SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF APHID GENERA
(in alphabetical order) B
A
genus for one species related to Aploneura
and Slavum but with more normal distribution
of rhinaria on the antennae of the alatae, which fold their wings roof-like
in repose. The large characteristic
horn-like galls can be formed on several species of Pistacia. Baizongia
pistaceae (Linnaeus)
Plate 1h Producing large, elongate horn-like galls
15-22 cm long (fig.
126C) on Pistacia spp.,
especially P. palaestina, in the
Mediterranean area, and also in north-west
One
species in Berberidaphis
lydiae (Narzikulov) Apterae are shiny pale yellow, BL 1.7-2.7
mm. On undersides of leaves of Berberis
spp. in mountainous regions of Tajikistan, eastern Kazakhstan (Kadyrbekov
2009a) and northern Pakistan (Naumann-Etienne & Remaudičre 1995).
Oviparae and small apterous males appear in October-November (Narzikulov 1957,
as Liosomaphis lydiae).
Six species are known, all from
east and south-east Betacallis
alnicolens Matsumura
Alatae are pale green with dark tibiae, large (about 3.5 mm), very
active, on leaves of Alnus spp. (hirsuta, japonica, matsumurae)
in Betacallis
luminifera Zhang Alatae yellow; BL 2.6-3.5 mm, on leaves of
Betula luminifera in Betacallis
odaiensis Takahashi
Alatae are pale lemon-yellow to apricot, with black basal,
sensoriated, part of third antennal segment, black tibiae, two black bars on
the dorsal abdomen, and black siphunculi; BL 2.4-3.1 mm. On leaves of Betula spp. (ermannii, maximowicziana, platyphylla var. japonica)
in Betacallis
prunicola R.C. Basu, A.K. Ghosh & Raychaudhuri Alatae light yellowish green with dark
tibiae, dark transverse bars on ABD TERG 3-5 or 4-5 and dark siphunculi; BL
1.9-2.2 mm (A.K. Ghosh & Quednau 1990).
Described from adults and immatures on Prunus cerasus in Betacallis
querciphaga R.C. Basu, M.R. Ghosh &
Raychaudhuri Alatae light grenish
yellow with dark markings like B.
odaiensis except for the dorsal longitudinal head stripe and differences
in wing vein pigmentation; BL 2.4-3.2 mm.
In Betacallis
sikkimensis R.C. Basu, M.R. Ghosh &
Raychaudhuri BL of alata 2.4-3.2 mm,
appearance in life unrecorded but presumably pale, with third antennal
segment and tibiae darkened only at apices (cf. other species). The siphunculi are black on distal half
only and there is often a consolidated or broken dark central patch on abdominal
tergites 4 and 5. Described from Quercus sp. - which is probably only a
reserve host - in
A
genus of 6 or 7 species rather evenly distributed through the holarctic on Betula. They are small, rather flat oval aphids with
short 6-segmented antennae, the PT being about as long as the base of ANT
VI. Viviparae have a short, conical
cauda and a bilobed anal plate.
Oviparae have dark dorsal markings and the posterior abdomen is extended
as an "egg-laying organ".
Males are apterous with extensive dark dorsal markings. Fundatrices are unusual in being either
apterous or alate (at least in B.
quadrituberculata). Stroyan (1977)
gave a detailed generic diagnosis, and accounts are available for North Betulaphis
brevipilosa Borner (= helvetica Hille Ris Lambers)
(fig. 31B)
Apterae
are pale to grass-green aphids, BL 1.5-2.0 mm, with the tips of the antennae
and the tarsi dark. Alatae almost
always have a dark dorsal abdominal patch.
This species is frequently confused in the literature with B. quadrituberculata. It seems to feed mostly on Betula pendula, usually on the upper
surfaces of the leaves, occurring in north, central and eastern Betulaphis
hissarica Narzikulov
Appearance in life is unknown.
BL of aptera about 1.7-1.9 mm.
Chakrabati (1988) redescribed both apterous and alate viviparae, and
also apterous oviparae and males.
Recorded from various Betula
species (hissarica, alnoides, turkestanica, utilis) in Kazakhstan, Betulaphis
japonica Takahashi
Appearance in life and biology unrecorded, and alatae are
unknown. BL of aptera 1.1-1.6 mm. Found on various Betula species in
Betulaphis
longicornis Quednau & Chakrabarti Apterae yellow: BL 2.3-2.9 mm. The alatae lack a dorsal abdominal dark
patch, and have numerous (26-35) closely-spaced elongate transverse secondary
rhinaria an antennal segment III. Apterous
and alate viviparae are described by Quednau & Chakrabarti (1980), and
apterous oviparae and males by Chakrabarti (1988). Recorded from Betula alnoides and B.
utilis in Betulaphis
pelei Hille Ris Lambers (fig. 31C)
Apterae
are yellow with dark tarsi and tips of antennae, BL 1.4-1.7 mm. Alatae sometimes have a dark dorsal
abdominal patch. On Betula nana with a boreo-alpine
distribution in Betulaphis
quadrituberculata Kaltenbach (fig. 31A,D)
Apterae
have BL 1.5-2.0 mm and are pale yellowish green or pale yellow to almost
white, sometimes with patches of darker pigment (especially in autumn),
normally feeding on the undersides of leaves (see
influentialpoints.com/Gallery). Alatae sometimes have a dark dorsal
abdominal patch. Recorded from various
Betula species, especially B. pubescens and also occasionally
found on Alnus incana. Widely distributed in
Five species in the Bicaudella astragalensis Rusanova (Fig.16a) Apterae are pale brownish or dirty yellow,
BL 1.1-1.5 mm. On Astragalus spp.
in Bicaudella denaensis (Remaudičre) Apterae are squat-bodied, yellowish with
dark dorsal markings and black siphunculi; BL 1.1-1.5 mm. On Astragalus sp. in Bicaudella farsiana (Remaudičre) (Fig.16b,d) Apterae are yellow, rather pale, BL
1.6-1.9 mm. On an Astragalus sp. of
the microthrix group in Bicaudella
laurestanica (Remaudičre) (Fig.16c,e) Apterae are yellowish with dusky head and
thorax and black dorsal abdominal spots; BL 1.3-1.6 mm. On an Astragalus sp. in Bicaudella rostrata (Remaudičre) Apterae are
yellowish, rather pale; BL c.1.2-1.4 mm. On Astracantha gossypina in
A
genus for two nearctic species on Cirsium
related to Artemisaphis and Obtusicauda but with a distinctive
cauda and anal plate. Miller & Jensen (2006) reviewed the genus, removing
one species from synonymy. They are active aphids, and seem invariably to be
ant-attended. Bipersona
ochrocentri (Cockerell)
Plate 28h Apterae have a pale pink head and
thorax, brownish purple abdomen, with last two segments pale green, and black
antennae, black legs except for yellow basal parts of femora, black
siphunculi and black cauda; BL 2.5-3.5 mm. In ant-attended colonies on leaves
and stems of Cirsium spp. (ochrocentrus, arvense) in Bipersona
torticauda Gillette (Fig.22e) Apterae are brick red to ochre red with
black antennae, black legs except basal parts of femora, black siphunculi,
and anal plate and cauda reddish to dusky; BL 2.5-3.8 mm. In ant-attended
colonies on leaves and stems of Cirsium
spp. (there are records from Carduus and
Cnicus, but these are probably
referable to this genus). In western
A
genus for one species closely resembling Acaudella
in many features such as shape of siphunculi and lack of an evident cauda,
but with a much longer processus terminalis. Blackmania
eastopi Kanturski & Wieczorek Apterae are red-brown in life (V.F.
