HOST LISTS and KEYS

- SIPH cigar-shaped with numerous long bristle-like hairs, like those on dorsal body and appendages. Dorsum with a dark sclerotic shield …..Eutrichosiphum parvulum

- SIPH without hairs. Dorsum without a dark sclerotic shield

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Trachomitum see Apocynum Apocynaceae

Trachycarpus Arecaceae

Trachycarpus excelsus = Rhapis excelsa

T. fortunei Aphis gossypii; Rhopalosiphum padi;

Sinomegoura citricola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Trachymene Apiaceae

Trachymene sp. Aphis fabae

Trachyspermum Apiaceae

Trachyspermum ammi Hyadaphis coriandri

Trachystemon Boraginaceae

Trachystemon orientalis Myzus ornatus

Tradescantia (including Setoreasea, Zebrina) Commelinaceae

Tradescantia fluminensis Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus

T. pallida Aulacorthum solani

T. pendula = T. zebrina

T. purpurea = T. pallida

T. virginiana Myzus persicae

T. zebrina Aphis gossypii

Tradescantia sp. Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Tragopogon Asteraceae

Tragopogon altaicus Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. angustifolius Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. borysthenicus Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. brevirostris Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. collinus Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. coloratus Brachycaudus tragopogonis;

Uroleucon lebanonense

T. crocifolius (incl. nebrodensis) Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. dasyrhynchus Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. dubianskyi Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. dubius Brachycaudus [prunicola], tragopogonis;

Protaphis aralensis, terricola

T. glaber = Geropogon hybridus

T. graminifolius Acyrthosiphon gossypii; Aphis fabae;

Brachycaudus helichrysi, [prunicola], tragopogonis

T. hybridus = Geropogon hybridus

T. kasahstanicus Aphis craccivora

T. longirostris = T. porrifolius ssp. longirostris

T. major Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. major ssp. dubius = T. dubius

T. marginifolius Brachycaudus tragopogonis; Protaphis aralensis

T. nebrodensis = T. crocifolius ssp. nebrodensis

T. orientalis [Aphis jacobaeae];

Brachycaudus cardui, tragopogonis, tragopogonis ssp.

setosus;

Hyperomyzus lactucae; Uroleucon cirsicola, cirsii

T. paradoxus Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. phaenopappus = T. coloratus

T. podolicus Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. porrifolius Aphis gossypii, nasturtii;

Brachycaudus [prunicola], tragopogonis;

Hyperomyzus lactucae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Prociphilus erigerononsis; Smynthurodes betae;

Trama caudata

T. porrifolius ssp. longirostris Aphis spiraecola;

Brachycaudus tragopogonis ssp. setosus

T. pratensis Aphis craccivora, fabae;

Brachycaudus [prunicola], tragopogonis;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

Protaphis terricola; Trama troglodytes;

Uroleucon jaceae, [ochropus], [riparium]

T. pseudomajor Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. songoricus Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus tragopogonis;

[Uroleucon cichorii]

T. tauricus = T. dubius

T. transcarpaticus = T. pratensis

T. turkestanicus Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. ucrainicus Brachycaudus tragopogonis

T. volgensis = T. podolicus

Tragopogon spp. [Anuraphis ferganica (nomen nudum)]; Aphis blackmani;

Protaphis middletonii; Uroleucon erigeronense

Key to apterae on Tragopogon:-

1 HT II very elongate, more than 0.5 × hind tibia …..2

- HT of normal length. SIPH (if present) tubular …..3

2 SIPH as small low cones. Eyes with 12 or more facets …..Trama caudata

- SIPH completely absent. Eyes of only 3 facets …..Trama troglodytes

3 Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation, including broad dark cross-bands on thorax and ABD TERG 1-7, the more anterior ones divided in middle. Cauda helmet-shaped, less than 0.8 × its basal width in dorsal view …..4

- Dorsal abdomen unsclerotised, or with a different pattern of sclerotisation. Cauda rounded, helmet-shaped, bluntly conical or finger-like, 0.9-2.5 × its basal width …..5

4 ABD TERG 3 with hairs 8-15 μm long …..Brachycaudus tragopogonis

- ABD TERG 3 with hairs 16-40 μm long ….. Brachycaudus tragopogonis ssp. setosus

5 SIPH mainly or entirely dark with a zone of reticulation comprising numerous small polygonal cells on distal 0.16-0.35 of length …..6

- SIPH if present and dark then without polygonal reticulation …..11

6 Dorsal hairs not arising from dark scleroites …..7

- Dorsal hairs arising from dark scleroites …..8

7 SIPH with pale basal section. ANT I and II and coxae pale …..Uroleucon erigeronense

- SIPH entirely dark, or sometimes a little paler in middle. ANT I and II and coxae dark

.....Uroleucon sonchi

8 First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. Cauda tapering from base to apex, with 12-18 hairs

…..Uroleucon lebanonense

- First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Cauda long and finger-like, with 20-45 hairs …..9

9 Cauda dark like SIPH …..Uroleucon jaceae

- Cauda much paler than SIPH …..10

10 Crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present. SIPH 0.25-0.34 × BL. Cauda with

20-33 hairs …..Uroleucon cirsii

- No antesiphuncular sclerites. SIPH 0.32-0.42 × BL. Cauda with 30-45 hairs

…..Uroleucon cirsicola

11 SIPH distinctly clavate, ANT III with 4-20 rhinaria, and ANT PT/BASE 4.6-8.0. Head smooth with well-developed, broadly divergent ANT tubercles …..Hyperomyzus lactucae

- Without that combination of characters …..12

12 ANT PT/BASE within range 0.6-1.3. SIPH 0.65-0.77 × cauda, which bears 16-18 hairs

…..Protaphis aralensis* (or P. terricola – see text)?

- ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5 or more than 1.5. SIPH (if present) more than 0.8 × cauda, or with less hairs …..13

13 SIPH pale or only darker at apices, and 1.2-1.6 × cauda. R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II

…..Aphis blackmani*

- SIPH dark or if pale then more than 1.8 × cauda, and R IV+V less than 1.5 × HT II

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Tragus Poaceae

Tragus sp. Rhopalosiphum maidis

Trapa Lythraceae

Trapa natans (incl. var. bispinosa) Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Trautvetteria Ranunculaceae

Trautvetteria caroliniensis Amphorophora sp. (see aphidtrek.org)

Trema Cannabaceae

Trema amboinensis = T. cannabina

T. “aureantalia” = T. orientalis? Aphis gossypii

T. cannabina Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

T. micrantha Aphis spiraecola

T. orientalis (?) Sumatraphis celti

- SIPH tubular with a dsital ring of about 4 hairs, plus 1-2 hairs on the basal half. ABD TERG 7 withy 4 finger-like processes. ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.30 .....Sumatraphis celti

- Without that combination of characters .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

Trevoa Rhamnaceae

Trevoa quinquenervia Aphis conflicta

T. trinervia = Retanilla trinervia

Triadenum Hypericaceae

Triadenum virginicum Hyalomyzus pocosinus

Trianthema Aizoceae

Trianthema portulacastrum Aphis gossypii

Tribolium (including Plagiochloa) Poaceae

Tribolium uniolae Geoica lucifuga

Tribulus Zygophyllaceae

Tribulus bimucronatus [Hyadaphis foeniculi]; Aphis craccivora

T. cistoides Aphis craccivora

T. cristatus Aphis craccivora

T. maximus = Kallstroemia maxima

T. pentandrus Aphis gossypii

T. pterophorus Aphis craccivora

T. terrestris Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii; Myzus persicae

T. zeyheri Aphis craccivora

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Trichachne see Digitaria Poaceae

Trichilia Meliaceae

Trichilia lagoensis Aphis sp. (Brazil: BMNH collection)

Trichocentrum Orchidaceae

Trichocentrum cebolleta Aphis spiraecola

(or use key to aphids on orchids under Cymbidium)

Trichodesma Boraginaceae

Trichodesma indicum [Aphis sp. (Pakistan)]; [Myzakkaia verbasci]

T. physaloides Macrosiphum euphorbiae

T. zeylanicum Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Tricholaena Poaceae

Tricholaena repens = Melinis repens

T. rosea = Melinis repens

T. teneriffae Colopha graminis

Tricholaena sp. Sipha flava

Use key to apterae on grasses under Digitaria.

