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SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT
OF APHID GENERA In
this section we provide information on all the aphids feeding on trees,
shrubs and herbaceous plants that were included in the Host Lists
and Keys section of the website, treating them in alphabetical order of
genera, and of species within genera. All species of which the host plant is
known are included, even those appearing in square brackets in the lists
because we had inadequate information to include them in the keys. If a
species listed in Host Lists and Keys is not found in the alphabetical
sequence then it is probably mentioned in the discussion of some other
species. The index to
aphid species names will show where to look. Here
are links to aphid genera beginning with each letter of the alphabet: As in Blackman & Eastop (2000), and on the web
at http://aphid.speciesfile.org,
the classification of Aphidoidea follows that of Remaudière & Remaudière
(1997),
as this is likely to be the most widely consulted list for many years to come,
with the revisions of family names
proposed by Nieto Nafrìa et al.
(1997). An alternative classification incorporating fossil aphids was
proposed by Heie & Wegierek (2009), and
is the system currently followed on the Tree of Life website. Table 3
compares these two classifications and shows the equivalent categories of the
extant groups. The main difference between the two is in the level assigned
to categories, so that in most cases a simple difference of word ending is
involved (following the conventions “-idae” for family, “-inae” for
subfamily, “–ini” for tribe and “–ina” for subtribe). However, it is
important to note that Drepanosiphidae in the Heie & Wegierek system is
not equivalent to Drepanosiphinae as used here, and that there are also other
differences within the classification of the “drepanosiphine aphids”. Molecular
work on these groups is needed to clarify their relationships. In the course of compiling the 2006 book Aphids on Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs
we recognised more than 100 synonymies and made several other taxonomic changes. These are
listed and discussed in Eastop & Blackman (2005). Under each genus name we give a short diagnosis
and references to the most recent revisionary accounts. The information given
for each species wherever possible includes appearance in life and range of
body length (BL) of the apterous vivipara (apt.), host plant(s) and feeding
site, distribution, life cycle - including whether the aphid is heteroecious
or monoecious and holocyclic or anholocyclic - and times of appearance of
oviparae and males, any other systematic or biological information that we
consider relevant, and chromosome number (2n female; for further information
about aphid karyotypes see Gavrilov-Zimin et
al. 2015). Some information about the alate vivipara (al.) may also be
provided if this can aid identification. BL gives an indication of size, but
for many species this will be based on only a few specimens, and it will only
accurately reflect the full size range in the case of better-known species. For many of the species that occur in Britain we
have added links to the excellent colour photographs and supporting
information provided by Bob Dransfield in his online Gallery (see http://influentialpoints.com/sitemap.htm).
Links are also included at the appropriate points to colour images and notes
for many species in western North America on Andy Jensen’s excellent new
website http://aphidtrek.org/ We
have omitted references to original descriptions prior to 1996 as these are
available in Remaudière & Remaudière (1997) or, in the case of earlier
descriptions, by consulting Smith’s (1972) bibliography after looking up the
date of description in Remaudière & Remaudière. We have included
references to any significant information about the species published
subsequent to its original description, e.g. redescriptions, descriptions of
other morphs or biological studies. Previously unpublished information on
host plant and distribution from slide labels of specimens in the collection
of the Natural History Museum (BMNH) is also included. The treatment of economically important
species is very selective as information about these is available in Blackman
& Eastop (2000), and plenty of more up-to-date information can also be
obtained by web searches. REGIONALLY CLASSIFIED
FAUNAL WORKS This is an up-dated list of published works on checklists, keys and
systematic accounts of aphids. . WORLD Websites:
http://influentialpoints.com/Gallery/Aphid_genera.htm
(many colour photographs of live aphids) http://aphid.speciesfile.org/HomePage.aspx
(taxonomic database with full synonymies and search facility) http://www.aphidbase.com/aphidbase/
(the aphid genomics database) http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=1753
(the BOLD database of DNA barcodes for Aphididae http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=22266
(the BOLD database of DNA barcodes for Adelgidae http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=1260
(the BOLD database of DNA barcodes for Phylloxeridae Averill (1945) Index
to host-plant genera and species mentioned by Patch (1938). Baker (1920b) Keys
to genera then recognised, now out of date. Blackman & Eastop (1994) Aphid on the world’s trees:
keys, information guide. Blackman & Eastop (2000) Aphids on world’s crops (2nd
edition): crop-oriented keys and accounts of genera and species of
economically important aphids. Blackman & Eastop (2006) Aphids on the world’s
herbaceous plants and shrubs: host-plant-oriented keys and information guide. Bõrner (1930) Keys
to genera, less reliable for extra-European groups. Bõrner & Heinze (1957) Accounts of economically important aphids
with extensive bibliographies. Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers (1976) List of genera and species of
Aphidoidea with synonyms. Favret et al.