Eastop, field notes); BL of aptera c.1.6 mm. Alata has 21-31 secondary
rhinaria on ANT III. On Polygonum
equisetiforme in Israel and Cyprus (Kanturski & Wieczorek 2015b). The
life cycle is unknown.
Two
species on Senecio in South America
with dark cylindrical siphunculi having a little poorly-defined reticulation
at apices, and 5 hairs on first tarsal segments. A third species from Cuphea in Brazil mentioned under this
genus name by Blackman & Eastop (2006; p. 1106) has subsequently been
identified as Impatientinum paranaense.
Originally described as Blanchardia,
the name was changed to Blanchardaphis by
Ortego et al. (1998). Blanchardaphis
capitophoroides (Blanchard) Apterae are dark reddish; BL c. 3 mm.
Apterae have 18-20 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, alatae are undescribed. On Senecio sp. in Argentina. Ortego et al. (1997, as Blanchardia) compared measurements with those of B.
poikila. Blanchardaphis
poikila (Ortego, Nieto Nafría & Mier Durante) Apterae are dark pink with a narrow
longitudinal greenish mark on abdominal tergites 2-5; BL 2.2-3.0 mm. Apterae
have 5-14 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, alatae have 16-19. In dense colonies
on flowering stems of Senecio
subumbellatus in Argentina, and recently also reported from Chile (Nieto
Nafría et al. 2018). Monoecious
holocyclic, with alate males (Ortego et
al. 1997, as Blanchardia).
A
genus of 4-5 species associated with Alnus
(including Duschekia). The apterae are dorso-ventrally flattened, rather
elongate oval, and apply themselves closely to the leaf surface. They have paired anteriorly-directed
rectangular projections on the head, lateral abdominal hairs arising from
asymmetric tubercles that give the abdominal margin a stepped appearance, and
typically 5-segmented antennae. The
alatae are more normal-looking Calaphidini.
One species (occidentalis)
differs in that the apterae often have 6-segmented antennae, the frontal
projections are only weakly developed and the abdominal margin is more
indented than stepped. Hille Ris
Lambers & Hottes (1962) revised the genus. Boernerina
alni
Takahashi (fig. 29A,B) Apterae are pale yellowish-white,
dorso-ventrally flattened, elongate oval, BL 1.7-2.6 mm. Alatae are whitish and waxy. Sorin (1970a) described the apterous male
and ovipara, collected in mid-August in Japan, on Alnus spp. Pashchenko
(1983b) described a subspecies (insularia)
in east Siberia, which is very likely to be the aphid from the Irkutsk region
described by Rupais (1989b) as B.
sibirica. This subspecies is also now reported from the Nenets region of
north-west Russia (Stekolshchikov 2017). Boernerina
depressa Bramstedt
Apterae are whitish, flattened and elongate oval, BL 1.5-2.5 mm, on
undersides of leaves of Alnus viridis
in the Alps and Carpathians, and also reported from A. fruticosa in western Siberia and A. maximowiczii in the Kuril islands (see Holman 2009). Oviparae and very small apterous males are
produced in July-August (Hille Ris Lambers & Hottes 1962). Boernerina
occidentalis Hille Ris Lambers & Hottes Apterae are pale, flattened, oval, BL
1.7-2.4 mm, with broad sclerotic bars on abdominal tergites, the anterior
ones being sometimes browhish pigmented.
Alatae are variably pigmented, darker specimens have blackish-brown
sclerotic bars on abdominal tergites.
On Alnus sinuata in Alaska,
also collected in Oregon (BMNH collection; leg. D. Hille Ris Lambers), and
now also recorded from A. alnobetula ssp. fruticosa (=A. fruticosa) in
north-east Siberia (Chukotka; Stekolshchikov & Khruleva 2015). Oviparae and small, slender apterous males
are produced in July in Alaska (Hille Ris Lambers & Hottes 1962). Boernerina
variabilis Richards
Apterae are pale to bright yellow with black on distal parts of
antennae and legs, flattened, elongate oval, BL 1.9-2.6 mm. Alatae vary in pigmentation; when well-pigmented
they have broad dark bars dorsally and ventrally on the abdomen. On undersides of leaves of Alnus spp. (sinuata, rugosa, alnobetula) in east and west Canada
(British Columbia, Northwest Territory, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador). Oviparae and small, apterous males occur in
August in Northwest Territory (BMNH collection, R. O'Doherty), but oviparae
were collected in October in northern Ontario (BMNH collection, leg. J.
S˙pkens). 2n=16*.
This
genus of c.50 mainly palaearctic species is characterised by the large round
spiracular apertures, short often semicircular cauda, and siphunculi with a
subapical annular incision. Brachycaudus is primitively
heteroecious with Prunus as primary
hosts, and about 14 species still host-alternate. There
are species groups associated with secondary hosts in Ranunculaceae (subgenus
Brachycaudina), Caryophyllaceae
(subgenus Acaudus), Boraginaceae
and Compositae (subgenus Prunaphis),
and plants formerly in Scrophulariaceae but now placed in Orobanchaceae
(subgenus Scrophulaphis). For
an introduction to the genus and more detailed accounts of seven of the Prunus-feeding species see Blackman
& Eastop 2000, p.246. Heie (1992)
reviewed the species in Fennoscandia and Denmark, and Blackman (2010)
reviewed the British species (but there are errors in the subgeneric
classification in the latter work). Burger
(1975) reviewed European species then placed in Acaudus. Andreev (2004) revised the subgeneric
classification (but his synonymy of subgenus Thuleaphis with subgenus Mordvilkomemor
is not accepted here – see Blackman & Eastop 2011). Cocuzza et al. (2007) made a morphological and
molecular study of subgenus Appelia.
Coeur d’acier et
al.
(2008) and Jousselin et al. (2009, 2010) studied the molecular
phylogenetics of Brachycaudus species and their bacterial symbiont,
which largely confirm the subgeneric groupings used here. Jousselin et al. (2010) analysed their data
further to reconstruct ancestral character states, and reached the rather
surprising conclusion that several species may have reacquired the primary
host after periods of monoecy on secondary hosts. This interesting finding
requires further investigation. Brachycaudus
(Thuleaphis) acaudata (Hille Ris
Lambers) Colour of apterae in life unknown, probably
greenish with extensive blackish dorsal sclerotisation; BL 1.5-1.7 mm. Alatae
have 10-14 secondary rhinartia on ANT III. The host of type specimens from
Greenland is unknown, but it has subsequently been collected from stems of Persicaria viviparum in arctic Canada
(Baffin Island; Richards 1963a). Records of
B. acaudata from Rhodiola (= Sedum) rosea in Brachycaudus
(Brachycaudina) aconiti (Mordvilko) Apterae are shining black, BL 2.0-2.6 mm.
Apterae have 0-8 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and alatae have 7-13. On Aconitum spp.
and Delphinium spp. colonising
flower stems and leaf petioles, and rarely on undersides of leaves. In
central, south and south-east Europe, Central Asia and Siberia. Monoecious
holocyclic, with apterous males (Nosyrev 1968). Closely related to B. napelli in western Europe;
differing rhinarial numbers on ANT III are often given as a discriminant
between the two, but may not always be
reliable due to alatiformity. Brachycaudus (Appelia) almatinus
Nevsky Apterae according to the
original description are pale brown with black lateral spots, black
siphunculi, femora, tibial apices and tarsi, and dusky antennae. BL about 1.8 mm. The cauda is very short and broad. Alata have a pale brown abdomen, presumably
without a dark dorsal patch. Found in
Kazakhstan on several Prunus spp.,
rolling leaves longitudinally (Nevsky 1951, Kadyrbekov 2014d). Biology is unknown. Brachycaudus
(Thuleaphis) amygdalinus (Schouteden) Host-alternating between Prunus spp., especially P.dulcis or P. persica, and Polygonaceae.