Tricholepis Asteraceae

Tricholepis furcata Capitophorus tricholepidis; Uroleucon kumaoni

T. stewartei Uroleucon kumaoni

Key to apterae on Tricholepis:-

- Body and appendages pale. Dorsal body hairs long and thick, arising from tuberculate bases, with knobbed apices. SIPH long, thin and pale, without polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria …..Capitophorus tricholepidis

- Body and appendages with dark pigmentation, incl. small scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs, which do not have distinctly knobbed apices. SIPH black, rather thick, with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 39-49 rhinaria …..Uroleucon kumaoni

Trichopilia Orchidaceae

Trichopilia coccinea = T. marginata

T. fragrans Sitobion luteum

T. marginata Sitobion luteum

(Or use key to apterae on orchids under Cymbidium)

Trichophorum Cyperaceae

Trichophorum caespitosum Hyalopterus pruni

Trichosanthes Cucurbitaceae

Trichosanthes anguina Aphis gossypii, [umbrella]

T. cucumerina Aphis gossypii

T. cucumeroides Aphis gossypii

T. dioica Aphis gossypii, [umbrella]

Trichostigma Phytolaccaceae

Trichostigma octandrum Aphis gossypii

Tricomaria Malpighiaceae

Tricomaria usillo Aphis craccivora

Tricuspis see Tridens Poaceae

Tricuspis sesleroides = T. flavus

Tricyrtis Asparagaceae

Tricyrtis formosana Aulacorthum solani

T. hirta Aulacorthum solani

Tridax Asteraceae

Tridax procumbens Aphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola;

Brachycaudus helichrysi; Hyperomyzus carduellinus;

[Hysteroneura setariae]; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

[Rhodobium porosum]; Uroleucon ambrosiae

Key to apterae on Tridax:-

- SIPH distinctly clavate, and almost smooth. ANT III with 11-29 rhinaria, and sec. rhinaria also often present on IV and V. Head smooth with well-developed divergent ANT tubercles

…..Hyperomyzus carduellinus

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Tridens Poaceae

Tridens flavus Hyalopteroides humilis; Hysteroneura setariae

(= Tricuspis seslerioides)

Use key to apterae on grasses under Digitaria.

Trientalis Primulaceae

Trientalis europea ssp. latifolia Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae

T. latifolia = T. europea ssp. latifolia

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Trifolium Fabaceae

Trifolium agrarium = T. aureum

T. alexandrinum Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum;

Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Nearctaphis bakeri;

Smynthurodes betae; Therioaphis trifolii

T. alpestre Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;

Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;

Therioaphis luteola, subalba

T. ambiguum Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum; Aphis craccivora;

Therioaphis trifolii

T. angustifolium Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, fabae;

Nearctaphis bakeri

T. arvense Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;

Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Therioaphis [ononidis], trifolii

T. aureum Acyrthosiphon pisum; [Aphis loti]; Therioaphis trifolii

T. badium Aphis craccivora

T. campestre Acyrthosiphon pisum;

Aphis coronillae, craccivora, gossypii;

Myzus ornatus; Subacyrthosiphon cryptobium;

Therioaphis [ononidis], trifolii

T. caucasicum Aphis coronillae

T. cherleri Acyrthosiphon pisum; Therioaphis trifolii

T. cryptopodium Aphis craccivora

T. dichroanthum Acyrthosiphon pisum

T. dubium Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis ?coronillae (as scaliai);

Myzus ornatus, persicae; Therioaphis trifolii

T. elatius see T. incarnatum

T. filiforme auct. = T. dubium

T. fragiferum Aphis coronillae

T. hirtum Acyrthosiphon pisum

T. hybridum Acyrthosiphon [malvae], pisum;

Aphis coronillae, craccivora, nasturtii;

Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Myzus ornatus; Nearctaphis bakeri, crataegifoliae;

Prociphilus erigeronensis; Therioaphis trifolii

T. incarnatum (incl. elatius) Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, fabae;

Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ornatus; Nearctaphis bakeri; Therioaphis trifolii

T. lappaceum Acyrthosiphon pisum

T. leucanthum Aphis craccivora

T. lupinaster Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;

Therioaphis trifolii

T. macrocephalum Nearctaphis bakeri

T. medium Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis coronillae; Myzus persicae;

Subacyrthosiphon cryptobium;

Therioaphis luteola, [ononidis], subalba, trifolii

T. microphyllum Nearctaphis bakeri

T. montanum Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;

Therioaphis subalba, trifolii

T. nigrescens Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora; Myzus persicae;

Therioaphis trifolii

T. ochroleucon Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora

T. officinale Acyrthosiphon pisum; Therioaphis riehmi

T. pannonicum Acyrthosiphon pisum

T. pratense Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum;

Aphis coronillae, craccivora, fabae, gossypii,

nasturtii, spiraecola;

Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

[Geoica utricularia]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [gei];

Megoura viciae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

Nearctaphis bakeri, [sensoriata];

Pemphigus ?populi (Zwölfer 1958),

Pemphigus sp. (as lactucae);

[Sitobion akebiae];

Therioaphis brachytricha, luteola, subalba, trifolii

T. procumbens = T. campestre

T. prutetianum Aphis craccivora; Myzus persicae

T. repens (incl. var. latum) Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum;

Aphis coronillae, [coronillae ssp. arenaria], craccivora,

fabae, [glycines], gossypii;

Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

[Geoica lucifuga; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

Nearctaphis bakeri;

Neomyzus circumflexus; [Sipha glyceriae];

Subacyrthosiphon cryptobium; Therioaphis trifolii

T. resupinatum Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, gossypii;

Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus; Nearctaphis bakeri;

Therioaphis trifolii

T. rubens Acyrthosiphon pisum

T. scabrum Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;

Brachycaudus helichrysi

T. striatum Smynthurodes betae

T. subterraneum Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;

Aulacorthum solani; [Geoica lucifuga];

[Schizaphis hypersiphonata]

T. tomentosum Aphis craccivora

Trifolium spp. Abstrusomyzus phloxae; [Brachycaudus cardui];

Nearctaphis californica, zabapsis;

[Semiaphis heraclei]

Key to apterae on Trifolium (couplets 1-2 only can also be applied to alatae) :-

1 Fore coxae greatly enlarged. SIPH in form of small truncate cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed .….2

- Fore coxae normal. Form of SIPH (if present) various. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, anal plate entire …..6

2 (All viviparae are usually alate.) ABD TERG 1-7 each with 4 hairs 16-26 μm long

…..Therioaphis riehmi

- (Apterae commonly present.) ABD TERG 1-7 each usually with more than 4 hairs, the longest of which are either less than 16 μm or more than 26 μm long …..3

3 All hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 very short, 7-10 μm long, much shorter than ANT BD III, arising from rugose sclerotic patches (Fig.40c) …..Therioaphis brachytricha

- Longest hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 more than 30 μm long and arising from conical processes

…..4

4 ABD TERG 1-5 each with only 4 long hairs (2 spinal, 2 marginal) arising from large conical processes, although often with additional much smaller hairs in pleural region (Fig.53a)

…..Therioaphis subalba

- ABD TERG 1-5 mostly with at least 6 long hairs of similar length all arising from large conical processes …..5

5 ABD TERG 1-5 each rather regularly with 6 long hairs, arising from conical processes on evenly pigmented dusky sclerites without dark borders (Fig.53b) …..Therioaphis luteola

- ABD TERG 1-5 each with more than 6 hairs, arising from conical processes on sclerites that have dark borders (Fig.40f) …..Therioaphis trifolii (s. lat.)