(2015b) Taxonomic and nomenclatural catalogue of world
Adelgidae. Favret et al.
(2016) Taxonomic and nomenclatural catalogue of world
Phylloxeridae. Martin (1983) Key
to tropical pest aphids. Nieto Nafria et al. (1998) Revised family names of Aphidoidea. Nieto Nafria & Favret
(eds) (2011) Register of family
and genus names of Aphidoidea. Patch (1938) Aphid/host-plant
records arranged under plant families, with reference to sources. Quednau (1999, 2003, 2010) Atlas of world Calaphidinae
(Volumes I - III). Remaudière & Remaudière
(1997) Lists of genera and
species of Aphidoidea with synonyms. Richards (1976) Aphidoidea
listed under genera and species of host-plants, arranged alphabetically. Wieczorek (2010) Monograph
of world Siphini (Chaitophorinae). PALAEARCTIC Holman, J. (2009) Fully
referenced aphid/host-plant catalogue of palaearctic region. Wojciechowski (2003) Monograph of the palaearctic Pterocommatinae. WEST
PALAEARCTIC Websites: http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=12358 List of European aphid species with
distribution lists and maps. http://influentialpoints.com/sitemap.htm
Many photos of live aphids and much information about aphids in Britain. https://www.brc.ac.uk/DBIF/invertebrates.aspx Interactive data base of British insects and their food
plants. http://aphiddb.supagro.inra.fr/ PhylAphidB@se website for molecular
identification and information on European aphids http://koivu.luomus.fi/elaintiede/hyonteiset/tutkimus/kirvat/atlas.htm Checklist
and distribution maps for aphids of Finland http://www.bladmineerders.nl/gallen/hemiptera.htm
Account of leafminers and plant-galling insects of Europe, including
descriptions and illustrations of effects of feeding by many aphid species. Aguiar et al. (1995), Aguiar & Ilharco Information about aphid fauna of Madeira.
