HOST LISTS and KEYS

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent. (These characters must also apply: body sparsely hairy, head with dorsal wax plates, and R IV+V with 2-10 accessory hairs) …..2

- Either ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5 and SIPH present, or bracketed characters not in that combination …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

2 Abdomen with a dark posterior extension of cauda and anal plate, which is strongly convex. R IV+V 0.95-1.2 × HT II and bearing 4-10 accessory hairs. (Al. sexupara without dark dorsal abdominal cross-bands) .….Prociphilus erigeronensis

- Cauda and anal plate not on a dark posterior extension of the abdomen. (Cauda very small, and anal plate divided into dorsal and posterioventral parts by a marked concavity.) R IV+V 0.74-0.96 × HT II, with 2 accessory hairs. (Al. sexupara with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 3-8) …..Geopemphigus sp.(p)

Talguenea = Trevoa Rhamnaceae

Talguenea quinquenervia = Trevoa quinquenervia

Talinum Talinaceae

Talinum caffrum Aphis craccivora, gossypii

T. triangulare Aphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Tamarindus Fabaceae

Tamarindus indica Aphis aurantii, craccivora

Tamarix Tamaricaceae

Tamarix africana Brachyunguis tamaricis; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

T. aphylla Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii;

Brachyunguis tamaricis, tamaricophilus;

Myzus persicae

T. arborea Brachyunguis tamaricis

T. arceuthoides Brachyunguis brevisiphon, tamaricis, tamaricophilus;

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata

T. articulata Brachyunguis tamaricophilus

T. canariensis Brachyunguis tamaricis; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

T. chinensis see T. ramosissima

T. elongata Brachyunguis tamaricophilus;

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata

T. elongissima (=?elongata) Brachyunguis tamaricis

T. gallica Aphis craccivora, fabae; Brachyunguis tamaricis;

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata

T. gracilis Brachyunguis tamaricis, tamaricophila

T. hispida Brevicorynella quadrimaculata

T. hohenackeri = T. smyrnensis

T. karakalensis Brachyunguis tamaricis, tamaricophilus

T. kotschyi Brachyunguis tamaricis

T. laxa Aphis craccivora;

Brachyunguis brevisiphon, tamaricis;

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata

T. leptostachya Brachyunguis tamaricis

T. meyeri Brachyunguis tamaricis, tamaricophilus

T. pallasii = T. laxa

T. pentandra see T. ramosissima

T. pseudopallasii Aphis craccivora

T. ramosissima Aphis craccivora, fabae, viridissima;

(incl. chinensis, pentandra) Brachyunguis brevisiphon, tamaricis,

[tamaricivorum], tamaricophilus;

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata, sexmaculata;

Eotrama tamaricis

T. smyrnensis Brevicorynella quadrimaculata

T. tetragyna Aphis craccivora

T. tetrandra Aphis craccivora, solanella;

Brachyunguis tamaricis, [tamaricivorum], tamaricophilus

Key to aphids on Tamarix (apterous viviparae):-

1 ANT PT/BASE more than 1 .....2

- ANT PT/BASE less than 1 .....4

2 SIPH and cauda black .....go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 14

- SIPH and cauda pale or dusky .....3

3 Antennal tubercles undeveloped. SIPH tapering, about 1.5 × cauda .....Aphis viridissima

- Antennal tubercles well developed, their inner faces convergent in dorsal view. SIPH slightly swollen distally, about 2 × cauda .....Myzus persicae

4 BL more than 3.5 mm. HT II much elongated. SIPH pore-like, on very flat pigmented cones

.....Eotrama tamaricis

- BL less than 2 mm. HT II normal. SIPH not pore-like .....5

5 Eye without an ocular tubercle. SIPH slightly swollen in middle. Dorsum with 2-3 pairs of black spots .....6

- Eye with normal 3-facetted ocular tubercle. SIPH tapering or cylindrical. Dorsum without dark markings .....7

6 Dorsal abdomen with 3 pairs of large spino-pleural dark patches. SIPH 0.9-1.1 × cauda, which bears 48-60 hairs …..Brevicorynella sexmaculata*

- Dorsal abdomen with 2 pairs of large spino-pleural dark patches. SIPH 0.75-0.9 × cauda, which bears 30-40 hairs …..Brevicorynella quadrimaculata*