6 Head spiculose or nodulose, but with ANT tubercles undeveloped. SIPH with close-set, strongly spiculose imbrication …..7

- Head smooth or, if spiculose or nodulose then with ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH (if present) with normal imbrication …..11

7 Hind tibiae with numerous circular scent glands …..Nearctaphis sensoriata

- Hind tibiae without scent glands …..8

8 Dorsal abdomen with extensive sclerotisation, variably developed but at least with complete broad dark cross-bands covering most of ABD TERG 5-8 …..9

- Dorsal abdomen with at most with dark bars on ABD TERG 5-8, more anterior segments having small dark or pale brown sclerites at bases of hairs …..10

9 Dorsal surface of head evenly and densely nodulose. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.7

…..Nearctaphis californica

- Dorsal surface of head with dispersed spicules. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.7

…..Nearctaphis zabapsis*

10 R IV+V 0.14-0.18 mm long, and usually with 4 accessory hairs. Dorsal hairs mostly not arising from dark scleroites. SIPH dusky or dark …..Nearctaphis crataegifoliae

- R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long, with 2 (-3) accessory hairs. Dorsal hairs all or mostly arising from dark scleroites. SIPH pale …..Nearctaphis bakeri

11 ANT tubercles very well developed and head not densely spiculose/nodulose …..12

- Either ANT tubercles are not developed or only weakly developed, or head is densely spiculose/nodulose …..17

12 Head black. SIPH black and swollen in middle, similar in length to cauda, which is also black …..Megoura viciae

- Head pale or dusky. SIPH pale or dark towards apices, not swollen in middle and much longer than the cauda, which is also pale …..13

13 ANT tubercles scabrous or nodulose ventrally (Fig.53c). Small dark ante- and post-siphuncular sclerites present, and dusky sclerotic cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8

…..Subacyrthosiphon cryptobium

- ANT tubercles not scabrous or nodulose. No dark dorsal sclerotisation …..14

14 SIPH with a subapical zone of reticulation, comprising 4-5 rows of large polygonal cells. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III all shorter than BD III …..15

15 SIPH tapering from base to apex, not attenuate distally; diameter at midlength greater than middle diameter of hind tibia. ANT I with 6-10 hairs. ANT BASE VI 1.0-1.5 × longer than R IV+V …..Acyrthosiphon kondoi

- SIPH attenuate distally, with diameter at midlength similar to or less than middle diameter of hind tibia. ANT I with 9-23 (usually 12 or more) hairs. ANT BASE VI 1.8-3.0 × longer than R IV+V ..…16

16 SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda and 0.33-0.45 × BL …..Acyrthosiphon gossypii

- SIPH 1.2-1.9 × cauda and 0.22-0.37 × BL …..Acyrthosiphon pisum

17 Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation, divided into polygons …..18

- Dorsal abdomen not extensively sclerotised …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

18 ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) rather regularly bearing dome-shaped marginal tubercles (MTu), totalling 4-10 on these tergites …..Aphis coronillae

- ABD TERG 2-6 usually without MTu, rarely with 1-3 small ones …..Aphis craccivora

Triglochin Juncaginaceae

Triglochin maritima Aphis triglochinis; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi;

Schizaphis palustris; Sitobion avenae

T. palustre Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis palustris

Key to apterae on Triglochin:-

1 SIPH dark with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation, 1.1-1.4 × the much paler cauda

…..Sitobion avenae

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation, and SIPH and cauda with similar pigmentation …..2

2 ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8 …..Aphis triglochinis

- ANT PT/BASE 2.6-5.2 …..3

3 Dorsal cuticle dusky/dark, sclerotic and very rough, with close-set irregular angular denticulation. Marginal abdominal tubercles (MTu) absent. SIPH short, tapering without a subapical constriction, 0.08-0.11 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.6-3.1 …..Schizaphis palustris

- Dorsal cuticle pale, ornamented with a pattern of spinules arranged in polygons. Small MTu present on ABD TERG 1 and 7. SIPH 0.11-0.21 × BL, clavate or cylindrical on distal half, with a smooth constricted region close to flange. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-5.8 …..4

4 SIPH clavate, more than 2 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-4.0 …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

- SIPH not clavate; not more than 2 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.6-5.2

…..Rhopalosiphum padi

Trigonella Fabaceae

Trigonella anguina Therioaphis riehmi

T. arabica Aphis craccivora

T. arcuata = Medicago medicaginoides

T. caerulea Therioaphis riehmi

T. corniculata Acyrthosiphon pisum

T. foenum-graecum Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum;

Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii; Myzus persicae;

Smynthurodes betae; Therioaphis riehmi, trifolii

T. geminiflora Aphis craccivora

T. laciniata Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora

T. orthoceras = Medicago orthoceras

T. polycerata = Medicago polyceratia

T. procumbens Aphis craccivora

T. radiata = Medicago radiata

T. stellata Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum; Aphis craccivora

Use key to apterae on Melilotus.

Trinia Apiaceae

Trinia glauca Aphis spiraephaga

T. muricata Hyadaphis coriandri

Triplaris Polygonaceae

Triplaris americana Macrosiphum euphorbiae

T. brasiliana = T. americana

T. cumingiana Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Triplochlamys see Pavonia Malvaceae

Triplochlamys multiflora = Pavonia multiflora

Tripleurospermum Asteraceae

Tripleurospermum ambiguum [Acyrthosiphon ilka]; Aphis craccivora;

Macrosiphoniella tapuskae

T. disciforme Aphis fabae

T. inodorum (incl. perforatum) [Acyrthosiphon ilka, pisum];

Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, solanella,

vandergooti;

Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus cardui, [cerasicola], helichrysi, lateralis;

Coloradoa inodorella;

Macrosiphoniella abrotani, millefolii, oblonga, [pulvera],

tanacetaria, tapuskae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Metopeurum [fuscoviride], matricariae;

Myzus persicae; Pemphigus bursarius, fuscicornis;

Protaphis dudichi; Trama troglodytes; [Uroleucon sonchi]

T. maritimum (incl. var. Aphis fabae, lindae; Aulacorthum solani;

phaenocephalum) Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi

T. perforatum = T. inodorum

T. tenuifolium Aphis fabae

Use key to apterae on both Matricaria and Tripleurospermum under Matricaria.

Tripodion Fabaceae

Tripodion tetraphyllum Aphis craccivora

Tripogon Poaceae

Tripogon jacquemontii Hysteroneura setariae

(or use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria)

Tripolium Asteraceae

Tripolium pannonicum Aphis fabae, [triglochinis], tripolii;

ssp. tripolium Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Macrosiphoniella asteris; Myzus persicae;

Pemphigus trehernei; [Staticobium loochooense]

Use key to apterae on Aster.

Tripsacum Poaceae

Tripsacum latifolium Hysteroneura setariae

T. laxum Rhopalosiphum maidis

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Tripteris Asteraceae

Tripteris vaillantii Myzus persicae

Trisetaria Poaceae

Trisetaria koelerioides Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae

T. linearis Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha maydis;

Schizaphis graminum; Sitobion fragariae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Trisetum Poaceae

Trisetum flavescens Chaetosiphella stipae; Forda formicaria;

Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi;

Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae;

Tetraneura ulmi

T. koelerioides = Trisetaria koelerioides

T. lineare = Trisetaria linearis

T. sibiricum Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae

T. spicatum Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion fragariae

T. subspicatum = T. spicatum

Trisetum sp. Sipha elegans

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Tristania Myrtaceae

Tristania conferta Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Tristemma Melastomataceae

Tristemma mauritianum Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Tristerix Loranthaceae

Tristerix sp. Aphis conflicta

Triteleia Asparagaceae

Triteleia hyacinthina Aulacorthum solani

Triticum Poaceae

Triticum aestivum Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis, furcata, [radiciphaga],

similiradiciphaga, vagans;

Aphis craccivora; Baizongia pistaceae;

Carolinaia rhois; Cavariella aquatica;

Diuraphis frequens, noxia, tritici;

Forda [auralenta], formicaria, hirsuta, marginata,

[multicoma], orientalis, pawlowae, riccobonii;

Geoica lucifuga, setulosa, utricularia;

Hysteroneura setariae; Israelaphis lambersi;

Laingia psammae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae ssp. cerealium,

longicaudatum;

Myzus obtusirostris, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;

Paracletus bykovi, cimiciformis; Protaphis middletonii;

Pemphigus [betae], vulgaris;

[Rectinasus buxtoni]; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, oxyacanthae, padi, padiformis,

rufiabdominale;

Schizaphis graminum;

Sipha [arenarii], elegans, flava, maydis, uvarovi;

Sitobion africanum, akebiae, avenae, fragariae, graminis,

miscanthi, yakini ;

Smynthurodes betae;

Tetraneura africana, caerulescens, chui, fusiformis, nigriabdominalis, radicicola, ulmi

T. asiaticum = T. aestivum

T. boeoticum Sipha elegans

T. caninum = Elymus caninus

T. compactum Metopolophium dirhodum

T. dicoccoides Melanaphis pyraria; Sitobion fragariae

T. dicoccum Aploneura lentisci; Metopolophium dirhodum;

Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae

T. durum Anoecia vagans; Aphis fabae; Aploneura lentisci;

Diuraphis noxia; Geoica harpazi, lucifuga, utricularia;

Hysteroneura setariae; Metopolophium dirhodum;

Myzus persicae;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;

Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis;

Sitobion akebiae, avenae, fragariae; Smynthurodes betae;

Tetraneura africana, ulmi

T. monococcum Diuraphis noxia; Metopolophium durhodum;

Sipha elegans

T. polonicum Metopolophium durhodum; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi;

Sitobion fragariae

T. repens =Elymus repens

T. sativum = T. aestivum

T. spelta Metopolophium dirhodum; Sipha maydis

T. trichophorum = Elymus hispidus

T. turanicum Anoecia corni; Aphis craccivora; Aploneura lentisci;

Diuraphis noxia; Forda formicaria, orientalis;

Geoica utricularia; Metopolophium dirhodum;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis graminum;

Sipha elegans, maydis; Sitobion avenae;

Smynthurodes betae; Tetraneura ulmi

T. turgidum Metopolophium dirhodum

T. vulgare = T. aestivum

Triticum sp. Paracletus donisthorpei; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae;

Sipha glyceriae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Tritonia (including Montbretia) Iridaceae

Tritonia crocata Neomyzus circumflexus

T. fenestrata = T. crocata

Tritonia sp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Sitobion fragariae]

Use key to apterae on Iris.