Apterae are green with variably developed dark dorsal markings,
squat-bodied with rather short pale legs and antennae; BL 1.6-2.1 mm. Alatae have a dark central abdominal patch
and secondary rhinaria distributed III 12-21, IV 0-1 (spring migrants) or III
9-16, IV 0 (gynoparae). Colonies in
spring cause rolling of young almond or peach leaves and stunting of new
growth. The leaves are rolled somewhat
obliquely with respect to the mid-rib. rather than perpendicularly to the
mid-rib as in B. helichrysi.
Migration occurs to Polygonum (particularly
small-leaved) species, Persicaria maculosa and Fagopyrum cymosum. On Polygonum
aviculare they feed hidden under the thin bracts surrounding the nodes
(Talhouk 1977). It is also frequently anholocyclic on Polygonaceae, even
where primary hosts are available. In
Europe, the Middle East, North Africa (Tunisia: Boukhris-Bouhachem et
al.
2007, Algeria:
Laamari et al. 2010), Central Asia,
Pakistan and South Africa. Darwish
(1983) described the morphology of the spring generations. See also Blackman & Eastop 2000, p.246. 2n=12. Brachycaudus
(Nevskyaphis) ballotae (Passerini) Colour of apterae in life unknown,
probably shiny dark green to black; BL c.1.7-1.9 mm. On shoots of Ballota
nigra, attended by ants (Szelegiewicz 1981a). In continental Europe (Germany,
Czech Republic, Hungary, north Italy and Poland). Monoecious holocyclic.
Molecular data (Jousselin et al.
2010) indicate that B. lamii is
probably a synonym. Brachycaudus
(Nevskyaphis) bicolor (Nevsky) (Fig.9b) Apterae are shining yellowish tinged with
pink, to pale green, with a large shiny black dorsal abdominal patch (see influential
points/gallery); BL c.2.1-2.4 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 28-52, IV 0-8, V 0. Ant-attended colonies occur on root
collars, and at bases of leaves near ground level, of Boraginaceae (e.g. Anchusa, Cerinthe, Cynoglossum,
Echium, Lindelofia, Myosotis)
and also recorded from a species of Codonocephalum
= Inula (Compositae). In Brachycaudus
(Thuleaphis) brevirostratus Pashchenko Apterae are dirty green to pale brown;
BL c.1.3 mm. On Polygonum spp. in
east Siberia. Possibly this is a synonym of B. rumexicolens. Brachycaudus
(Prunaphis) cardui (L.) Plate 10a Apterae on herbaceous plants are shiny
black dorsally, light green to yellowish or reddish ventrally (immatures are
green or reddish) (see influentialpoints.com/Gallery);
BL 1.9-2.3 mm. Alatae have extensive dark dorsal pigmentation, and secondary rhinaria distributed III 12-39, IV
0(-4). B. cardui lives in dense
ant-attended colonies on stems and leaves of many species of Compositae (e.g.
Arctium, Carduus, Cirsium, Cynara, Chrysanthemum, Tanacetum,
Matricaria) and Boraginaceae (e.g Borago, Cynoglossum, Echium, Symphytum), and also frequently on
other plants, e.g. Capsella. In
Europe, Asia, north Africa and North America. Heteroecious holocyclic in
continental climates with a sexual phase on Prunus, esp. P. domestica or
P. spinosa (or sometimes P. avium or P. armeniaca). Apterae in rolled leaves of
plum in spring, are usually green with the dorsal cuticle sclerotic and often
brownish, but not shiny black like the summer generations on secondary
hosts. Spring migrant alatae have
secondary rhinaria distributed III 20-30, IV 0(-1). According to Börner
(1952), the aphids which use P. spinosa
as primary host and migrate to basal parts of stems of Compositae are a
distinct species, B. lateralis
(q.v.), but further work seems necessary to confirm this. Central
Asian populations with longer hairs are regarded as a subspecies, B. cardui ssp. turanica Mordvilko (differentiated by Andreev 1999). See
also Blackman & Eastop 2000, p.247.
2n=10. Brachycaudus
cerasicola Mordvilko ex Nevsky (= phlomicola
Nevsky) Apterae are shiny yellowish
brown to dark brown or black due to extensive dorsal sclerotic shield; BL
1.7-2.1 mm. Immatures are dirty brown. Alatae
have secondary rhinaria distributed III 21-50, IV 2-23, V 0(-5). Spring
colonies roll and twist the leaves of Prunus
spp. and turn them red. There is apparently a facultative host alternation to
Lamiaceae (Dracocephalum, Eremostachys, Nepeta,
Perovskia, Phlomis, Stachys) and
Orobanchaceae (Pedicularis) (Shaposhnikov
1964b, as phlomicola; Narzikulov & Daniyarova 1990). Kadyrbekov (2014d) records it also from
plant genera in several other families, including Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) and Gentiana/Gentianella
(Gentianaceae), where there is possible confusion respectively with B. sedi and B. gentianae. In Central Asia. This species was erroneously
synonymised with B. pilosus by Blackman & Eastop (1994). Brachycaudus
(Appelia) cerinthis Bozhko Apterae are shining blackish, BL 1.6-2.1
mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III 8-12, IV 0-2, V 0. On
stems, flower stalks and bracts, and deforming flower buds, of Cerinthe spp. In France, Italy, Czech Republic, Poland,
Hungary and Ukraine. Monoecious holocyclic on Cerinthe (Cocuzza et al.
2007). Brachycaudus
crassitibiae Nevsky Apterae are dark brown with paler
appendages; BL c.1.3-1.4 mm. Alatae have 4-6 secondary rhinaria on ANT III.
On Turgenia (~Caucalis) latifolia in
south Kazakhstan. Brachycaudus (Acaudus)
divaricatae Shaposhnikov Host-alternating between Prunus cerasifera (sometimes P. domestica or P. spinosa) and Caryophyllaceae (usually Silene latifolia s. lat.) in east Europe and the Middle
East. Apterae are shining dark brown to
black, BL 2.0-2.2 mm, rolling leaves of Prunus
in spring. Spring migrant alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III
16-31, IV 0, but later generations have III 30-50, IV 3-4, V 0. The migration
to Silene is apparently facultative
(Shaposhnikov 1962). In recent years this species has spread north-westward
to the eastern Baltic coast, where it has an abbreviated life cycle, staying
on P. cerasifera and producing sexual morphs and eggs from late June (Rakauskas & Juronis 2006, Rakauskas
& Turčinavičiene 2006). It has also now reached the Czech
Republic, where its morphology and DNA have been compared with eastern Baltic
populations (Bašilova et al. 2012). Havelka
et al. (2017) have compared its DNA
with that of the closely related B.
lychnidis. The male genitalia were described and illustrated by Wieczorek
et al. (2011). Native predators
attacking B. divaricatae in
Lithuania were studied by Danilov et al.