7 SIPH very short, only 0.038-0.05 × BL …..Brachyunguis brevisiphon*

- SIPH 0.06-0.11 × BL …..8

8 Antenna 6-segmented, with ANT III much longer than ANT VI (incl. PT). Cauda triangular, 1.7-2.3 × SIPH, which are 1.0-1.3 × their basal width (fig. 113A). R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II

.....Brachyunguis tamaricophilus

- Antenna 5- or 6-segmented, when 6-segmented ANT III is about as long as ANT VI or shorter. Cauda digitiform, 1.0-1.6 × SIPH, which are 1.3-2.2 × their basal width (fig. 113B). R IV+V 0.6-0.75 × HT II .....Brachyunguis tamaricis

Tanacetum Asteraceae

Tanacetum achilleifolium [Protaphis miranda]

T. annuum Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae

T. argenteum Macrosiphum euphorbiae

T. armenum Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria

T. artemisioides Macrosiphoniella artemisiae

T. aureum Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ascalonicus;

[Uroleucon achilleae]

T. balsamita Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui, helichysi;

Macrosiphoniella artemisiae, oblonga, tanacetaria;

Macrosiphumj euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus, persicae;Uroleucon tanaceti

T. barclayanum Macrosiphoniella tapuskae

T. bipinnatum Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria, tapuskae;

[Pleotrichophorus sp. aff. glandulosus]

T. boreale Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Coloradoa tanacetina;

Macrosiphoniella abrotani ssp. chosoni, confusa, atra

ssp. latysiphon, borealis, sanborni, tanacetaria,

[tanacetaria ssp. divia];

Metopeurum borystenicum, fuscoviride;

Uroleucon formosanum, tanaceti

T. canescens [Macrosiphoniella (Phalangomyzus) sp. (Iran; Starý et al.

2000)]

T. cinerariifolium Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae;

Uroleucon gobonis

T. coccineum Coloradoa rufomaculata; Metopeurum fuscoviride

T. corymbosum Aphis fabae, vandergooti; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Macrosiphoniella abrotani, miestingeri, tanacetaria,

tanacetaria ssp. italica;

Metopeurum fuscoviride; Myzus persicae;

Uroleucon minor, tanaceti

T. kittaryanum ssp. uralense Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria, tapuskae, usquertensis;

[Protaphis miranda]

T. leptophyllum Aphis craccivora

T. longifolium = Athanasia linifolia

T. macrophyllum Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Ovatomyzus boraginacearum];

Uroleucon pyrethri

T. millefolium Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;

Macrosiphoniella millefolii, persequens, tanacetaria,

tapuskae;

Microsiphum pyrethri

T. multifidum = T. vulgare

T. newesskyanum Nasonovia ribisnigri

T. parthenifolium = Pyrethrum parthenifolium

T. parthenium Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;

Macrosiphoniella artemisiae, oblonga, millefolii,

sanborni, [subterranea], tanacetaria;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Metopeurum fuscoviride;

Myzus persicae; Nasonovia ribisnigri;

[Pleotrichophorus chrysanthemi]; Uroleucon tanaceti

T. polycephalum Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria

T. praeteritum (incl. Macrosiphoniella absinthii

massicyticum)

T. pseudachillea Macrosiphoniella abrotani, aktashica,

[kirgisica], tanacetaria, tapuskae, [Macrosiphoniella

sp. (Kadyrbekov 2003c)]

T. tanacetoides [Metopeurum matricariae]

T. turlanicum = T.barclayanum

T. uralense = T.kittaryanum ssp. uralense

T. vulgare Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola, [tanacenti (nomen

dubium)], vandergooti;

Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;

[Capitophorus elaeagni]; Coloradoa tanacetina;

Macrosiphoniella abrotani, aktashica, millefolii,

persequens, [pulvera], tanacetaria, tapuskae

Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Metopeurum borystenicum, buryaticum, enslini,

fuscoviride;

Myzus ascalonicus; Pleotrichophorus glandulosus;

Trama troglodytes; Uroleucon bereticum, tanaceti

Tanacetum spp. [Brachycaudus (Thuleaphis) rumexicolens];

[Macrosiphoniella ludovicianae]