Triumfetta Tiliaceae

Triumfetta bogotensis Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus

T. pentandra Aphis gossypii

T. pilosa = T. bogotensis

T. rhomboidea Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus ornatus; Sitobion triumfettae;

Uroleucon compositae

Key to apterae on Triumfetta:-

- SIPH dark with polygonal reticulation on subapical 0.10-0.17 of length. Cauda pale. Dorsal abdomen pale or with faint sclerotic cross-bands. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.4 × BD III

…..Sitobion triumfettae

- Without the above combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Trochodendron Trochodendraceae

Trochodendron aralioides Elatobium trochodendri

Trollius Ranunculaceae

Trollius altaicus Aphis nasturtii

T. chinensis Aphis fabae

T. europaeus Aulacorthum solani; [Brachycaudus cardui];

Macrosiphum [cholodkovskii], trollii

T. pumilus Aulacorthum solani

Trollius sp. (and cult.) Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Trollius:-

- SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 20-36 small rhinaria in an irregular row over 0.4-0.75 of length …..Macrosiphum trollii

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Trommsdorffia Asteraceae

Trommsdorffia uniflora = Hypochaeris uniflora

Tropaeolum Tropaeolaceae

Tropaeolum incisum Aphis tropaeoli

T. majus Aphis craccivora, fabae, fabae ssp. mordvilkoi, gossypii,

nasturtii;

Aulacorthum solani; Brevicoryne brassicae;

Lipaphis erysimi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus

T. minus Aphis fabae

T. peregrinum Aphis fabae

T. tricolor Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Tropaeolum:-

1 SIPH slightly swollen, but not clavate (without narrow section on basal half). ANT tubercles absent, or if developed then not projecting forward beyond middle part of head, so that front of head is convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..2

- Without this combination of characters; i.e. if SIPH are present then they are tapering, cylindrical or clavate (with narrow section on basal half), and either ANT tubercles are very well-developed or ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu .…3

2 ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH, which are 0.8-1.0 × the broad-based triangular cauda. Dorsal abdomen usually with paired dark markings on most tergites …..Brevicoryne brassicae

- ANT III 1.2-1.7 × SIPH, which are 1.2-1.6 × the tongue-shaped cauda. Dorsal abdomen usually with cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, but without markings anterior to SIPH

…..Lipaphis erysimi

3 SIPH and cauda both equally dark. Cauda with 5-24 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III are at least 0.6 × BD III …..4

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

4 ABD TERG 1-7 with variably-developed dark cross-bands, partially fused between segments. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.3 × BD III. R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II. Cauda elongate triangular, tapering almost to a point, with 5-12 hairs …..Aphis tropaeoli

- ABD TERG 1-5 without broad dark cross-bands, at most with only scattered dark irregular sclerites. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-2.4 × BD III. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II. Cauda

tongue-shaped, rather rounded at apex, and bearing 11-24 hairs …..5

5 Length of rostrum (from base of protractor apodeme) 0.69-0.79 mm. R IV+V (0.9-)1.0-1.4 × HT II …..Aphis fabae ssp. mordvilkoi

- Length of rostrum 0.44-0.62 mm. R IV+V 0.85-1.05 × HT II .....Aphis fabae s.str.

Tsuga Hemlocks Pinaceae

Tsuga brunoniana = T. dumosa

T. canadensis Adelges tsugae; Prociphilus pini

T. caroliniana Adelges tsugae

T. chinensis (incl. ssp. formosana) Adelges tsugae; Cinara taiwana

T. diversifolia Adelges tsugae; [Cinara ozawai]

T. dumosa Adelges tsugae; Prociphilus taxus

T. formosana= T. chinensis

T. forrestii Adelges tsugae

T. heterophylla Adelges tsugae; [Aphis fabae];

Cinara [piceae], pilicornis, tsugae;

Illinoia patriciae

T. mertensiana Cinara tsugae, [wahsugae];

[Macrosiphum opportunisticum]

T. sieboldii Adelges tsugae; Mindarus ?abietinus;

Tsugaphis sorini

Key to aphids on Tsuga (apterous parthenogenetic morph except where otherwise stated):-

1 Body pear-shaped, broadest anteriorly, with conspicuous wax pores on all segments. Chitinous ovipositor present. Antennae very short, 3-segmented .....Adelges tsugae

- Body not broadest anteriorly, with or without wax glands. No chitinous ovipositor. Antennae with 4 to 6 segments .....2

2 Body aleyrodiform; flattened, elliptical, divided about equally into cephalothorax and abdomen, with legs and 4-segmented antennae concealed beneath. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed .....Tsugaphis sorini

- Body of normal aphid form, with exposed legs and 5- or 6-segmented antennae. Cauda variable, anal plate entire .....3

3 SIPH absent, or present as minute pores only. Wax glands present .....4

- SIPH present as tubes or large pores on broad hairy cones. Wax glands absent .....6

4 R IV+V 0.5× HT II or less. Cauda bluntly triangular. Alata with dark transverse bars on abdomen, usually with a once-branched media and secondary rhinaria on ANT III only (sometimes 1-2 distally on IV) .....Mindarus abietinus

- R IV+V equal to or longer than HT II. Cauda not bluntly triangular. Alata (sexupara) without dorsal abdominal markings, an unbranched media and secondary rhinaria on ANT III-V or II-VI .....5

5 R IV+V more than 0.16 mm. Alate sexupara with BL 2.4-3.0 mm, and ABD TERG 8 extended as an anocaudal process .....Prociphilus taxus

- R IV+V less than 0.14 mm. Alate sexupara with BL 1.1-1.9 mm and without an anocaudal process .....Prociphilus pini

6 SIPH long, tubular, slightly swollen on distal half with a subapical, constricted zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda long, finger-like, about 0.5× SIPH. Hairs on body and appendages very short and blunt .....Illinoia patriciae

- SIPH as large pores on broad hairy cones. Cauda rounded. Hairs on body and appendages mainly long and pointed .....7

7 Hind tibiae pale except distally. SIPH cones pale .....Cinara pilicornis

- Hind tibiae mainly dark. SIPH cones strongly pigmented .....8

8 Hairs on antennae, legs and ABD TERG 2-7 long and fine .....Cinara taiwana*

- Hairs on antennae, legs and ABD TERG 2-7 short and blunt .....Cinara tsugae

Tulipa Liliaceae

Tulipa bakeri = T. saxatilis

T. gesneriana Acyrthosiphon malvae group; Aphis fabae, gossypii;

Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis tulipae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae;

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale; Sitobion akebiae

T. kaufmanniana Dysaphis tulipae

T. prismatica (?) Macrosiphum euphorbiae

T. saxatilis Myzus ornatus

T. sylvestris Dysaphis tulipae; Myzus ascalonicus

Tulipa spp. Aphis craccivora, spiraecola; Myzus cymbalariae;

Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae ssp. tulipaellus

Key to apterae on Tulipa:-

1 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Head and ABD TERG 7 and 8 with paired spinal tubercles …..Dysaphis tulipae

- Without that combination of characters …..2

2 SIPH dark, tapering, 1.4-1.9 × the much paler cauda, and with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.6 × BD III …..Sitobion akebiae

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Tupidanthus see Schefflera Araliaceae

Turbina Convolvulaceae

Turbina oblongata Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Turgenia Apiaceae

Turgenia latifolia Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycaudus crassitibiae;

Hyadaphis coriandri

See key under Caucalis.

