buergerianum in China under this name, but their species differs in
several respects from Y. obscura (smooth
siphunculi without distal reticulation, more numerous rhinaria extending for
most of length of antenna, more accessory hairs on R IV+V).] Yamatocallis sauteri
(Takahashi) Alatae are green with
yellowish-brown head and thorax, forewings with a broad band of pigment
extending from pterostigma and RS along distal branches of media,
and black-tipped siphunculi; BL c. 4.5 mm. On an unidentified Acer sp. in Taiwan (Takahashi 1927a).
The life cycle is unknown. Yamatocallis takagii
(Takahashi) (fig. 22F)
Alatae
are green, forewings with RS and distal branches of media thickly
brown-bordered, and blackish siphunculi; BL 4.5-4.7 mm. On twigs and
undersides of leaves of Acer pictum and
A. miyabei in Japan (Sugimoto
2017a), and on A. pictum in Korea (An
& Park 1993, as Y. palgongsanensis,
which is a synonym). Sexual morphs were collected in Japan in November and
described by Sugimoto (2017a). 2n = c. 48 (Blackman 1986). Yamatocallis tokyoensis
(Takahashi) (fig. 22H)
Alatae
are pale green with brown head and thorax (or sometimes in spring body is
pinkish brown), with pale green or pale brown siphunculi, and with most of
forewing membrane infuscated except for posterior margin; BL 1.5-2.9 mm. On
leaves of Acer spp., especially A. palmatum, in Japan and Korea (An
& Park 1993; Sugimoto 2017a). Sexual morphs occur in November; all morphs
including the fundatrx were described by Sugimoto (2017a). Kan & Sasakawa
(1986) studied its relations with a syrphid predator.
Two
east Asian species on Acer, related
to Trichaitophorus but with long,
thick spinal as well as marginal hairs. Yamatochaitophorus albus
(Takahashi) Apterae are elongate oval, whitish with pale antennae and legs;
BL 0.8-1.0 mm. Described from an unidentified Acer sp. at high altitude in Japan (Takahashi 1961b; as Trichaitophorus albus), and aphids
identified as this species have subsequently been recorded from India on
various Acer spp. (Chakrabarti
& Mandal 1986), and from A. pictum
in Siberia (see Holman 2009). The alate is described from India by
Chakrabarti & Mandal (1986). Biology and sexual morphs are unrecorded. Yamatochaitophorus yichunensis Jiang,
Chen & Qiao Apterae are elongate
oval, pale yellow; BL 0.8-1.4 mm. Feeding dispersed on undersides of leaves
of Acer tegmentosum in China
(Heilonjiang Prov.). Alatae and life cycle are unknown (Jiang et al. 2016)
Two
species that form open or leaf-roll galls on Zelkova. One of them (caucasica)
is now known to migrate to Carex.
Barbagallo (2002) provided a diagnosis, compared it with related genera and provided
a key to emigrant alatae. Barjadze et
al. (2011a) provided a key to fundatrices, and
Sano et al. (2015) provided keys to
the alate emigrants and their first instar progeny . Zelkovaphis caucasica (Dzhibladze) (= Colopha
caucasica of Blackman & Eastop 1994)
Spring generations
roll and blister the leaves of Zelkova
acuminata and Z. carpinifolia
(Dzhibladze 1960). Fundatrices are greyish green or dark green covered with
white wax; BL 2.1-2.4 mm (Barjadze et
al. 2011a). Emigrant alatae (BL 1.3-1.8 mm)
emerge from the galls in May and fly to Carex
capitata, where colonies in white
woolly wax are formed on the aerial parts (Barjadze et al. 2011a).
The alatae were redescribed by Sano et
al. (2015). Sexuparae are produced in November. In south-west Asia (Georgia,
Iran; BMNH collection). Zelkovaphis trinacriae Barbagallo Fundatrices are broadly oval, dark grey,
covered with white wax, with very dark brown appendages; BL 2.8-3.3 mm. The gall on Zelkova sicula consists of a cluster of thickened and modified
leaves that overlap one another to form a rosette-like nest enclosing the
fundatrix and its progeny, which are all alate (Barbagallo 2002). Emigrant
alatae are blackish, BL 1.8-2.5 mm, and migrate mostly in May to an unknown
secondary host. It is known only from the type locality in Italy (Sicily).
A genus for one species
combining some characters of Dysaphis and
Brachycaudus. Zinia
veronicae Shaposhnikov Apterae are pale green, with a dark grey slightly
shiny dorsal abdominal sclerotic shield, black antennae and siphunculi and
dark grey head and eyes; BL c.1.7-1.8 mm. On roots of Veronica spp., without ants. In Russia (Urals), Moldova,
Kazakhstan, Poland and Italy. The alata was redescribed from northern Italy
by van Harten & Coceano (1981). |