Key to apterae on Tanacetum and Pyrethrum:-

1 SIPH as very short truncate cones, only 0.4-0.5 × cauda, which is broadly triangular in dorsal view. ANT III with c.16-17 rhinaria, and IV usually with 1-2 rhinaria

…..Microsiphum pyrethri*

- SIPH conical, cylindrical, tapering or clavate, at least 0.6 × cauda, which is helmet-,

tongue- or finger-shaped, or triangular. ANT III and IV with or without rhinaria …..2

2 SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation, occupying 0.08-0.81 of length …..3

- SIPH without any polygonal reticulation …..30

3 SIPH with at least basal part pale or dusky, although often darker distally …..4

- SIPH not paler at base; either wholly dark, or dark at base as well as apex with paler middle section …..10

4 SIPH 0.7-1.5 × cauda, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.45-0.67 of length …..5

- SIPH 1.5-2.9 × cauda, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.06-0.42 of length …..7

5 SIPH thicker than cauda. ANT BASE VI 0-7-1.1 × R IV+V …..Macrosiphoniella borealis*

- SIPH thinner than cauda. ANT BASE VI 1.4-2.3 × R IV+V …..6

6 Body oval. SIPH less than 7 × longer than their mininum width, c.0.10-0.12 × BL and 0.7-1.0 × cauda. ANT BASE VI 1.4-1.5 × R IV+V

…..Macrosiphoniella abrotani (incl. ssp. chosoni)

- Body spindle-shaped. SIPH more than 10 × longer than their minimum width, 0.13-0.16 × BL and 1.0-1.3 × cauda. ANT BASE VI 1.9-2.3 × R IV+V …..Macrosiphoniella oblonga

7 SIPH with zone of polygonal reticulation ending in some transversely elongate cells and a small but distinct flange. Hairs on ABD TERG 3 less than 40 μm long

…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

- SIPH flared at apex and completely lacking any flange, the zone of polygonal reticulation ending abruptly at apex (e.g. Fig.5i). Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually more than 50 μm long …..8

8 SIPH reticulated on distal 0.32-0.42 of length. Cauda with 15-30 hairs. R IV+V 0.5-0.6 × ANT BASE VI and 0.70-0.85 × HT II …..Macrosiphoniella persequens

- SIPH reticulated on distal 0.06-0.25 of length. Cauda with 7-16 hairs. R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × ANT BASE VI and 0.95-1.1 × HT II …..9

9 SIPH 2.0-2.9 × cauda, slightly expanded at apices, with reticulation on subapical 0.06-0.13. Cauda with 6-8 hairs .…..Macrosiphoniella aktashica*

- SIPH 1.8-2.3 × cauda, flared at apices, with reticulation on subapical 0.12-0.25. Cauda with 8-16 hairs ......Macrosiphoniella tapuskae

10 Cauda tapering, triangular, less than 1.7 × longer than its basal width; if more than 1.5 × longer than basal width then dark (Fig.52a,b). ANT tubercles weakly developed, so that front of head is shallowly concave in dorsal view .....11

- Cauda finger-like, parallel-sided or tapering and elongate triangular, if less than 1.7 × its basal width then pale. ANT tubercles usually well developed, so that there is a frontal sinus

.....14

11 SIPH only c.0.5 × cauda …..Metopeurum enslini

- SIPH 1.3-2.3 × cauda …..12

12 SIPH dusky, c. 2.2-2.3 × cauda, which is pale, triangular with blunt apex, and bears 4-6 hairs (Fig.52b) …..Metopeurum borystenicum

- SIPH dark, 1.3-2.0 (-2.2) × cauda, which is dusky/dark, elongate triangular with a rather narrow apex, and bears 9-20 hairs (e.g. Fig.52a) …..13

13 Dorsal body hairs very short and blunt, those on ABD TERG III maximally c.10 μm

…..Metopeurum fuscoviride

- Dorsal body hairs pointed, those on ABD TERG III c.59-60 μm

…..Metopeurum buryaticum*

14 SIPH reticulated on distal 0.11-0.32 of length. First tarsal segments with 5:5:5 hairs

…..15

- SIPH reticulated on distal 0.28-0.81 of length. First tarsal segments with 3:3:3 (or 3:3:2) hairs …..21