Turibana Celastraceae

Turibana planipes = Euonymus sachalinensis

Turnera Passifloraceae

Turnera angustifolia = T. ulmifolia

T. subulata Aphis gossypii

T. ulmifolia Aphis gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Turnera sp. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; [Subovatomyzus leucosceptri]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Turpinia Staphyleaceae

Turpinia pomifera Indomegoura indica

Turritis Brassicaceae

Turritis glabra Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis turritella;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Pemphigus populitransversus

Use key to apterae under Arabis.

Tussilago Asteraceae

Tussilago farfara Anuraphis farfarae; Aphis fabae, [vandergooti];

Aulacorthum palustre, solani;

Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;

Capitophorus elaeagni, similis, takahashii;

Chomaphis mira; [Dysaphis pyri];

Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;

Pemphigus bursarius; Protrama radicis;

Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon;

Trama troglodytes; Uroleucon tussilaginis

T. petasites = Petasites hybridus

Tussilago spp. [Aphis alienus]; Aulacorthum cirsicola

Key to apterae on Tussilago:-

1 SIPH absent. Eyes 3-faceted. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5 …..2

- SIPH present, tubular. Eyes multifaceted. ANT PT.BASE more than 1 …..3

2 HT II greatly elongated, more than 0.5 × hind tibia. Body and appendages densely clothed in fine hairs. No discrete wax glands …..Trama troglodytes

- HT II of normal length. Body and appendages are sparsely hairy. Posterior abdomen has wax glands …..Pemphigus bursarius

3 Dorsal hairs long and thick with knobbed apices …..4

- Dorsal hairs not thick, if long then with fine apices …..6

4 ANT III without capitate hairs; all ANT hairs short and inconspicuous c. 0.2 × BD III. ABD TERG 1-4 each with single pairs of spinal and pleural hairs …..Capitophorus elaeagni

- ANT III with at least one capitate hair more than 0.6 × BD III. ABD TERG 1-4 with at least the spinal hairs duplicated …..5

5 ANT III with 1-5 thick capitate hairs, 0.6-0.8 × BD III (Fig.54a) …..Capitophorus similis

- ANT III with c. 6 thick capitate hairs, longer than BD III …..Capitophorus takahashii*

6 Cauda semicircular or helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view …..7

- Cauda tongue- or finger-like, longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..10

7 Prothorax with a pair of very large marginal tubercles (MTu), up to 2.5 × diameter of compound eye (Fig.54b), and ABD TERG 1-5 also with very large MTu. SIPH long and flangeless, more than 7 × cauda, and bearing some small pointed hairs (Fig.54c)

…..Chomaphis mira

- Prothorax if with MTu then these are smaller than compound eyes. ABD TERG 1-5 with or without MTu. SIPH less than 4 × cauda, and without hairs …..8

8 Paired spinal tubercles (STu) present on all segments, and marginal tubercles (MTu) on prothorax and ABD TERG 1-5. SIPH with close-set rows of fine spinules (Fig.54d)

…..Anuraphis farfarae

- STu and MTu absent, or rarely present on 1 or 2 segments. SIPH smooth or with normal imbrication …..9

9 Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda ......Brachycaudus cardui

- Dorsal abdomen without a black shield. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda ......Brachycaudus helichrysi

10 SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.1-0.2 of length. Head smooth with

well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces smooth and divergent …..11

- SIPH without distal polygonal reticulation, or with only 1-3 rows of polygonal cells (unless they are massively inflated). If ANT tubercles are well developed then head is at least ventrally spiculose …..12

11 SIPH dark at base and apex, with middle part paler. Head, prothorax and ANT I-II black. ANT III with 6-18 rhinaria. Cauda with 12-25 hairs. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II

…..Uroleucon tussilaginis

- SIPH mostly pale, only dusky towards apex. Head, prothorax and ANT I-II pale. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. Cauda with 8-12 hairs. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II

…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

12 ANT 1.6-1.7 × BL, which is 2.7-4.1 mm. Hind tibiae very long, 0.9-1.5 × BL. ANT III with 3-12 rhinaria. Ventral side of head is densely spiculose/nodulose, but dorsal surface is almost smooth …..Aulacorthum cirsicola

- ANT 0.6-1.5 × BL, which is 1.0-3.0 mm. Hind tibia 0.4-0.8 × BL. ANT III without rhinaria, or with 1-3 small rhinaria. Head either without spicules, or with some spicules ventrally, or densely spiculose/nodulose on both dorsal and ventral surfaces …..13

13 ANT III with 1-3 small rhinaria near base. Head with ANT tubercles well-developed , their inner faces steep-sided, almost parallel, and slightly to moderately scabrous. SIPH tapering/cylindrical with a well-developed flange …..14

- ANT III without rhinaria, and other characters not in that combination

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

14 Head with spicules on ventral side only …..Aulacorthum palustre

- Head spiculose on both upper and lower surfaces …..Aulacorthum solani

Tweedia Apocynaceae

Tweedia birostrata Aphis nerii

Tylophora Asclepiadaceae

Tylophora asthmatica Aphis nerii

Typha Typhaceae

Typha angustata = T. domingensis

T. angustifolia Aphis kobachidzei, typhae; Ceruraphis eriophori;

Hyalopterus amygdali, pruni; Metopolophium dirhodum;

Myzus persicae;

Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi, [rufulum];

Schizaphis [eastopi], rosazevedoi, scirpi;

Sitobion avenae

T. australis Hyalopterus pruni; Rhopalosiphum padi;

Schizaphis scirpi

T. capensis Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; Schizaphis eastopi

T. domingensis Ceruraphis eriophori; Hyalopterus amygdali;

Hysteroneura setariae; Myzus persicae;

Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi;

Schizaphis [eastopi], rosazevedoi, scirpi

T. elephantina Schizaphis rosazevedoi (as eastopi)

T. latifolia Aphis gossypii, typhae; Ceruraphis eriophori;

Hyalopterus pruni; Metopolophium dirhodum;

Rhopalosiphum enigmae, maidis, nymphaeae, padi;

Schizaphis [eastopi], rosazevedoi, rotundiventris, scirpi;

Sipha glyceriae; Sitobion avenae, fragariae

T. laxmanni Schizaphis scirpi; Rhopalosiphum padi

T. major = T. latifolia

T. minima Ceruraphis eriophori; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi;

Schizaphis scirpi

T. minuta = T. laxmanni

T. orientalis Hyalopterus pruni; [Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae];

Rhopalosiphum enigmae

T. shuttleworthii Schizaphis scirpi

Typha spp. Aphis fabae; Mordvilkoiella skorkini

Key to apterae on Typha:-

1 Dorsal hairs long, thick and spine-like. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE c.1. SIPH stump-shaped. Cauda with distal part a rounded knob …..Sipha glyceriae

- Dorsal hairs not long, thick and spine-like. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE more than 1.3. SIPH tubular, or as slightly raised pores, cauda not knobbed …..2

2 ANT 5-segmented, only 0.17-0.2 × BL. SIPH as slightly raised pores. Cauda helmet-shaped or triangular, with apical part extended and bearing 6-8 hairs …..Mordvilkoiella skorkini*

- ANT (5- or) 6-segmented, at least 0.3 × BL. SIPH tubular. Cauda tongue or finger-shaped

…..3

3 SIPH less than 0.7 × cauda …..4

- SIPH at least 0.8 × cauda …..5

4 SIPH thinner than cauda, more than 2 × longer than wide …..Hyalopterus pruni/amygdali

- SIPH similar in thickness to cauda, c.1.5 × as long as wide …..Aphis kobachidzei*

5 Tergum almost entirely dark, and SIPH jet black, with coarse denticulate imbrication

…..Ceruraphis eriophori

- Tergum usually pale, sometimes with dusky/dark central patch or dark markings. SIPH pale or dark …..6

6 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation …..7

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation …..8

7 SIPH 1.7-2.25 × cauda, which has a rounded apex …..Sitobion fragariae

- SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda, which has a more pointed apex …..Sitobion avenae

8 Head densely spiculose, with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces scabrous and apically convergent. SIPH pale and slightly clavate …..Myzus persicae

- Head not spiculose, with ANT tubercles either weakly developed, or only developed to a similar extent to median frontal tubercle, or if rather well-developed then with inner faces smooth and broadly divergent. SIPH pale, dusky or dark, tapering, cylindrical or clavate

…..9

9 ANT tubercles with smooth, broadly divergent inner faces. ANT III with 1-3 small rhinaria near base. SIPH pale, more than half as long as the distance between their bases