(2016). Brachycaudus
divaricatellus Shaposhnikov Apterae are shiny yellowish-rose, elongate
oval, BL c.2.0 mm. Alatae have
secondary rhinaria distributed III 30-50, IV 15-22, V 0. On
undersides of leaves of Prunus
cerasifera, causing slight curling of tips and discoloration. In south-west Turkmenistan (Shaposhnikov
1964a). Life cycle is unknown. Shaposhnikov (1964b) described the ovipara. Brachycaudus (Thuleaphis) eurotiae (Mamontova-Solukha) Apterae are shiny yellow, without wax; BL
1.1-1.6 mm. On Krascheninnikovia spp.,
living in galls formed by curling and thickening of the upper sides of the
leaves. Alatae have 5-7 secondary rhinaria on ANT III only, and dark dorsal
markings. In Ukraine
(Mamontova-Solukha, 1968, as Cryptosiphon
eurotiae), Kazakhstan and western China (Kadyrbekov et al., 2002). Kadyrbekov (2002) erected a new genus (Scythaphis) for this species which has
an unusually setose abdominal tergite 8 and lacks marginal tubercles (and has
a somewhat distinctive biology), but
Stekolshchikov (2007) transferred it to Brachycaudus (Thuleaphis).
Brachycaudus
gentianae Daniyarova Apterae are shining brown; BL c. 1.8
mm. On Gentiana olgae in Tajikistan, and on Gentiana tianshanica in Kazakhstan (Kadyrbekov 2017a). Possibly
this is a synonym of B. cerasicola,
which is also recorded from Gentiana/Gentianella by Kadyrbekov (2014d). Brachycaudus
helichrysi (Kaltenbach) Plate 9i Apterae are very variably coloured (but
always pale); pale green, pale yellow, whitish or pinkish (see influentialpoints.com/Gallery);
BL 0.9-2.0 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III 13-46, IV 0-18.
On stems and in flowerheads of numerous plant species, esp.
Compositae/Asteraceae (e.g. Achillea,
Ageratum, Aster, Bidens, Chrysanthemum, Cineraria, Erigeron, Gnaphalium, Helianthus, Matricaria,
Senecio) and Boraginaceae (e.g. Anchusa, Cynoglossum, Myosotis, Symphytum), but also many others
including Rumex, Saxifraga, Trifolium, Veronica.
World-wide, and a major pest (for further information see Eastop &
Blackman 2000, p.247). Heteroecious holocyclic with sexual phase on Prunus spp. (especially P. domestica, P. insititia, P. spinosa) in colder climates. Apterae
in spring populations on Prunus are
green, brownish or yellowish, shiny and slightly waxy, causing leaves to roll
up tightly perpendicular to the mid-rib.
BL is 1.4-2.0 mm on Prunus,
down to 0.9 mm on secondary hosts.
Darwish (1984) described the morphology of spring generations. Anholocyclic
populations occur in warmer regions and in glasshouses, and
are sometimes found on new growth of various trees. Molecular studies have now revealed that
populations identified as B. helichrysi
throughout the world comprise two forms that are sufficiently distinct to be
regarded as sibling species, genetically isolated from each other (Pifaretti et al. 2012, 2013a,b and
possibly Rebijith et al. 2013).
Host alternation to Prunus domestica
and related species only occurs in one of these forms (H1), in regions with a
continental climate. The second form (H2) is mainly anholocyclic,
and is mostly absent from the coldest regions, but has now been shown to have
a sexual phase on Prunus persica in
northern India (Pifaretti 2013b). Mixed populations of the two forms often
occur on herbaceous hosts, and no clear differences in host preference on
herbaceous plants between these two forms have so far been detected. Further
studies have revealed a third form (H3) restricted to East Asia, associated with
apricots and Prunus species endemic
to that region (Popkin et al.
2017). 2n=12. Brachycaudus
(Prunaphis) iranicus Davatchi
& Remaudičre (Fig.9a) Apterae are greenish yellow to pale green
with shiny brown dorsal markings (a transverse bar on the mesonotum, a
central abdominal patch and presiphuncular sclerites) and brown siphunculi;
BL 1.6-2.0 mm. On undersides of leaves of
Anchusa azurea (= italica) and A. strigosa, feeding close to the main veins, in the Brachycaudus
(Prunaphis) jacobi Stroyan Apterae are black and shiny dorsally, olive
green ventrally; BL 1.4-2.0 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed
III 6-16, IV 0-2. At base of stem or on roots of Myosotis and Pulmonaria spp.,
ant-attended. In Brachycaudus
(Acaudus) klugkisti (Börner) Apterae are shining black dorsally,
red-brown ventrally; BL 1.5-2.5 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 11-31 (in a row), IV 0-8. On upper parts of Silene (incl. Melandrium) spp. In Brachycaudus (Nevskyaphis) lamii Koch
Apterae have a shining black dorsum; BL 1.8-2.2 mm. On Lamium spp., especially L. album, in Europe (Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Italy, Slovakia).
Monoecious holocyclic, with oviparae in October (BMNH collection, leg. D.
Hille Ris Lambers). Molecular data (Jousselin et al. 2010) indicate that this
is probably a synonym of B. ballotae.
Brachycaudus
(Prunaphis)
lateralis ( Brachycaudus
(Scrophulaphis)
linariae Stroyan Apterae
are deep blackish green, shiny, immatures being paler green (see influential
points/gallery); BL 1.4-1.9 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 11-37, IV 5-10, V 0-2. On basal parts of Linaria spp., attended by ants. In UK, Denmark, Sweden, Finland,
France, Germany, Italy and most of eastern Europe (Andreev & Mamontova
1998). Monoecious holocyclic; Patti & Barbagallo (1997) described
oviparae and apterous males collected from L. purpurea in Sicily in October. Brachycaudus (Nevskyaphis)
lucifugus Müller
Apterae are yellowish green with shiny dark brown to black dorsum; BL
1.3-2.2 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 15-30, IV
0-9, V 0-1(-5). On roots and at leaf bases of Plantago lanceolata, in Europe (UK, Germany, Hungary, Italy).
Ant-attended. Monoecious holocyclic with apterous males (original description
and Stroyan 1964a). Brachycaudus (Acaudus) lychnicola Hille Ris Lambers
Apterae are reddish brown with
shining black dorsal shield; BL 1.9-2.3 mm. Alatae
have secondary rhinaria distributed III (15-) 23-36, IV 0-4. On roots, stem-bases and lower leaves of Lychnis
flos-cuculi and Silene (incl. Melandrium)
spp., attended by ants. In north-west Europe (Netherlands, Sweden). Monoecious holocyclic with apterous males
(original description). Molecular data (Jousselin et al. 2010) indicate that, if the specimens from Czech Republic
used in their analysis are correctly identified as this species, then it is
probably a synonym of B. lychnidis. Brachycaudus (Acaudus) lychnidis (L.)
Apterae are reddish brown with shining brown-black dorsal shield (see influentialpoints.com/Gallery); BL 1.8-2.9 mm. Alatae
have secondary rhinaria distributed III 15-34, IV 0-4. On stems, leaves and flowers of Lychnis and Silene (incl. Melandrium)
spp. Europe, eastward to west Siberia, Turkey,
Caucasus and Kazakhstan. Monoecious holocyclic
with apterous males (Heie 1992). 2n=12. Brachycaudus
(Nevskyaphis) malvae Shaposhnikov Apterae are shining blackish green (see influential
points/gallery); BL 1.8-2.3 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 17-31, IV 0-3, V 0. On Malva
spp., in ant-attended colonies at base of stem and on lower leaves. In
England, Spain, southern Russia, Ukraine, and also China, if Brachycaudus atuberculatus Zhang 1981
is a synonym (see Andreev 2004). 2n=12. Brachycaudus
(Scrophulaphis) mimeuri Remaudičre Apterae are shining pale to dark brown;
BL 0.7-1.4 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III 12-33, IV 1-10,
V 0-1. On roots of Euphrasia and Odontites spp. in southern and eastern
Europe; for distribution see Jörg & Lampel 1988, but also in Denmark
(Heie 1992) and Sicily (Barbagallo & Stroyan 1982), and possibly also in
South Australia on Parentucellia
latifolia (Eastop 1966, as ?B .
persicaecola). Not attended by ants (Hille Ris Lambers 1967). Presumably
anholocyclic, and closely related to B.
persicae (q.v.). Brachycaudus
(Prunaphis) mordvilkoi Hille Ris
Lambers Apterae are green with shiny
black dorsal shield; BL 1.7-2.3 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 12-21, IV 3-6, V 0-1. On certain Boraginaceae (Anchusa, Echium, Solenanthus,
Symphytum), with one record from Compositae (Hieracium pilosella). Widely
distributed in Europe (but not recorded from British Isles, Scandinavia or
Iberian peninsula). Monoecious holocyclic with apterous males (Müller 1975a). Brachycaudus (Brachycaudina) napelli (Schrank)
(Fig.6b,c) Apterae are shining black with end of
abdomen red, immatures are brown; BL 2.0-2.9 mm. Alatiform apterae occur with
3-25 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, alatae have 17-37 on III and 0-4 on IV.