15 Cauda dark like the uniformly dark SIPH …..16

- Cauda pale or dusky, SIPH either uniformly dark or with pale middle section …..18

16 ANT III with 15-21 rhinaria on basal 0.6 of length. SIPH 1.6-1.7 × cauda, which bears 13-24 hairs …..Uroleucon minor

- ANT III with 38-86 rhinaria distributed over 0.65-0.95 of length. SIPH either 1.3-1.6 or

1.7-2.3 × cauda, which bears 11-18 hairs …..17

17 SIPH 1.7-2.3 × cauda. R IV+V with 7-9 accessory hairs

…..Uroleucon gobonis (or compositae?)

- SIPH 1.3-1.6 × cauda. R IV+V with 10-12 accessory hairs …..Uroleucon simile

18 ANT III 1.5-2.0 × longer than ANT IV+V together, and bearing 96-135 strongly protruberant rhinaria …..Uroleucon formosanum

- ANT III less than 1.2 × longer than ANT IV+V together, with 6-32 rhinaria …..19

19 Dorsal hairs arising from small dark scleroites. SIPH dark at both ends but usually with paler middle section; 1.7-3.2 × cauda …..20

- Dorsal hairs not on dark scleroites. SIPH uniformly pigmented, 1.2-1.5 × cauda

…..Uroleucon bereticum

20 Conspicuous black crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present. Cauda with 16-20 hairs

…..Uroleucon pyrethri*

- Antesiphuncular sclerites absent. Cauda with 5-10 hairs ….. Uroleucon tanaceti

21 Dorsal hairs arising from black sclerites or scleroites. Conspicuous black crescent-shaped ante-siphuncular sclerites present …..22

- Dorsal hairs not arising from sclerites or scleroites. Ante-siphuncular sclerites absent or faintly pigmented …..27

22 SIPH c.1.5-1.6 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.3-0.35 of length

…..Macrosiphoniella miestingeri

- SIPH 0.6-1.1 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.40-0.81 of length …..23

23 ANT III with (14-)29-55 rhinaria. Dorsal sclerites in spinal region partially fused, forming short cross-bands …..Macrosiphoniella absinthii

- ANT III with 5-28 rhinaria. Dorsal hairs usually all or mostly on separate scleroites …..24

24 Cauda with 24-30 hairs …..Macrosiphoniella millefolii

- Cauda with 8-20 hairs …..25

25 Tibiae with comtrastingly pale middle section. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II. SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.63-0.81. ANT III with 8-28 rhinaria …..Macrosiphoniella sanborni

- Tibiae wholly dark. R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II. SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.40-0.63. ANT III with 5-14 rhinaria …..26

26 SIPH 0.13-0.17 × BL. HT I with 3 hairs …..Macrosiphoniella atra (ssp. latysiphon)

- SIPH 0.08-0.10 × BL. HT I with 2 hairs …..Macrosiphoniella caucasica

27 SIPH 0.90 –1.45 × cauda and flask-shaped; constricted at base, strongly swollen on basal half, narrowing on reticulated distal section to less than half the maximum width of the swollen part, and flared at apex (Fig.13h) …..Macrosiphoniella antennata

- SIPH tapering from base to apex, 0.6-1.3 × cauda …..28

28 SIPH longer than (1.12-1.31 ×) cauda, and reticulated on distal 0.28-0.40 of length. Tibiae with pale middle sections. Dorsal hairs stout, capitate, with papillate bases

…..Macrosiphoniella confusa

- SIPH shorter than (0.6-0.9 ×) cauda, reticulated on distal 0.41-0.69 of length. Tibiae entirely dark. Dorsal hairs not arising from papillate bases …..29

29 ANT III usually entirely black, with 12-32 rhinaria. SIPH reticulated on distal 0.41-0.52 of length. R IV+V 0.7-0.85 × HT II and 0.55-0.75 × ANT BASE VI

.....Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria

- ANT III paler at base, and bearing 3-14 rhinaria. SIPH reticulated on distal 0.45-0.69 of length. R IV+V 0.85-1.05 × HT II and 0.67-1.0 × ANT BASE VI