…..Metopolophium dirhodum

- ANT tubercles weakly developed, or only developed to a similar extent to median frontal tubercle. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH dusky or dark, less than half as long as the distance between their bases …..10

10 Dorsal abdominal cuticle with a pattern of blunt spicules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing one or more additional spicules. SIPH usually appearing slightly to distinctly swollen in middle or on distal part, narrowing just before flange …..11

- Dorsal abdominal cuticle sometimes with polygonal reticulation but this is not spiculose, and neither do the polygons enclose spicules. SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange, or swollen on basal half …..14

11 SIPH slightly but distinctly clavate (with narrower section on basal half)

…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

- SIPH without narrower section on basal half …..12

12 Body rather elongate oval. SIPH only 0.07-0.08 × BL, without a subapical constriction and with a small flange. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8 …..Rhopalosphum maidis

- Body more broadly oval. SIPH 0.12-0.17 × BL, with a subapical constriction and large flange. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-6.3 …..13

13 SIPH less than 2.1 × cauda. Small marginal tubercles (MTu) present only on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7 …..Rhopalosiphum padi

- SIPH more than 2.1 × cauda. MTu usually present on some or all of ABD TERG 2-6 as well as 1 and 7 …..Rhopalosiphum enigmae

14 Cauda black with 11-24 hairs …..15

- Cauda pale, dusky or dark, with 4-10 hairs …..16

15 ABD TERG 2-4(-6) with well-developed MTu …..Aphis typhae

- ABD TERG 2-4 only sporadically with small MTu …..Aphis fabae

16 Hind tibial hairs short, not or only distally exceeding width of tibia at midlength …..17

- Hind tibial hairs mostly much longer than width of tibia at midlength …..19

17 Cauda long, pale finger-like, with 4 hairs. Hind femora dark over at least distal half. SIPH calf-shaped (slightly swollen on basal half) …..Hysteroneura setariae

- Cauda tongue-shaped, pale, dusky or dark, with 4-8 hairs. Hind femora pale, or darker only towards apex. SIPH tapering, not swollen on basal half …..18

18 ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.0. SIPH 1.3-2.5 × cauda which bears 4-8 hairs …..Aphis gossypii

- ANT PT/BASE 4.8-6.6. SIPH 2.2-3.0 × cauda which bears 4-5 hairs

…..Schizaphis rotundiventris

19 Coxae and trochanters dark. Hairs on ANT III 53-108 μm long …..Schizaphis scirpi

- Coxae and trochanters pale. Hairs on ANT III 18-38 μm long …..20

20 Posterior dorsal cephalic hairs are 25-35 μm long, and hairs on ABD TERG 6 are 35-53 μm long …..Schizaphis eastopi

- Posterior dorsal cephalic hairs are 37-79 μm long, and hairs on ABD TERG 6 are 56-98 μm long …..Schizaphis rosazevedoi

Typhonium Araceae

Typhonium trilobatum Aphis gossypii

Typhonodorum Araceae

Typhonodorum lindeyanum Pentalonia nigronervosa

Uapaca Uapacaceae

Uapaca guineensis Aphis gossypii

Ulex Fabaceae

Ulex cantabricus Aphis ulicis

U. europaeus Aphis fabae, ulicis

U. parviflorus Aphis ulicis

Ulex sp. Aphis gossypii

Key to apterae on Ulex:-

- Dorsum with extensive black sclerotisation. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. Cauda with 8-15 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.64-1.05 × BD III …..Aphis ulicis

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Ulmaria see Filipendula Rosaceae

Ulmus Elms Ulmaceae

In all, about 75 aphid species are recorded from elms, which are primary hosts for most of the Eriosomatinae (44 species). For gall formers, Eriosomatinae show remarkably little evidence of host specificity, the recorded host range reflecting geographical distribution rather than host affinities, with the more widely-distributed species such as Eriosome ulmi recorded from Ulmus species native to different parts of the world. Elm-feeding aphids are therefore all included in a single key as far as possible. However, at the present time it is not possible to key together all species of the large genus Eriosoma and its close relatives in tribe Eriosomatini (Georgiaphis, Schizoneurella), so these are taken out of the main key and included in separate keys under particular host species, within the host list that follows the main key.

Main key to elm aphids:-

1 Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. SIPH as short truncate cones without hairs .....2

- Cauda if present broadly rounded, tongue-like or finger-like. Anal plate if present entire or with a median cleft but not distinctly bilobed. SIPH if present not in form of truncate hairless cones ....15

2 Colonies include apterous viviparae, with dark markings and long dorsal hairs, at least some of which have furcate apices .....3

- All adult viviparae alate .....4

3 Aptera with hairs on ANT III shorter than basal diameter of segment, and with spinopleural sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6 mutually free and well separated from marginal sclerites

.....Indiochaitophorus furcatus

- Aptera with hairs on ANT III longer than basal diameter of segment, and sclerites of ABD TERG 1-6 more-or-less fused between segments .....Sinochaitophorus maoi

4 ANT PT/BASE about 0.5 or less. Secondary rhinaria transversely oval …..5

- ANT PT/BASE 0.6 or more. Secondary rhinaria very narrow, slit-like. (Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1 and 2 on prominent finger-like or conical processes) …..7

5 Forewing membrane extensively mottled with dark pigment (fig. 51A, as Tinocallis coreanus). Head and prothorax very dark dorsally with a contrasting pale spinal stripe and large pale areas around the hair bases. Tibiae mainly pale with mostly short hairs

…..Pseudochromaphis coreana

- Forewing membrane unpigmented except for bordering of veins. Head and prothorax without distinctive markings. Tibiae wholly dark and rather thick with long hairs …..6

6 Hairs on ANT III maximally 19-38 μm, as long as or longer than basal diameter of segment. R IV+V 0.114-0.125 mm long, 0.66-0.84 × HT II, and bearing 5-7 accessory hairs

…..Chromocallis nirecola

- Hairs on ANT III maximally 11-13 μm, shorter than basal diameter of segment. R IV+V about 0.098 mm long, about 0.63 × HT II, and bearing 4 accessory hairs

…..Chromocallis similinirecola

7 Media of forewing once-branched, with a patch of fuscous distally between the branches, and another at the distal end of Cu_1b(fig. 116C) ....Tinocallis (Sappocallis) ulmicola

- Forewing with media twice-branched, and with or without a different pattern of markings

.....8

8 Head with 3 pairs of dorsal processes, bearing apical hairs; the most posterior

pair longest, 1.5-2.0 × as long as wide (fig. 116A) .....Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae

- Head without paired dorsal processes or with only one very small pair .....9

9 Forewing with media and Cu_1b thickly and rather evenly bordered with fuscous basally as well as distally, and Cu_1a also often partially bordered. Abdomen robust, with more-or-less extensive dark dorsal markings. SIPH dark, with a dark basal sclerite

.....Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani

- Forewing with veins mostly not bordered or with fuscous restricted to branches of media distally, or to spots or patches at distal ends of veins .....10

10 Pronotum with 1 (posterior) or 2 pairs of finger-like spinal processes (e.g. fig. 116B) .....11

- Pronotum without spinal processes .....14

11 Head and pronotum wholly black (dark brown in mounted specimens), and dorsal abdomen without dark markings .....12

- Head and pronotum, or at least pronotum, pale or dusky or with restricted dark markings. ABD TERG 3-5 (or 3-7) with dark sclerites at bases of spinal hairs .....13

12 Forewings with distal branches of media bordered with fuscous and with more-or-less extensive fuscous patches at distal ends of Cu_1a and Cu_1b (fig. 51B). ANT III with 14-24 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V with 6-10 accessory hairs .....Tinocallis takachihoensis

- Forewings without fuscous markings (or, at least, none discernible in the mounted specimens available). ANT III with 10-12 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs

.....Tinocallis sapporoensis

13 Distal branches of media of forewing bordered with fuscous, and a patch of fuscous also on hind margin at the end of Cu_1b (fig. 116D). R IV+V 0.76-0.90 × HT II. ANT III with 6-17 secondary rhinaria .....Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans

- Forewing veins not bordered with fuscous, and hind margin without a patch of fuscous at end of Cu_1b. R IV+V 0.90-1.03 × HT II. ANT III with 11-28 secondary rhinaria

.....Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nevskyi

14 Head with a single narrow dark dorsal mesial stripe. ANT III with 14-22 secondary rhinaria. Spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 1 and 2 shorter than their basal widths