(1997, 2001) Albrecht (2010) Online
atlas of aphids in Finland Barbagallo et
al. (1995) Checklist
of Italian Aphidoidea Barbagallo et
al. (1997) Aphids
of fruit-bearing crops in Italy (many colour photographs) Barbagallo & Ortu (2009) Survey of aphids of
Sardinia. Blackman
(2010) Handbook
of British Macrosiphini (including CD with photomicrographs of all species). Boukhris-Bouhachem et
al. 2007 List of
aphids trapped in Tunisia. Bozhko (1976a) Account
of aphids on cultivated plants in Ukraine. Buga & Stekolshchikov (2012) Survey of Macrosiphini of
Belarus. Carter & Maslen (1982) Account of British conifer-feeding
Lachninae. Coeur d'acier et al. (2010) Annotated list of alien aphids introduced to
Europe. Halaj & Osiadacz (2016) Illustrated
keys for identification of Polish aphids: Hormaphididae, Mindaridae,
Phloeomyzidae, Thelaxidae Heie (1980-1995) Aphidoidea
of Fennoscandia and Denmark (in six volumes: 1980, 1982, 1986, 1992, 1994,
1995) Heinze (1960, 1961a) Keys to genera and species of tribe
Myzini together with generic diagnoses (many species illustrated). Heinze (1962) Lachninae,
Adelgidae, Phylloxeridae; keys to genera and species, generic diagnoses. Hille Ris Lambers (1938-1953) Accounts of European species of
many genera of Macrosiphini. Holman & Pintera (1981) Aphids of Rumania and their host-plants. Laamari et
al. (2010) Aphid
diversity in Algeria. Lampel (2001) Aphids
of Corsica. Lampel & Meier (2003, 2007) Aphidoidea of Switzerland (keys,
biology, phytopathology) Mamontova (1953) Aphids
of agricultural plants in forested steppes of
Ukraine. Mamontova (1955) Review
of tree-living aphids of Ukraine. Mamontova (1959) Review
of grass-feeding aphids of Ukraine. Maomontova (1972) Review
of Lachninae of Ukraine. Mifsud et
al. (2009) Aphids
on native trees of Malta. Mifsud et
al. (2011) Aphids
on shrubs, herbaceous plants and crops in Malta. Müller (1969b) Keys
to genera and species in Germany. Müller (1975c) Keys
and photomicrographs of alatae commonly trapped in Germany. Nieto Nafría & Mier Durante (1998) Aphids of Iberia (illustrated taxonomic
accounts and keys): Mindarinae, Phloeomyzinae, Hormaphidinae, Anoeciinae,
Thelaxinae, Phyllaphidinae, Calaphidinae, Saltusaphidinae, Israelaphidinae,
Drepanosiphinae, Chaitophorinae. Nieto Nafría et
al. (1984) List
of Spanish aphids and their host-plants. Nieto Nafría et
al. (1999a) Aphids
of Belgium; list, notes and bibliography. Nieto Nafría et
al. (2002a) Aphids
of Iberia (illustrated taxonomic accounts and keys): Subfamilies Lachninae, Eriosomatinae and
Pterocommatini. Nieto Nafría et
al. (2005a) Aphids
of Iberia (illustrated taxonomic accounts and keys): Tribe Aphidini (including CD with
photomicrographs) Osiadacz & Halaj
(2010) Review of
Polish aphids with host plant index. Osiadacz &
Wojciechowski (2008) Aphid fauna
of the Ojców
National Park, southern Poland. Pasek (1954) Aphids
of coniferous trees in former Czechoslovakia. Peréz & Aromí (2004) List
of aphids of Canary Islands. Petrović (1998a) List of Serbian aphids,
host-plants and bibliography. Remaudière & Seco Fernandez (1990) Keys to alatae of Mediterranean aphids, with
illustrations. Ripka (2008) Checklist
of Hungarian Aphidoidea and Phylloxeroidea. Rupais (1961,1969) Accounts
of tree-living aphids of Baltic countries. Rupais (1989a) Aphidoidea
of Latvia. Shaposhnikov (1951) Aphids on fruit trees of southern
Crimea. Shaposhnikov (1955) Forest aphid fauna of Russia (including
Siberia). Shaposhnikov (1964a) Keys to Aphidoidea on European former
USSR. Stekolshchikov (2005) Aphid fauna of Astrakhan. Stekolshchikov et
al. (2007b) Aphid
fauna of Nizhny Novgorod Province,
Chuvashia and Mari El. Stekolshchikov et