…..Macrosiphoniella artemisiae

30 Triommatidium merged with compound eye, so that there is no distinct ocular tubercle. Dorsal hairs small, fan- or club-shaped, or at least with somewhat expanded apices. Front of head weakly convex in dorsal view, ANT tubercles undeveloped. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0. SIPH cylindrical for most of length, slightly swollen subapically (e.g. Fig.52e). R IV+V with slightly concave sides. Cauda less than 1.5× its basal width, with 4-5 hairs …..31

- Triommatidum forming a distinct ocular tubercle at posterior margin of eye. Dorsal hairs with blunt or pointed apices, or if with expanded apices then long, with rod-shaped stems. Other characters not in above combination …..32

31 Dorsal hairs fan-shaped (Fig.52c). RIV+V more than 1.1 × HT II. SIPH 0.17-0.2 × BL, with basal part almost smooth (Fig.12o) …..Coloradoa rufomaculata

- Dorsal hairs very small and weakly club-shaped, or with only slightly expanded apices (Fig.52d). R IV+V less than 1.1 × HT II. SIPH 0.13-0.18 × BL, with basal part coarsely imbricated like distal part (Fig.52e) …..Coloradoa tanacetina

32 Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 numerous, long, and all or mostly with distinct, more-or-less cylindrical rod-like stems, broadening distally into fan-shaped or capitate apices. R IV+V stiletto-shaped with a pair of very long accessory hairs near base

..…Pleotrichophorus glandulosus

- Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 without fan-shaped or distinctly capitate apices. R IV+V not stiletto-shaped and without any very long accessory hairs …..33

33 ANT PT/BASE 8-11. ANT III with 7-28 rhinaria extending over 0.4-0.7 of length. Spiracular apertures on pro-and metathorax much larger than those on abdomen

…..Nasonovia ribisnigri

- ANT PT/BASE 1.7-6.0. ANT III with 0-3 rhinaria near base. Thoracic spiracular apertures reniform, similar in size and form to abdominal ones …..34

34 Large transparent domed marginal tubercles (MTu) present at least on ABD TERG 1-4 and 7 (Fig.5j). ANT PT/BASE 4.1-6.0 .....Aphis vandergooti

- MTu absent, or only consistently present on ABD TERG 1 and 7; if the latter then ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.7 …..35

35 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH with a distinct subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded …..36

- Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, much longer than its basal width. SIPH without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

36 Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda ......Brachycaudus cardui

- Dorsal abdomen without a black shield. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda ......Brachycaudus helichrysi

Tapinanthus Loranthaceae

Tapinanthus cordifolius Tuberaphis loranthi

Tapinanthus sp. Sitobion ?asirum

Use key to apterae on Loranthus.

Taraxacum Asteraceae

[Note: two Aphis species, described by Börner (1940) and Nevsky (1951), are confused under the name A. taraxacicola; we have not attempted to allocate specific hosts to either species.]

Taraxacum albidum Aphis taraxacicola

T. altaicum Aphis taraxacicola

T. arctogenum = T. ceratophorum

T. ceratophorum Aphis madderae; Metopolophium arctogenicolens

T. dens-leonis Aphis gossypii, [intybi]; Uroleucon taraxaci

T. ecornutum [Pemphigus vesicarius]; Smynthurodes betae

T. erythrospermum Aphis taraxacicola ; Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus ascalonicus; [Uroleucon sp. (Leonard 1968: 358)]

T. hibernicum Aphis nevskyana

T. kok-saghyz Aphis nevskyana; Protaphis scorzonerae;

[Titanosiphon koksaghyz Nevsky 1937];

Uroleucon taraxaci

T. lacerum = T. ceratophorum

T. laevigatum = T. erythrospermum

T. majus Hyperomyzus pallidus

T. mongolicum Aphis taraxacicola; Uroleucon gobonis

T. monochlamydeum Aphis craccivora, taraxacicola; [Pemphigus vesicarius];

Protaphis betpakdalensis, scorzonerae

T. montanum [Pemphigus immunis]

T. officinale [Anuraphis farfarae];

Aphis craccivora, eugenyi, fabae, gossypii, nevskyana, spiraecola, taraxacicola, [vandergooti];

Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi, lateralis;

[Cavariella salicicola];

Dysaphis microsiphon, [radicola], taraxaci;

[Geoica lucifuga];

Hyperomyzus carduellinus, lactucae, pallidus;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [valerianae];