.....Tinocallis zelkowae

- Head with variable pigmentation; sometimes with paired longitudinal stripes but never with a single narrow mesial stripe. ANT III with 5-12 secondary rhinaria. Spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 1 and 2 large and prominent, usually longer than their basal widths, sometimes united at bases .....Tinocallis ulmifolii

15 Body of aptera broadly pear-shaped, broadest anteriorly, without distinct head and prothorax. Oviparous. (Alata undescribed) .....Olegia ulmifoliae

- Body of aptera not broadest anteriorly, head and prothorax distinct .....16

16 Rostrum much longer than body. SIPH as large pores on broad pigmented hairy cones. Abdomen with a mesial row of 6 dark patches ventrally .....Stomaphis ulmicola

- Rostrum much shorter than body. SIPH variable .....17

17 SIPH tubular, much longer than basal width. ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Wax glands are absent .....18

- SIPH absent, ring- or pore-like. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.6. Wax glands often present

.....19

18 ABD TERG 1-5 and 7 all with very well-developed conical marginal tubercles

…..Aphis sogdiana

- Marginal tubercles absent, very small or only consistently present on ABD TERG 1 and 7

….. go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4

19 Aptera in brown microrrhizal cysts on roots, with distal hairs on tibiae thick and spine-like or dagger-like, tarsi 1-segmented. SIPH absent .....Mimeuria ulmiphila

- Aptera in galls or leaf-nests, except for 1 species (Eriosoma rileyi) forming free-living colonies on bark. Tibial hairs normal, tarsi 1- or 2-segmented. SIPH present as pores, sometimes raised on shallow cones with surrounding hairs, or absent .....20

20 (All remaining couplets refer only to alatae produced in or emerging from galls of leaf nests.) BL more than 4 mm. Hind wing with 2 oblique veins arising very close together

.....Prociphilus oriens

- BL less than 4 mm. Hind wing if with 2 oblique veins then their bases are well separated

.....21

21 Hind wing with 2 oblique veins .....22

- Hind wing with 1 oblique vein .....29

22 SIPH present as fairly large, often raised pores on ABD TERG 5, with partially sclerotized rims and surrounding hairs. R IV+V with 4 or more accessory hairs. ANT III elongate (fig. 118), usually more than 0.8 × head width across (and including) eyes (except in Eriosoma mimicum) .....go to keys to species of Eriosomatini (Eriosoma,

Georgiaphis, Schizoneurella) under individual Ulmus spp.

- SIPH absent or present as small or large pores on ABD TERG 6, with wholly sclerotized rims and no clearly associated hairs. R IV+V with 2-3 accessory hairs. ANT III less than 0.8× head width across eyes (e.g. figs 117A-F) .....23

23 Dorsal abdomen with dark intersegmental transverse bands, broadest in midline. ANT BASE VI much shorter than R IV+V. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 12-18, IV 2-5, V 2-4, VI 0-3 (fig. 117A) .....Aphidounguis mali

- Dorsal abdomen without transverse bands. ANT BASE VI much longer than R IV+V. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-29, IV 2-10, V 4-13, VI 4-17 .....24

24 Embryos without mouthparts (sexupara) .....Kaltenbachiella japonica

- Embryos with mouthparts .....25

25 SIPH absent. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 17-25, IV 4-7, V 5-8, VI 7-10 (fig. 117B)

.....Kaltenbachiella pallida

- SIPH usually present, but if sometimes absent then secondary rhinaria are fewer or differently distributed .....26

26 BL 2.2-2.6 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 20-29, IV 7-10, V 10-13 and VI

15-17 (?) …..Kaltenbachiella carpinicola*

- BL 1.0-1.7 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-25, IV 2-9, V 4-12 and VI 4-10

…..27

27 Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 17-25, IV 5-9, V 7-9, VI 6-10

.....Kaltenbachiella ulmifusa

- Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-17, IV 2-6, V 4-12, VI 4-10 .....28

28 Media of forewing usually unbranched. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 11-17, IV

4-6, V 8-12, VI 6-10 (fig. 117C) .....Kaltenbachiella spinosa

- Media of forewing usually once-branched. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-12, IV 2-4, V 4-6, VI 4-6 .....Kaltenbachiella nirecola

29 ANT IV similar in length to ANT V (in 6-segmented antennae, fig. 117D; if antenna are 5-segmented then "ANT III" more than 3 × "ANT IV"). Media of forewing is once-branched or unbranched .....30

- ANT IV much shorter than V (e.g. figs 117E-F; if antenna 5-segmented then "ANT III" less than 2 × "ANT IV"). Media of forewing always unbranched .....32

30 R IV+V 0.10-0.11 mm long, 0.8-0.9 × HT II. Media of forewing once-branched

.....Colopha compressa

- R IV+V 0.05-0.07 mm, 0.6-0.75 × HT II. Media of forewing once-branched or unbranched

.....31

31 Media of forewing once-branched .....Colopha ulmicola

- Media of forewing unbranched .....Colopha graminis

32 Embryos with hind tarsal claws less than 0.05 mm long .....33

- Embryos with enlarged hind tarsal claws at least one of which is more than 0.06 mm long

.....38

33 ANT II with 9-19 hairs. R IV+V with 10-14 accessory hairs. SIPH absent

.....Tetraneura radicicola/persicina

- ANT II with 2-7 hairs. R IV+V with 4-10 accessory hairs. SIPH present or absent .....34

34 SIPH always present, with dark rims (fig. 117G). Frontal hairs long and fine, maximally

60-80 µm long .....Tetraneura yezoensis

- SIPH absent or if present then with pale rims. Frontal hairs 10-35 µm long .....35

35 ANT V 1.0-1.4 × ANT VI (including PT) .....Tetraneura caerulescens

- ANT V 1.5-2.7 × ANT VI (including PT) .....36

36 R IV+V 0.56-0.84 mm long, 0.46-0.70 × HT II, with 4 accessory hairs. SIPH absent

.....Tetraneura pumilae*

- R IV+V (0.09-) 0.10-0.15 mm long, 0.66-0.90 × HT II, with 6-10 accessory hairs. SIPH present or absent (if present then there are usually also ring-like wax glands) …..37

37 Primary rhinarium on ANT VI enlarged and of irregular shape (e.g. fig. 117E). ANT PT/BASE 0.2-0.3 …..Tetraneura ulmi

- Primary rhinarium on ANT VI oval, not enlarged. ANT PT/BASE about 0.36

…..Tetraneura ulmicema*

38 Cauda with 4 hairs. Embryos with only one hind tarsal claw markedly enlarged, the shorter one less than 0.05 mm long (fig. 117H) .....Tetraneura javensis

- Cauda with 2, or rarely, 3 hairs. Embryos with both hind tarsal claws enlarged, sometimes unequally, but both more than 0.06 mm long .....39

39 R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long, with 6-18 accessory hairs. (Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 10-32, IV 2-10, V 8-15) .....40

- R IV+V 0.08-0.105 mm long, with 2-6 accessory hairs. (Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 7-19, IV 2-6, V 5-12) .....41

40 R IV+V with 14-18 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 20-32, IV 3-10, V 8-15 .....Tetraneura polychaeta

- R IV+V with 6-8 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria are distributed ANT III 10-14, IV 2-3, V 9-10 .....Tetraneura asymmachia

41 Tarsi of embryos without spicules. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 6-12 spinopleural hairs between the stout marginal hairs .....42

- Tarsi of embryos minutely spiculose. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 4-6 spinopleural hairs between the stout marginal hairs .....43

42 R IV+V bearing 6 accessory hairs. ANT V about 2.9 × ANT VI (incl. PT). ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 10-12 fine, pointed spinopleural hairs between the stout marginal hairs

.....Tetraneura chinensis

- R IV+V with 2-4 accessory hairs. ANT V 1.7-2.8 × ANT VI (fig. 117F). ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 6-10 spinopleural hairs between the marginals

.....Tetraneura nigriabdominalis

43 R IV+V 0.08-0.09 mm long with 4 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 7-10, IV 2-5, V 6-9. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 4 spinopleural hairs + 2 stout marginal hairs. Hind tarsi of embryos distinctly spinulose .....Tetraneura sorini

- R IV+V 0.09-0.105 mm long with 5-6 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 12-18, IV 3-6, V 6-12. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with usually 6 fine spinopleural hairs + 2 stout marginal hairs. Hind tarsi of embryos only very slightly spinulose

.....Tetraneura fusiformis

Host Plant List (including keys to Eriosomatini):-

Ulmus alata Eriosoma lanigerum group; Georgiaphis ulmi;