al. (2008b, 2010) Additions to
aphid fauna of Belarus. Stroyan (1977) Handbook
of British Chaetophorinae and Calaphidinae (includes also Phyllaphidinae and
Drepanosiphinae).. Stroyan (1984) Handbook
of British Aphidinae, tribes Pterocommatini and Aphidini. Szelegiewicz, H. (1977) Keys and illustrations for Lachninae,
Chaitophorinae , Calaphidinae, etc. in Hungary. Szelegiewicz, H. (1978) Keys and illustrations for Lachninae in
Poland. Tsitsipis et
al. (2007) List
of aphids of Greece. Wojciechowski et
al. (2016) Account
of aphids of Slovakia, including keys and host lists. MIDDLE
EAST Aldryhim & Khalil (1996) Account of aphids of Saudi
Arabia. Bodenheimer & Swirski (1957) Keys and extensive review of
literature on Middle Eastern Aphidoidea. Canakçioğlu (1967) Forest aphids of Turkey. Canakçioğlu (1975) Lists, host records of Turkish
aphids. Eastop & Raccah (1988) Aphids of Arava Valley, Israel, and their
host-plants. Görür (2012) Updated
checklist of Turkish aphids. Habib & El-Kady (1961) Keys to Egyptian genera and species. Halperin et
al. (1989) Aphids
of trees and shrubs in Israel. van Harten et
al. (1994) Guide
to aphids of Yemen. Hodjat (1993) Annotated
lists of Iranian aphids and their host-plants. Mustafa (1985, 1986, 1988) Lists and host records of aphids of Jordan. Remaudière & Talhouk (2000) Annotated list of species in Syria
and Lebanon. Rezwani (1994), Rezwani et al.(1994) Aphids of
Iran: host-plant lists and keys. Swirski & Amitai (1999) Annotated list of species in Israel. Toros et al.
(2002) Catalogue
of Aphidoidea of East Mediterranean region. Tuatay & Remaudière (1965) First catalogue of Turkish
aphids. EASTERN
PALAEARCTIC AND ORIENTAL Website: https://picasaweb.google.com/105809522225337038098/AphidsOfKarnatakaJun52007# (Digital
photo album of the aphids of Karnataka, India by Poorani Janakiraman.) Agarwala & Ghosh (1984) Checklist of Indian aphids. Agarwala & Ghosh (1985) Key to genera, checklist of Oriental aphids. Bänziger (1977) Keys
to alate aphids of economic importance in Thailand. Behura (1963, 1966) Checklist and bibliography of Indian
aphids. Calilung (1967, 1968, 1970) Accounts of Philippine aphids, and list of
host-plants. Das & Raychaudhuri (1983) Account of aphids of Nepal. Gabrid (1989) Aphids
of trees and shrubs in Kirgizia. Ghosh, A.K. (1975a) Keys, illustrations of economically
important Indian aphids. Ghosh, A.K. (1980, 1982b) Keys to groups, and revision of Indian
Chaitophorinae and Lachninae. Ghosh, A.K. (1984) Revision
of Indian Eriosomatinae. Ghosh, A.K. (1988) Revision of Indian Phloeomyzinae,
Anoeciinae and Hormaphidinae. Ghosh, A.K. & Agarwala (1993) Revision of Indian Greenideinae. Ghosh, A.K. & Ghosh, L.K. (2006) Revision of Indian Aphidinae, tribe
Aphidini. Ghosh, A.K. & Quednau (1990) Revision of Indian Drepanosiphinae,
Calaphidinae, etc. Ghosh, L.K. (1986) Keys
to aphids of Himachal Pradesh, India. Huang et al. (2004) Comparison of faunas of Taiwan and
mainland China Huang et al. (2006) Diversity of aphid fauna of
Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau-Himalayas Higuchi (1972) Revision
of Japanese Calaphidinae, etc. Higuchi & Miyazaki (1969) Catalogue of Japanese aphids
and their host plants. Holman & Szelegiewicz (1972, 1974a) Mongolian aphids. Ivanoskaya (1977) Keys,
diagnoses for aphids of western Siberia (2 volumes). Kadyrbekov
(2002d, 2002e, 2003c, Aphid fauna of
various regions of Kazakhstan. 2004b, 2005c, etc.) Kadyrbekov (2014d)
Aphid fauna
of mountainous regions of Kazakhstan (book) Kadyrbekov & Aoitzhanova (2005) Aphid fauna of tugai forests of
south-east Kazakhstan. Kadyrbekov et
al. (2002) Aphid
fauna of Xinjiang-Uygur region of China. Lee et al.