Myzus ascalonicus, cymbalariae, ornatus, persicae;

[Nasonovia (Kakimia) sp. (Leonard 1968)];

Neomyzus circumflexus; Pemphigus bursarius;

Prociphilus erigeronensis;

Protaphis knowltoni, middletonii, scorzonerae, [terricola];

Protrama taraxaci;

Trama caudata, rara, taraxaci, troglodytes;

Uroleucon ambrosiae, cichorii, compositae, grossum,

[macolai], [nigrotuberculata], pseudambrosiae, sonchi,

taraxaci

T. platycarpum Aphis gossypii, taraxacicola; Aulacorthum solani;

Hyperomyzus carduellinus; Myzus persicae;

Trama taraxaci; Uroleucon formosanum

T. serotinum Aphis gossypii, taraxacicola; Protaphis scorzonerae;

Trama rara; Uroleucon taraxaci

T. syriacum Aphis taraxacicola; Protrama radicis; Trama caudata

T. tadshicorum Aphis taraxacicola; Rectinasus buxtoni; Trama troglodytes

T. tianschanicum Aphis taraxacicola

T. vulgare Uroleucon taraxaci

Taraxacum spp. [Acyrthosiphon pisum]; [Anoecia corni];

Aulacorthum palustre, [rufum];

[Dysaphis ranunculi]; Nasonovia ribisnigri;

Uroleucon [erigeronense], hypochoeridis, [tussilaginis]

Key to apterae on Taraxacum:-

1 HT II greatly elongated, more than 0.5 × hind tibia …..2

- HT II of normal length …..6

2 SIPH absent …..3

- SIPH present as raised pores …..4

3 HT II 0.84-0.92 × length of hind tibia. Eyes with many facets …..Trama rara

- HT II 0.60-0.82 × length of hind tibia. Eyes with only 3 facets …..Trama troglodytes

4 ANT III with c.15 rhinaria. HT II less than 0.7 × hind tibia …..Protrama taraxaci*

- ANT III with 0-1 rhinaria. HT II more than 0.7 × hind tibia …..5

5 All apterae alatiform, with dark dorsal sclerites and pigmented SIPH cones ANT VI longer than V, with ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5 …..Protrama radicis

- Apterae without dark dorsal sclerotisation. ANT VI shorter than V, with ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4 …..Trama caudata (or Trama taraxaci*? – see text)

6 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes of 3 facets. SIPH absent …..7

- ANT PT/BASE more than 0.7. Eyes mulifacetted. SIPH present, tubular or conical …..8

7 ANT 5-segmented, with ANT V BASE very long, more than 15 × longer than the short

peg-like PT. R IV+V extremely long, similar in length to hind femur

…..Rectinasus buxtoni

- ANT 5- or 6-segmented, base of last segment and R IV+V relatively much shorter

…..use couplets 2 and 3 of key to polyphagous aphids

8 SIPH dark with an extensive distal zone of reticulation comprising numerous small polygonal cells …..9

- SIPH if dark then without polygonal reticulation …..16

9 ANT III 1.5-2.0 × longer than ANT IV+V together, and bearing 96-135 strongly protruberant rhinaria …..Uroleucon formosanum

- ANT III less than 1.2 × longer than ANT IV+V together, with 6-86 rhinaria …..10

10 Dorsal abdominal hairs not placed on dusky or dark scleroites …..Uroleucon sonchi

- Dorsal abdominal hairs all or mostly placed on small dusky or dark scleroites …..11

11 Crescent-shaped ante-siphuncular sclerites present …..12

- Ante-siphuncular sclerites absent or vestigeal …..13

12 R IV+V 0.84-1.08 × HT II (rarely more than 1). Cauda with 14-24 hairs (usually about 17)

…..Uroleucon hypochoeridis

- R IV+V 1.04-1.35 × HT II. Cauda with 18-33 hairs

…..Uroleucon cichorii group (incl. grossum)

13 Post-siphuncular sclerites absent or small, not much larger than scleroites at other hair bases, which are large, black and numerous, and sometimes merged together. ANT and tibiae entirely black. Cauda as black as SIPH and rather short and thick, with 8-12 hairs

…..Uroleucon taraxaci

- Large dark post-siphuncular sclerites present. Scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs smaller and less numerous, never merged, usually paler than SIPH. ANT III usually pale at base, and tibiae with paler middle sections. Cauda pale or dark, if dark then long and bearing

13-20 hairs …..14

14 Coxae and cauda dusky/dark. ANT III with 33-86 rhinaria on 0.7-0.95 of length

…..Uroleucon compositae (or gobonis?)