On Aconitum spp., esp. napellus, forming colonies on
stems, flowers and fruits, and sometimes on leaves. Only occasionally on Delphinium spp. In west and north-west Europe (not UK), south to Spain, and
also recorded from Austria and Czech Republic (Cocuzza et al. 2010). Closely related
to B. aconiti (q.v.). Monoecious holocyclic with apterous males.
Brachycaudus
(Acaudus) pallidus Andreev Apterae are shining dark brown; BL
1.5-2.2 mm. On roots of Silene nutans in
Moldova. Brachycaudus (Scrophulaphis) persicae group Apterae have a shiny dark brown or black
dorsum, and black siphunculi (see influential
points/gallery); BL 1.5-2.2 mm. Alate spring migrants have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 23-51, IV 9-21, V 1-6. B.
persicae
(Passerini) s.str. is most commonly found in large spring colonies on young
stems of Prunus persica or P. armeniaca, often persisting into
the summer on root suckers. Alatae from Prunus
have been transferred successfully to Euphrasia
sp. and Rhinanthus glaber and
subsequently to Melampyrum pratense (Burger
1975), so it seems probable that there is a facultative host alternation from
Prunus to Orobanchaceae
(Euphrasia, Melampyrum, Rhinanthus),
at least in Europe, but anholocyclic overwintering is also common on Prunus roots. On
Orobanchaceae it lives on the above-ground parts (Heie 1992). Aphids
commonly regarded as this species are also widely distributed on peach
outside Europe, in the Middle East, Central Asia, southern Africa, Australia,
New Zealand, North and South America. Similar aphids also occur commonly in
Europe on P. domestica and P. spinosa, and occasionally on Pyrus communis and Chaenomeles japonica. These all form a complex of which the host
relationships and life cycles need further clarification. Müller & Steiner (1988a) applied the
name B. semisubterraneus Börner to
anholocyclic populations on plum in Germany, and suggested that the form
distributed world-wide on peach was also an anholocyclic species, to which
they applied the name B. persicaecola
(Boisduval). However, aphids of the B. persicae group are recorded from
Orobanchaceae in both Australia and Chile (BMNH collection), indicating that
some host alternation occurs in southern continents, and Burger (1975) showed
that not all populations on plum and peach are anholocyclic, so the
application of the names semisubterraneus
and persicaecola is still unclear. There are also records from Odontites, but these may be referable to B. mimeuri (q.v.), a closely-related anholocyclic form on roots
of Orobanchaceae that has also become widely distributed. 2n=10. Brachycaudus
(Mordvilkomemor) pilosus (Mordvilko ex Nevsky) Apterae are black with pale appendages and
cauda; BL 1.1-1.7 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III
16-23, IV 6-8, V 0-1. On various Prunus spp.,
especially P. ulmifolia (= P.
triloba), damaged leaves of which
develop gall-like thickenings and red spots, and P. bucharica, the
leaves of which are only slightly curled and reddened (Narzikulov 1965c).
Possibly there is no host alternation; populations on P. prostrata in
Pakistan included apterous males and oviparae in May together with
fundatrices, and apterous and alate viviparae, and additional sexual morphs
were collected in August (Naumann-Etienne & Remaudičre 1995). In
mountainous regions of central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan), India and Pakistan (BMNH collection). Brachycaudus (Nevskyaphis) plantaginis Holman & Szelegiewicz Apterae are yellowish brown with shiny
dark dorsum; BL c.1.9-2.1 mm. Alatae are undescribed. Ant-attended, on root
collar of Plantago depressa and P. major in
Brachycaudus (Acaudus)
populi (del
Guercio) Apterae are red-brown with
shiny black dorsal shield; BL 1.6-2.9 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 19-36, IV 0-3. On upper parts of Silene
spp., widely distributed in Brachycaudus (Appelia) prunicola
(Kaltenbach) Apterae are shiny black,
dark green or deep yellow-green with black dorsal markings, immatures
grey-green; BL 1.4-2.4 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III
23-43, IV 7-16, V 0-3. In spring on new growth of Prunus (in Europe usually P. spinosa, sometimes P. domestica or P. insititia), causing severe leaf curl and discoloration. Host-alternating between Prunus and Tragopogon, but part of the population - possibly a subspecies -
may live without alternation on P.
spinosa. In continental Europe,
Siberia (Stekolshchikov et al. 2008) east to Irkutsk (Stekolshchikov
& Shaposhnikov 1998), Kazakhstan (Kadyrbekov 2005c) and Pakistan
(Baluchistan; Naumann-Etienne & Remaudičre 1995). [Note: the sample (no.
992) identified as B. prunicola
from Brittany used in DNA analysis by Jousselin et al. (2010), and branching separately from the rest of the prunicola/schwartzi/tragopogonis
group in their phylogeny, was B.
prunifex (q.v).] 2n=12. Brachycaudus
(Appelia) prunifex (Theobald) Apterae are shiny dark green to
black; BL 1.5-2.4 mm. Alatae have
secondary rhinaria distributed III 22-41, IV 2-13, V 0(-2). Colonies
occur all-year-round on Prunus spinosa, in spring causing severe leaf
curl and discoloration to new growth. There is also a record from P. cerasifera var. atropurpurea. Suggestions of a facultative host alternation to Tragopogon do not appear to be
substantiated. Alate males have been collected in September (BMNH
collection), but oviparae are not yet recorded. In England, Wales, Ireland,
and northern France. This species has been synonymised previously with B. prunicola (Kaltenbach), which
occurs on the same host throughout the rest of Europe and in central Asia,
but it can be distinguished from that species (and from B. schwartzi) by the longer hairs on the antennae and anterior
abdominal tergites (Blackman 2010). 2n=12. Brachycaudus
(Acaudus) rinariatus Andreev Apterae have a shining black dorsal
shield; BL 1.7-2.2 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III 36-48,
IV 16-19, V 1-6. On Linaria vulgaris in
eastern Europe (Russia, Moldova, Ukraine), and on L.× incompleta in Kazakhstan (Kadyrbekov, 2017a, as B. himalayensis). Brachycaudus
(Brachycaudina) rociadae (Cockerell) (Fig.6a) Apterae are shining reddish brown to
black, fading to hazel brown anteriorly and posteriorly; BL c. 2.0 mm.
Immatures are bright coral red. Alatae have 2-13 secondary rhinaria on ANT
III only. On stems and leaves of Delphinium
spp.; feeding on leaves causes them to curl tightly (Palmer 1952) . Widely distributed in North America.