(2002c) Illustrated review of Korean aphids, Part I
(Aphidinae). Martin & Lau (2011) Annotated list of aphids of Hong Kong. Miyazaki (1971) Revision
of Japanese Macrosiphini. Moritsu (1983) Japanese
aphids including many colour photographs. Narzikulov (1963) Revision
of Phloeomyzinae, Lachninae, Anoeciinae, Eriosomatinae, Calaphidinae,
Chaitophorinae and Pterocommatini of Tajikistan and adjacent countries. Narzikulov & Daniyarova (1990) Revision of Aphidini of Tajikistan
and adjacent countries. Narzikulov & Umarov (1969) Revision of Macrosiphini of
Tajikistan and adjacent countries. Naumann-Etienne & Remaudière (1995) Annotated
checklist of aphids of Pakistan. Nevsky (1928a ,b, 1929a,b) Revision of aphids of Central Asia (esp.
Uzbekistan). Noordam (1991) Account
of Hormaphidinae of Java. Noordam (1994) Account
of Greenideinae of Java. Noordam (2004) Aphids
of Java, Parts V (Aphidini) and VI (Macrosiphini, Lachninae,
Neophyllaphidinae, Pemphiginae) Novgorodova & Stekolshchikov (2013) Review of aphids of Kurgan Province (Russia) Paik (1965, 1972) Revision
of aphids of Korea (1972 work is in Korean). Pashchenko (1988) Keys
to aphids of eastern Siberia. Raychaudhuri (ed.) (1980) Revision of aphids of north-eastern India. Raychaudhuri (1984) Host plant list for Indian aphids. Robinson (1972) Annotated
list of aphids collected in Thailand. Shaposhnikov (1955) Forest aphid fauna of Russia (including
east Siberia). Szelegiewicz (1974) Annotated list of aphids from North
Korea (Adelgidae to Chaitophoridae). Takahashi (1923-1931) Revision of aphids of Taiwan (in 6 parts). Tanaka (1976) Well-illustrated
account of aphids on vegetables in Japan. Tao (1962-1970) Keys
to Chinese aphids (5 papers). Tao (1991) Revision
of aphids of Taiwan. Tao (1999) List
of Aphidoidea of China. Yoshitomi et
al. (2014) Records
of aphids from Vietnam and Laos, with host plants and attendant ants. Zhang & Zhong (1981b) Aphidoidea of Tibet. Zhang & Zhong (1983b) Keys to Chinese aphids of economic
importance. AFROTROPICAL Eastop (1958) Account
of East African aphids. Eastop (1961a) Account
of West African aphids. van Harten (1972a) Preliminary
list of aphids of Angola and their host-plants. van Harten & Ilharco (1976) More on aphids of Angola. Millar (1990) Keys
to South African aphids. Millar (1994) Catalogue
of aphids of Africa south of the Sahara and their host- plants. Orian (1973) Keys
to aphids of Mauritius. Remaudière & Autrique (1985) Keys, host-plant lists,
distribution of African aphids, especially Burundi. Remaudière & Etienne (1988) Keys, host-plant lists for
aphids of Indian Ocean islands. Remaudière & Le Rü (1994) Aphids of Congo; list of
species, host-plants, flight activity AUSTRALIAN Eastop (1966) Account
of Australian aphids. POLYNESIAN Carver et al.
(1993) List of aphids of Tonga and other South Pacific
islands. Cottier (1953) Revision
of New Zealand aphids. Messing et
al. (2012) Invasive aphids of Hawaii. Mondor et al. (2007) Aphid
colonisation of Hawaiian Islands. Teulon & Stufkens (2002) Alien aphids introduced to
New Zealand. Teulon et al. (2013) Account
of native New Zealand aphids. NEARCTIC Websites: AphID (identification guide for
cosmopolitan and polyphagous aphids in USA): http://aphid.aphidnet.org/index.php Andy Jensen’s digital galleries of mainly
western North American aphids: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sandnine/
and http://aphidtrek.org/ Photos of aphids of
Quebec: http://entomofaune.qc.ca/entomofaune/Pucerons/Index_Pucerons.html Bachmann et
al. (2014) Lists
of aphids of Pennsylvania Favret et al.