- Coxae and cauda pale. ANT III with 8-39 rhinaria on 0.4-0.7 of length …..15

15 HT II rather long and thin, 6 or more × longer than its maximum thickness and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V …..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae

- HT II less than 5 × its maximum thickness and 0.70-0.85 × R IV+V

…..Uroleucon ambrosiae

16 Well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) consistently present on ABD TERG 2-4, as well as on several other segments …..17

- MTu only sporadically present, and then small, on ABD TERG 2-4, although they may be well developed on other segments …..20

17 Cauda finger-like or elongate triangular, with 5-14 hairs. Head without STu …..18

- Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view, with 4-5(-6) hairs. Head with a pair of spinal tubercles (STu) …..19

18 SIPH and cauda pale. SIPH 0.10-0.13 × BL …..Aphis nevskyana*

- SIPH and cauda dark. SIPH at least 0.13-0.19 × BL …..Aphis taraxacicola

19 SIPH very short, only 0.03-0.08 mm long, 0.4-0.8 (-1.2) × cauda …..Dysaphis microsiphon

- SIPH c. 0.11 mm long, c.2 × cauda …..Dysaphis taraxaci*

20 Spiracular apertures large and rounded. Cauda short, rounded, helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width, with a slight basal constriction …..21

- Spiracular apertures reniform. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, or if short then bluntly triangular and without any basal constriction …..23

21 Dorsum without any dark markings. SIPH smooth, 0.05-0.10 × BL

…..Brachycaudus helichrysi

- Dorsum with a dark shield or extensive dark markings. SIPH imbricated, 0.09-0.15 × BL

…..22

22 Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25 mm …..Brachycaudus lateralis

- Longest hairs on hind femur more than 25 mm long …..Brachycaudus cardui

23 R IV+V as long as or longer than cauda, which is dark and bluntly triangular …..24

- R IV+V shorter than cauda, which is tongue- or finger-shaped …..27

24 ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.4 …..25

- ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.3 …..26

25 Hairs on ANT III all shorter than BD III. SIPH usually longer than cauda

…..Protaphis middletonii

- Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-1.5 × BD III. SIPH usually shorter than cauda

…..Protaphis knowltoni

26 ANT III usually with 1-5 rhinaria on distal part. Hairs on front of head 1.7-2.0 × ANT BD III. ABD TERG 6 (as well as 1 and 7) consistently with MTu …..Protaphis betpakdalensis*

- ANT III without rhinaria. Hairs on front of head c.0.6 × ANT BD III. ABD TERG 6 without MTu ….. Protaphis scorzonerae

27 ANT tubercles well developed and head smooth, or with spicules on ventral surface only

…..28

- Either ANT tubercles undeveloped/ weakly developed and ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu, or head densely spiculose both dorsally and ventrally …..34

28 SIPH clavate …..29

- SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal half …..31

29 Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 8-19 μm long, and on ANT tubercles 6-11 μm. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 11-29, IV (0)-1-16, V 0 (-9). ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.6. ANT PT 1.6-2.3 × cauda …..Hyperomyzus carduellinus

- Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 30-50 μm long, and on ANT tubercles 18-30 μm. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 4-40, IV 0-2, V 0. ANT PT/BASE 4.8-7.9. ANT PT 2.0-3.0 × cauda …..30

30 SIPH 3-5 × longer than maximum width of swollen part, which is 1.6-2.4 × minimum width on basal part. R IV+V 0.9-1.12 × HT II (mostly 0.95-1.1 ×). (Al. with a compact black solid trapezoid dorsal abdominal patch, with hardly any perforations)

…..Hyperomyzus pallidus

- SIPH 4-7 × longer than maximum width of swollen part, which is 1.3-2.0 × minimum width on basal part. R IV+V 0.8-1.07 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.0). (Al. with a very irregular and variably shaped dorsal abdominal patch, interrupted by extensive perforations)