Monoecious holocyclic, with oviparae and apterous males in mid-July (Ontario;
BMNH collection, leg. S.F. MacDonald) or early October (Colorado and
Manitoba). Brachycaudus
(Thuleaphis) rumexicolens (Patch) Apterae are reddish with variably
developed dark dorsal markings; BL 1.3-2.1 mm. Alatae have more-or-less fused
cross-bands on posterior abdominal tergites, 6-22 secondary rhinaria on ANT
III, and 0(-1) on IV. In inflorescences of
Rumex spp., especially acetosella, and sometimes on other Polygonaceae (Fagopyrum, Persicaria,
Polygonum. Rheum). In Europe,
north Africa (Tunisia: Boukhris-Bouhachem et al. 2007), west and Central Asia, north-east Siberia
(Chukotka: stekolshchikov & Khruleva 2015), India, Australia, North and
South America. Monoecious holocyclic, with apterous males (Tuatay &
Remaudičre 1964). B. brevirostratus in
east Siberia might be this species. 2n=12. Brachycaudus
salicinae Börner Apterae are shining grey-black; BL
1.4-1.9 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III 16-38, IV 3-13, V
0. In rolled leaves of Inula spp.,
especially salicina, and also Pulicaria dysenterica (Holman 2009);
in Brachycaudus (Appelia) schwartzi
(Börner) Apterae of BL 1.4-2.1 mm,
shiny yellow-brown to dark brown with extensive dorsal black sclerotization; immatures
are yellow-brown. Alatae have secondary rhinaria
distributed III 23-36, IV 6-17, V 0(-1). Living without host alternation on Prunus persica; spring colonies cause
severe curling and distortion of peach leaves. In Europe, Iran, North Africa
(Tunisia, Egypt), India, South America and California. Records from other Prunus spp. with the possible exception of P. serotina, may be referable to other species. Records of B. tragopogonis from peach in the literature are referable to
this aphid. Darwish (1983) gave
descriptions of all developmental stages. A morphometric and molecular study
by Cocuzza et al. (2007) indicated
that this species should perhaps be treated as a subspecies of B. prunicola. (See also Blackman &
Eastop 2000, p.249). 2n=12. Brachycaudus
(Thuleaphis) sedi (Jacob) Apterae are yellowish green, with dark
cross-bands on posterior abdomen; B: 1.0-2.1 mm. Alatae have secondary
rhinaria distributed III 11-19, IV 0-5, V 0(-1), VI base 0(-1). On stem
apices and flowers of Rhodiola (= Sedum) rosea, causing distortion. There is
also a record from Sedum anacampseros
(Cocuzza et al. 2010). In Europe (including Iceland, as Thuleaphis acaudata; Prior & Stroyan 1960) and west Siberia (Ivanoskaya 1975, as
Rhodiolaphis cholsunensis).
Monoecious holocyclic, with oviparae and apterous males appearing in August
(original description). 2n=8*. Brachycaudus
shaposhnikovi Narzikulov Apterae are shining yellowish green with
black dorsal sclerotic markings, siphunculi pale with tips darker; BL 2.1-2.7
mm. Alatae have 15-18 secondary rhinaria on ANT III. Monoecious holocyclic on
Atraphaxis spp. in Tajikistan (Narzikulov & Daniyarova 1990) and Kazakhstan
(Kadyrbekov 2014e). Brachycaudus
spiraeae Börner Apterae are light green to greyish brown
with variable dark dorsal markings; BL 1.2-1.8 mm. Apterae have secondary
rhinaria distributed III 0-11, IV 0-1, and alatae have them distributed III
19-34, IV 4-13, V 0-2. On Spiraea spp.,
in leaves rolled and curled into narrow “pods”. In Europe, west Siberia and
Central Asia. Generally regarded as
monoecious holocyclic on Spiraea,
but molecular work has revealed a close
relationship with H3 populations of B.
helichrysi, possibly involving introgression, and implying some degree of
migration from Spiraea to herbaceous
hosts (Popkin et al. 2017). 2n=12. Brachycaudus
(Appelia) tragopogonis (Kaltenbach) Apterae are shining grey-brown to dark
brown with dark dorsal sclerotic
markings (see influential
points/gallery); BL 1.4 –2.3 mm. Alatae
have secondary rhinaria distributed III 27-49, IV 6-22, V 0-4. On aerial
parts of Tragopogon spp. and Scorzonera spp. in Europe, west
Siberia, Central Asia (Kazakhstan; Kadyrbekov 2005c, 2009a), and introduced
to western USA and South America (Brazil, Chile). Monoecious holocyclic. In
western Europe there is possible confusion with the morphologically similar B. prunicola, which has a sexual phase
on Prunus spinosus. Hille Ris
Lambers (1948) described a subspecies with long dorsal hairs, B. tragopogonis ssp. setosus, on T. longirostris in Israel, and collections from south-west and
Central Asia and Pakistan may be of this form (Mostafawy 1967), which is also
reported from Hungary (Basky 2015). 2n=12 (2n=11 and 12 for samples of ssp. setosus from Israel and Iran
respectively). Brachycaudus umbelliferarum Nevsky
Apterae are pale brown or yellowish green with dark brown pleural and
marginal spots, or entirely dark brown; BL c. 2.4 mm. On roots of an
umbelliferous plant, probably Heracleum
sp. south-east Kazakhstan. With marginal tubercles on prothorax,
abdominal tergites 1, 2 and 7, this species is unlikely to be a Brachycaudus, and is regarded by
Andreev (2004) as a nomen dubium. Brachycaudus (Nevskyaphis) virgatus Shaposhnikov Colour of apterae in life is unknown,
probably greenish with darker head and dorsal markings; BL 1.6-1.8 mm (2
specimens). On stems and leaves near
base of host plants, which are Boraginaceae (Anchusa, Symphytum) and the composite Senecio fluviatilis (= nemorensis). Alatae have not been described.
Only known from southern Ukraine.
Brachycaudus
viridanus (Nevsky) Apterae are pale green, BL 1.3-1.7 mm. On
stems of Cousinia sp. in Uzbekistan.
Alatae are also pale (brownish head and thorax and pale green abdomen), and
have about 7 rhinaria on ANT III. This species was synonymised by with B. cardui (presumably ssp. turanica), and could possibly be a
dwarf form of that species lacking dark sclerotisation.
Four or five species with very
short broad-based conical or barrel-shaped flangeless siphunculi and
triangular cauda associated with Caryophyllaceae. Heie (1992) and Blackman
(2010) reviewed the species in western
Europe. Brachycolus
aestivus Zhang, Qiao & Zhang Colour of apterae in life unrecorded; BL
c.1.5 mm. On Bupleurum chinense in
Shanxi province, China (L. Zhang et al.
2008). To judge from the host association this species might belong in Semiaphis. Brachycolus
brachysiphon Richards Colour of apterae in life unobserved; BL
c. 1.8 mm. On Stellaria longipes in
northern Canada. Brachycolus
cerastii (Kaltenbach) (Fig.51b) Apterae are dirty green, wax-powdered; BL
1.3-1.7 mm. Alatae have 3-6 secondary rhinaria on ANT III. On Cerastium spp., esp. C. arvense, causing shoots to be
stunted and deformed into gall-like structures. Apparently widely distributed
in Europe, but rarely collected. Also recorded from Kazakhstan on C. davuricum and C. tianschanicum (Kadyrbekov 2014e, 2017a). Monoecious holocyclic
(but sexual morphs are apparently undescribed). 2n=14. Brachycolus
cucubali (Passerini) Plate 13d Apterae are whitish yellow to pale green,
wax-powdered; BL 1.4-2.2 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III
9-16, IV 0-2. On Silene spp.,
rolling leaves into elongate pseudogalls (Heie 1992, as Hayhurstia). Widely distributed in Europe, in eastern Siberia and
Kazakhstan and in north Africa. In Kazakhstan it is also recorded from Oberna and Cerastium (Kadyrbekov 2017a). Monoecious holocyclic (but sexual
morphs are apparently undescribed). Brachycolus
stellariae (Hardy) Apterae are pale green, wax-powdered; BL
1.1-2.0 mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III 4-9, V 0-1. On
upper sides of leaves of Stellaria spp., which are rolled into
oblong pseudogalls. Also recorded from Moehringia
trinervia. In Europe. Monoecious holocyclic with oviparae and
very small apterous males produced in September (Blackman 2010).