(2008) Catalogue
of aphid genera described from the New World. Favret et
al. (2010) Checklist
of aphids of Great Smoky Mountains National Park Foottit & Maw (1997) Aphids of the Yukon. Foottit & Richards (1993) Genera of aphids of
Canada; keys, diagnoses, line drawings. Foottit et
al. (2006) Annotated
list of aphids introduced to North America. Forbes & Chan (1989) List of aphids of Bitish Columbia and
their host plants. Gillette & Palmer (1931, 1932b, 1934) Revision of aphids of Colorado. Hottes & Frison (1931) Revision of aphids of Illinois. Maw et al. (2000)
Checklist of aphids of Canada and Alaska. Medler & Ghosh (1969) Keys to alate aphids from central USA. Palmer, M. (1952) Revision
of aphids of Rocky Mountain region. Pike et al.
(2003) Illustrated
guide to alate aphids of western N America. Robinson (1979a) Annotated
list of aphids from northern Manitoba. Robinson (1979b) Annotated
list of aphids from north-west Canada, Yukon and Alaska. C.F. Smith (1974a) Revisionary notes on North American
Eriosomatinae. C.F. Smith (1985) Further
revisonary notes on North American Eriosomatinae. C.F. Smith & Parron (1978) List of North American
aphids annotated with synonyms, host plants, geographical distribution, plus
host-plant catalogue. Stoetzel & Hilburn (1990) Aphids of Bermuda NEOTROPICAL Blanchard (1939) First
account of Argentinian aphids. Bustillo & Sanchez (1981) Account of Columbian
aphids. Carrillo (1974, 1977, 1980) Annotated lists of aphids of Chile. Cermeli (1970a,b, 1973) Key and illustrations of economically
important aphids in Venezuela. Costa et al.
(1993a) Revision
of Brazilian Aphidoidea: keys to families, Phylloxeridae. Costa et al.
(1993b) Revision
of Brazilian Aphidoidea: Lachninae, Chaitophorinae, Greenideinae, Anoeciinae
and Hormaphidinae. Eastop et al.
(1993) Revision
of Brazilian Aphidoidea: Calaphidinae, etc. Étienne (2005) Aphids
of Guadeloupe, and Greater and Lesser Antilles. Evans & Halbert (2007) Aphids of Honduras, including list of host plants. Fuentes-Contreras et al. (1997) Aphids
of Chile, including online updated list. Holman (1974b) Key
and account of aphids of Cuba. Holman et al.
(1991) Key
to alatae of aphids in Mexico (El Bajio). Nieto Nafría et
al. (1994) Aphids
of Argentina. Nieto Nafría et
al. (2016b) Catalogue
of aphids of Chile, with host plants and distribution. Ortego (1998a) Aphids
of Argentinian Patagonia. Ortego
et al. (2004) Annotated list
of aphids in Argentina. Quirós
et al. (2009) Aphids of
Panama (Aphidoidea and Phylloxeroidea). Remaudière
et al. (1992a) Aphids of Bolivia. C.F.
Smith & Cermeli (1979) List
of Caribbean and Central and South American aphids, annotated with synonyms,
host- plants and geographical distribution. C.F.
Smith et al. (1963) Keys to aphids of
Puerto Rico. C.F. Smith et al. (1971) Keys to aphids of Puerto Rico,
illustrations and host-plant catalogue. Sousa-Silva & Ilharco
(1995) List of Brazilian
aphids and their host-plants. Villalobos Muller et al. (2010) Aphids of Costa Rica. Voegtlin et al. (2003) Guide to alate aphids in Costa Rica. Zamora Mejías et al. (2012) Additional
information on Costa Rican aphid fauna |