Tinocallis ulmifolii

Key to Eriosomatini on U. alata (alatae from galls):-

- ANT III with secondary rhinaria rather widely and irregularly spaced , and not usually extending half way around the segment (as in fig.118A). Embryos without mouthparts

.....Georgiaphis ulmi

- ANT III with secondary rhinaria closely and regularly spaced and often extending more than half way around segment. Embryos with mouthparts .....Eriosoma lanigerum group

Ulmus americana American White Elm

Colopha compressa, graminis, ulmicola;

Eriosoma americanum, ?crataegi, grossulariae,

lanigerum group, mimicum, pyricola, rileyi, ulmi;

Georgiaphis ?gillettei, [maxsoni];

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Tinocallis ulmifolii;

Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani

Key to Eriosoma and Georgiaphis on Ulmus americana:-

1 Aphids with apterae in free-living colonies on bark .....Eriosoma rileyi

- Aphids forming galls (remaining couplets refer only to alatae produced in galls) .....2

2 Antenna with secondary rhinaria rather widely and irregularly spaced and not extending more than half way around segment (fig. 118A). Embryos without mouthparts (no coiled stylets visible in abdomen) .....Georgiaphis gillettei

- Antenna with secondary rhinaria closely or at least regularly spaced and often extending more than half way around segment (e.g. fig. 118C). Embryos with mouthparts (coiled stylets visible) .....3

3 ANT III less than 0.8 × head width across (and including) eyes. R IV+V only 0.07-0.10 mm long .....Eriosoma mimicum

- ANT III more than 0.8 × head width across eyes. R IV+V 0.13-0.26 mm long .....4

4 ANT V with secondary rhinaria .....5

- ANT V without secondary rhinaria .....8

5 ANT III a little shorter than ANT IV+V+VI (fig. 118C) .....Eriosoma americanum

- ANT III as long as or longer than ANT IV+V+VI .....6

6 ANT III 0.50-0.61 mm, ANT V 0.16-0.20 mm and ANT VI (incl. PT) 0.14-0.15 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 27-34, IV 5-8, V 7-11, VI 1-3 .....Eriosoma crataegi

- ANT III 0.35-0.52 mm, ANT V 0.09-0.16 mm and ANT VI (incl. PT) 0.07-0.10 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 20-30, IV 4-7, V 4-7, VI 0 .....7

7 Cauda with 2 hairs. ANT V slightly longer than ANT IV. First tarsal segments of hind legs with 3 hairs (incl. sense peg) .....Eriosoma lanigerum group

- Cauda with 3-10 hairs. ANT V not longer than or slightly shorter than IV. First tarsal segments of hind legs with 2 hairs (no sense peg) .....Eriosoma pyricola

8 ANT PT long and thin; PT/BASE 0.46-0.67 (fig. 118D). Many hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 standing on small scleroites. HT II with 22-25 hairs .....Eriosoma grossulariae

- ANT PT shorter and thicker (fig. 118E); PT/BASE 0.29-0.49. Few of the hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 have basal scleroites. HT II with 15-22 hairs .....Eriosoma ulmi

Ulmus androssowii Tetraneura ulmi; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans

U. campestris = U. procera

U. campestris var. glabra = U. minor

Ulmus canescens Aphis aurantii, spiraecola; Eriosoma lanuginosum;

Tetraneura nigriabdominalis, ulmi;

Tinocallis (Sappocallis) takachihoensis

U. carpinifolia = U. minor

U. celtidea see U. laevis

U. chinensis = U. parvifolia

Ulmus davidiana Aphidounguis mali; Chromocallis nirecola;

(incl. var. mandshurica) Eriosoma moriokense; Pseudochromaphis coreana;

Tetraneura nigriabdominalis, sorini;

Tinocallis (Sappocallis) ulmicola

U. davidiana var. japonica see U. japonica

U. densa = U. minor

U. effusa = U. laevis

U. ×elegantissima Eriosoma ulmi; Kaltenbachiella pallida

U. foliacea = U. minor

U. fulva = U. rubra

Ulmus glabra Wych Elm

Aphis fabae, Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii;

Aulacorthum solani; Colopha compressa;

Eriosoma flavum, grossulariae, lanuginosum,

patchiae, phaenax, ulmi, ?ulmosedens;

Kaltenbachiella japonica, pallida;

Tetraneura caerulescens, nigriabdominalis, ulmi,

ulmicema;

[Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae];

Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani;

Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nevskyi, saltans,

takachihoensis, ulmicola

(For separation of Eriosoma spp. use key under Ulmus procera.)

U. ×hollandica Tinocallis takachihoensis

Ulmus japonica Harunire, Japanese Elm

(= U. davidiana var japonica) Aphidounguis mali; Chromocallis nirecola;

Eriosoma alabastrum, auratum, [eligulatum],

harunire, japonicum, longicornutum,

[mediocornutum], moriokense, ulmi,

yangi ssp. parasiticum;

Kaltenbachiella japonica, nirecola, spinosa;

Olegia ulmifoliae; [Paracolopha morrisoni];

Prociphilus kuwanai, oriens;

Sinochaitophorus maoi; Stomaphis ulmicola;

Tetraneura fusiformis, nigriabdominalis, radicicola,

sorini, [triangula], ulmi, yezoensis, [Tetraneura sp. “O”

of Akimoto 1995 – see also Akimoto 1998b, “globular

gall-former”];

Tinocallis takachihoensis, [zelkowae];

Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans, ulmicola

Key to alatae of Eriosoma spp. recorded from galls on Ulmus japonica:-

1 ANT V with 5-7, and ANT VI with 1-2, secondary rhinaria .....alabastrum*

- ANT V with 0-3, and ANT VI without secondary rhinaria .....2

2 ANT III shorter than IV+V+VI added together, and bearing 10-20 secondary rhinaria .....3

- ANT III longer than IV+V+VI added together (e.g. figs 118F, G), and bearing 22-46 secondary rhinaria .....4

3 Total antennal length less than 0.6 mm, with ANT III 0.19-0.23 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 10-13, IV 1-2, V 0, VI 0 .....yangi

- Total antennal length greater than 0.7 mm, with ANT III 0.27-0.34 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 13-20, IV 1-5, V 0-1, VI 0 .....japonicum

4 ANT V and VI both very short, each less than 0.5 × ANT IV (fig. 118F). (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 33-41, IV 5-9, V 0, VI 0) .....moriokense

- ANT V and VI both similar in length to ANT IV, or only VI somewhat shorter .....5

5 Total antennal length 1.4-1.8 mm. ANT PT 0.06-0.08 mm, with ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 36-46, IV 6-8, V 0, VI 0) .....longicornutum

- Total antennal length 0.70-1.32 mm. ANT PT 0.02-0.06 mm, with ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5 .....6

6 ANT V with 0-3 secondary rhinaria (usually at least one on one side). Secondary rhinaria all very narrow and thin, so that antenna not serrate in profile (fig. 118G); distributed III 24-30, IV 3-5, V 0-3, VI 0 .....harunire

- ANT V never with secondary rhinaria. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III-IV broad and thick, giving profile of antenna a serrate appearance .....7

7 ANT PT 0.02-0.03 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 22-30, IV 3-6, V 0 .....auratum

- ANT PT 0.04-0.06 mm (fig. 118E). Secondary rhinaria distributed III 28-46, IV 5-9, V 0

.....ulmi

Ulmus laciniata Eriosoma laciniatae, longicornutum;

Kaltenbachiella japonica;

Tetraneura sorini, yezoensis;

Tinocallis sapporoensis, takachihoensis, [ulmiparvifoliae]

Key to Eriosoma spp. on Ulmus laciniata:-

- Primary rhinarium on ANT V without a ciliated rim. Secondary rhinaria distributed III

24-29, IV 4-6, V 0, VI 0. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4 .....laciniatae

- Primary rhinarium on ANT V ciliated. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 36-46, IV 6-8, V 0, VI 0. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.4 .....longicornutum

U. laevigata = U. villosa

Ulmus laevis (incl. var. celtidea) European White Elm, Russian Elm

Aphis fabae; Colopha compressa;

Eriosoma lanuginosum, patchiae, ulmi;

Kaltenbachiella pallida; Mimeuria ulmiphila;

Tetraneura caerulescens, nigriabdominalis, ulmi;

Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani;

Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nevskyi, saltans, takachihoensis

(For separation of Eriosoma spp. use key under Ulmus procera.)