Two palaearctic species with
different biologies, similar to Brachycolus
but with shorter antennae and terminal processes, and very short conical
siphunculi. Brachycorynella
asparagi (Mordvilko) Apterae are green, covered with grey
mealy wax; BL 1.2-1.8 mm. On Asparagus spp.,
causing stunting of shoots and “rosetting” of leaves, which turn blue-green.
In Europe (not yet in UK, but recently expanding its range), North Africa
(Tunisia; Boukhris-Bouhachem et al. 2007), Central
Asia (Kazakhstan; Kadyrbekov & Aoitzhanova 2005), China, and introduced
into North America (see also Blackman & Eastop 2000). Monoecious holocyclic with alate males.
2n=10. Brachycorynella
lonicerina (Shaposhnikov) (Fig.38c) Apterae are green, dusted with greyish wax
powder, BL c.1.8 mm. On Lonicera spp.,
feeding on upper sides of leaves, which are folded in half (Shaposhnikov,
1964, as Semiaphis). In Central Asia,
southern Russia, Ukraine, Iran and Pakistan (Naumann-Etienne & Remaudičre
1995). Heteroecious holocyclic but with with an unknown secondary host
(Remaudičre & Remaudičre 1997, p. 298). Oviparae and alate males appear
on Lonicera in late September-October
(Narzikulov 1965b; Mukhamediev & Akhmedov 1982). 2n=10*.
One species in India with a Myzus-like head but with thick
truncate siphunculi and an unusual cauda. Brachymyzus
jasmini A.N. Basu Apterae have head, thorax and antennae
blackish brown, abdomen greenish, BL 1.6-2.1 mm. On leaves and young shoots
of Jasminum humile in north-east India (West Bengal).
Oviparae were described from Sikkim on Nellia
(Neillia?) sp. (Rosaceae), and an alate male was found
on Pilea microphylla (Mondal et al. 1978). There is possibly host
alternation between Neillia and Jasminum.
One or two species of grass-feeding
aphids in east and south-east Asia, with distinctive very short black
siphunculi and a long dark rather hairy cauda. Brachysiphoniella
apiaca Zhang & Zhang Colour of apterae in life is unrecorded;
BL c.1.6 mm. On Apium graveolens in
China (L. Zhang & G. Zhang 2000a). The host needs confirmation, as this
aphid is very similar to the grass-feeding B. montana. Brachysiphoniella
About 40 species mainly on xerophytic plants, mostly Amaranthaceae.
Related to Aphis but with a very
short antennal terminal process (usually shorter than in Aphis subg. Protaphis)
and very short, often pale siphunculi. The clypeus is often globose, but the
extent of its enlargement varies considerably, and subgeneric separation of Xerophilaphis on grounds of greater
enlargement of clypeus (Remaudiere & Halbert 1996) does not seem
warranted. Many palaearctic species and one described from
|
|
Braggia Gillette & Palmer |
Aphidinae: Aphidini |
Braggia
agathona (Hottes) Apterae are pinkish brown, often with a
dark central spot on the abdomen, the whole body covered with white wax; BL
1.4-1.8 mm. On undersides of leaves of Eriogonum
corymbosum in Colorado and Utah, USA.
Monoecious holocyclic, with oviparae and alate males in October
(original description).
Braggia columbiana
Pike Apterae are black or blackish brown with a
white or whitish grey waxy dorsal pattern (see http://www.flickr.com/photos/sandnine/4606202941/);
BL 1.4-2.6 mm. On Eriogonum spp., predominantly E.
compositum, in Oregon and Washington, USA (K.S.Pike et al. 2009). Apterous and alate viviparae occur from about
mid-May to mid-September, sexual morphs are undescribed.
Braggia
deserticola Hille Ris Lambers Apterae are shining black dorsally, grey
and wax-powdered ventrally, with black appendages; BL 1.1-1.8 mm. Found in small numbers in flowerheads of Eriogonum fasciculatum, incl. ssp. polifolium, in California and Utah,
USA, and in Mexico. A sample from Eriogonum
sp. at a higher altitude in California with shorter R IV+V and paler
tibiae was distinguished as a subspecies, B.
deserticola thanatophila Hille
Ris Lambers.
Braggia
echinata Gillette & Palmer (Fig.27e) Apterae are greyish olive-green, usually
with a slight rusty area at base of each siphunculus, and with white dorsal
reticulations and pale, thick hairs giving a frosted appearance; BL 1.3-1.9
mm. On leaves and stems of Eriogonum
corymbosum and Eriogonum sp. in
western USA (Colorado, Utah). Oviparae and alate males in October (Palmer
1952).
Braggia
eriogoni (Cowen) Plate 8d (Fig.27a,b,g) Apterae are black or brownish black with a
dorsal pattern of white reticulation, accentuated by a wax secretion; BL
1.1-2.1 mm. On leaves, stems and
flowerheads of Eriogonum spp. in western
Braggia
longicauda Pike Apterae are black, blackish grey or
blackish brown, with white wax powdering; BL 1.5-2.9 mm. On Eriogonum spp., predominantly E. elatum, in western USA (Washington,
Oregon, California). Oviparae and alate males occur in September-October
(K.S.Pike et al. 2009).
Braggia
uncompahgrensis Hottes (Fig.27f) Apterae are pale grey-green, with frosty
appearance due to thick pale dorsal hairs; BL 0.9-1.4 mm. On Eriogonum corymbosum in Colorado and
Utah, USA. Oviparae and alate males occur in October (Palmer 1952).
Doubtfully distinct from B. echinata.
Braggia
urovaneta (Hottes) (Fig.27c,d) Apterae are black, appearing grey due to
powdering with wax; BL 0.9-1.9 mm. On flower stems and upper parts of Eriogonum sp(p). in western USA.
Oviparae and alate males were collected in Colorado on E. corymbosum in early October (Hottes 1950). Hille Ris Lambers (1966a) distinguished a
population with a shorter R IV+V on E.
latifolium in California as a subspecies, B. urovaneta ssp. pachysiphon.
|
Brevicoryne van der Goot |
Aphidinae: Macrosiphini |
Eight palaearctic and two
nearctic species all except one of which live without host alternation on
Brassicaceae. The exception is a Salix
feeder and should possibly be given its own genus. Brevicoryne are related to Lipaphis
and characterised by very low rounded antennal tubercles, short
siphunculi and broad triangular cauda. Eastop in Hodjat (1981) gave a key to
alate viviparae of Middle Eastern species.
Brevicoryne
arctica Richards Apterae are very dark blue or green, with
wax; BL 1.7-2.mm. Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III 12-13, IV 5.
On Lesquerella arctica in northern
Canada (Ellesmere Island). Monoecious holocyclic with oviparae and apterous
males in late July (original description).
Brevicoryne
barbareae Nevsky Apterae are dark green, dark brown to
black, with appendages dark except for pale ANT III and tibiae (black at apices); BL 1.5-2.0 mm.
Alatae have secondary rhinaria distributed III 17-20, IV 3-5. On undersides
of leaves of Barbarea vulgaris in Central
Asia. This name has been applied to a species on Barbarea and Nasturtium
in north-west India that differs from Nevsky’s species in several respects,
having apterae with extensive dorsal sclerotisation, dark tibiae, a much
longer cauda, and alatae (brachypterae) with rhinaria distributed III 35-36,
IV 0-1 (David & Hameed 1975). Alate males have been described of this
Indian species (L.K. Ghosh et al.
1980, as B. barbareae).
Brevicoryne
brassicae (L.) Cabbage
Aphid or Mealy Cabbage Aphid Plate 12f Apterae are greyish green or dull
mid-green with dark head and dark dorsal thoracic and abdominal markings,
densely coated in greyish white mealy wax (see influentialpoints.com/Gallery);
BL 1.6-2.6 mm. Alatae have a dark head and thorax and dark cross-bands on
dorsal abdomen. It occurs on many genera and species of Brassicaceae, and is
a major pest of field crops (Blackman & Eastop 2000) in all temperate and
warm temperate parts of the world. Feeding is stimulated by the presence of
mustard oil glycosides, so other plants with these compounds, e.g. Reseda, are also colonised. Monoecious holocyclic with alate males in
colder regions, anholocyclic wherever winters are mild. Mustaţă
et
al. (2000) studied the large
complex of natural enemies of B.
brassicae in Romania. Ruiz-Montoya et
al. (2003) used enzyme electrophoresis to look for host-related genetic
structure in Mexican populations, and Ruiz-Montoya et al. (2005) and Ruiz-Montoya
&
Núńez-Farfán (2013) studied phenotypic differences between populations on
two sympatric Brassica species. The finding by Rebijith et al. (2013) of CO-I barcode differences indicative of possible
cryptic species within Indian populations of B. brassicae on Raphanus
sativus requires further
investigation. 2n=16.
Brevicoryne
crambe Bozhko (= Brevicoryne
crambinistataricae Bozhko)
Apterae are pale green, wax-dusted, BL 1.9-2.8 mm. On terminal shoots
and stems of Crambe tatarica, and also recorded from species in other crucifer
genera (e.g. Barbarea, Isatis, Diplotaxis, Sisymbrium). In Hungary, Moldova, Armenia, Bulgaria
Turkey and Ukraine.
Brevicoryne fraterna
(Strom) Apterae are pale green to yellow-green;
BL 1.2-1.8 mm. On leaves and young twigs of unidentified species of Salix in USA (Illinois, Ohio, Utah,
Colorado). Monoecious holocyclic with oviparae and apterous males in October
(Palmer 1952).
Brevicoryne
jiayuguanensis (Zhang,
Chen, Zhong & Li) Apterae are
silvery whitish green, powdered with wax; BL 1.5-1.8 mm. On Armoracia rusticana in Gansu province,
China (Zhang 1999, as Brachycolus).
The broadly triangular cauda and many (15-19) thick hairs on abdominal
tergite 8 as well as the host association indicate that the species belongs
in this genus.
Brevicoryne
lonicerina Mukhamediev
& Akhmedov Apterae are pale
green with brown appendages; BL 2.3-2.6 mm. On Lonicera spp. in Central Asia.
Brevicoryne
nigrisiphunculata Hodjat Apterae are yellow to dusky green, with
short black siphunculi; BL 2.1-2.7 mm.
On undersides of older leaves of
Crambe and Brassica in
Brevicoryne
shaposhnikovi Narzikulov Apterae are pale green dusted with grey
wax; BL c.1.6-1.7 mm. On Lonicera spp.
in Central Asia (Mukhamediev & Akhmedov 1982).
|
Brevicorynella Nevsky |
Aphidinae: Aphidini |
A
genus with two species resembling Brachyunguis
but with protruberant eyes lacking ocular tubercles. [Placed in Macrosiphini
by Remaudičre & Remaudičre (1997), perhaps because of the absence of
marginal tubercles, but the spiracles on abdominal segments 1 and 2 are
widely spaced, which is a more reliable indicator that it should be placed in
Aphidini.]
Brevicorynella
quadrimaculata Nevsky Apterae brown, dark brown or dark green
covered with a fine pruinose secretion, antennae pale yellow with articulations and all of last segment
black, abdomen with four blackish-brown dorsal spots; BL 1.1-1.6 mm. The aphids cluster on the ends of shoots of
Tamarix spp., and are attended by
ants (Crematogaster). In central Asia (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan) (Nevsky 1928b), and also recorded from Tamarix chinensis (= T.
ramosissima) in China
(Xinjiang; G. Qiao, pers. comm.).
Brevicorynella
sexmaculata Qiao & Zhang Apterae are green covered with a fine
pruinose secretion, with three pairs of dark patches on dorsal abdomen; BL
1.3-1.6 mm. Alatae are undescribed. On Tamarix
chinensis (= T. ramosissima) in Xinjiang province, China (Qiao et al. 2004b).
|
Brevisiphonaphis Stekolshchikov
& Qiao |
Aphidinae: Macrosiphini |
A
genus for one Artemisia-feeding
species in north-east China, related to Microsiphum
and Macrosiphoniella but with an
unusual form of cauda and long fine hairs on body and appendages. Alatae are
unknown.
Brevisiphonaphis
hirsutissima Stekolshchikov & Qiao Colour of apterae in life is unrecorded,
BL 1.6-1.8 mm. On Artemisia argyi
in Liaoning prov., China (Stekolshchikov & Qiao 2008a, b). Life cycle is
unknown.
|
Burundiaphis Remaudičre |
Aphidinae: Macrosiphini |
One African species
superficially resembling Paczoskia,
but with R IV+V having numerous short stiff hairs and very long siphunculi
without subapical reticulation. Alatae are unknown.
Burundiaphis
autriquei Remaudičre Apterae are shining greenish black; BL
2.2-2.9 mm. On Davallia
chaerophylloides ( = denticulata)
epiphytic on oil-palms, often in mixed colonies with Micromyzella. Only
known from Burundi (Remaudičre & Autrique 1985).
|
Byrsocryptoides Dzhibladze |
Eriosomatinae: Eriosomatini |
Two
species described from galls on the primary host (Zelkova), one of which is now known to migrate to Carex.
Alate spring migrants, emerging from pseudogalls on Zelkova, have an unbranched media,
only one oblique vein in the hind wing, and inconspicuous ring-like
siphunculi. Resembling Kaltenbachiella in many characters,
but in Byrsocryptoides the
secondary rhinaria are less annular and the processus terminalis is
relatively longer, and a detailed cladistic study by Sano & Akimoto
(2011) placed this genus in a basal position in the tribe Eriosomatini. Dzhibladze (1965) provided keys to
fundatrices, apterous fundatrigeniae and spring migrants of the species on Zelkova.
Byrsocryptoides
zelkovae Dzhibladze
The galls (pseudogalls) on Z.
carpinifolia in Georgia are formed by rolling, distortion and blistering
of a terminal or subterminal leaf, starting at the base. Alatae (fig.
120D)
leaving the galls in June are small (BL about 1.2-1.3 mm), rather
long-bodied, with dark brown head, meso- and metathorax and pale yellow to
green prothorax and abdomen (Dzhibladze 1960b). They migrate to aerial parts of Cyperaceae;
apterae of elongate form with a long last rostral segment collected on Carex riparia in
Byrsocryptoides
zelkovaecola Dzhibladze Galls (fig. 125A)
are similar to those of B. zelkovae,
and occur on Zelkova carpinifolia
in Georgia. Alatae (fig. 120C) of
BL 1.1-1.4 mm emerge in June-July. The
life cycle is unknown (Dzhibladze 1965b).