…..Hyperomyzus lactucae

31 Thoracic spiracles enlarged, much larger than abdominal spiracles. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4, mostly more than 8.0. ANT III with 7-28 rhinaria extending over 0.4-0.7 of length. Dorsum usually with paired dark intersegmental markings …..Nasonovia ribisnigri

- Thoracic spiracles similar in size to abdominal ones. ANT PT/BASE less than 7. ANT III with 1-8 (-10) rhinaria on basal part. Dorsum without any dark markings …..32

32 SIPH with at least 4 rows of polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation, or with only 1-3 indistinct rows of transversely elongate cells. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.5 × BD III …..33

33 (Based on ovip.) ANT III with at least 3-8 rhinaria. R IV+V c.0.7 × HT II. Head with median frontal tubercle well developed, and without spicules

…..Metopolophium arctogenicolens*

- ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II. Head with median frontal tubercle weakly developed, and with some small spicules ventrally …..Aulacorthum palustre

34 ANT tubercles undeveloped, ANT PT/BASE c.1.7-1.8, SIPH cylindrical, only c. 2 × longer than wide, about as long as cauda which bears only 4 hairs .....Aphis madderae*

- Without that combination of characters

.....go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4

Tarenna Rubiaceae

Tarenna sp. Aphis gossypii

Tauscheria Brassicaceae

Tauscheria lasiocarpa Aphis craccivora

Taxillus Loranthaceae

Taxillus sutchuenensis Tuberaphis loranthicola (= takenouchii?)

Use key to apterae on Loranthus.

Taxodium Taxodiaceae

Taxodium distichum Illinoia morrisoni;

Grylloprociphilus imbricator (on roots)

Taxus Yews Taxaceae

Taxus baccata Cinara (Cupressobium) himalayaensis; Prociphilus taxus

T. cuspidata Elatobium momii

1 SIPH absent. R IV+V 7.0-8.0 × ANT PT .....Prociphilus taxus

- SIPH present as tubes or dark hairy cones. R IV+V less than 4.5 × ANT PT .....2

2 SIPH tubular. R IV+V 0.2-0.4 × ANT PT .....Elatobium momii

- SIPH as dark hairy cones. R IV+V 4.2-4.5 × ANT PT .....Cinara himalayaensis

Teclea Rutaceae

Teclea sp. Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus

Tecoma Bignoniaceae

Tecoma australis = Pandorea pandorana

T. capensis Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae

T. castanifolia Aphis gossypii, spiraecola

T. grandiflora = Campsis grandiflora

T. nyassae Myzus persicae

T. radicans = Campsis radicans

T. shirensis = T. nyassae

T. smithii Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii

T. stans Aphis aurantii, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Tectaria Dryopteridaceae

Tectaria sp. Macrosiphum miho

Use key to apterae on ferns under Polypodium.

Tectona Verbenaceae

Tectona grandis Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Teesdalia Brassicaceae

Teesdalia nudicaulis Myzus persicae

Telekia Asteraceae

Telekia speciosa Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Capitophorus pakansus; Uroleucon telekiae

Telekia sp. Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Telekia:-

1 ANT III with 2-5 long capitate hairs. Dorsal body hairs numerous long and capitate, arising from large tubercles, the longest hairs being 3-4 × ANT BD III (Fig.34b). R IV+V 2.2-2.5 × HT II …..Capitophorus pakansus

- ANT and dorsal body hairs not long and capitate, without tuberculate bases. R IV+V less than 2 × HT II .....2

2 SIPH long, cylindrical, black, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.17-0.25, 2.0-2.4 × cauda which is long and finger-like and bears 20-26 hairs. (Additional diagnostic characters for this species: dorsal hairs all arising from dark scleroites; R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II; first tarsal segments with 3 hairs) …..Uroleucon telekiae

- SIPH short, conical pale, without polygonal reticulation, 0-8-2.0 × cauda which is

helmet-shaped and bears 4-6 hairs …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

(or otherwise go to key to polyphagous aphids)

Teline see Genista Fabaceae

Teline linifolia = Genista linifolia

Tellima Saxifragaceae

Tellima grandiflora Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum tolmiea;

Nasonovia stroyani; Neomyzus circumflexus

Key to apterae on Tellima:-

1 ANT III with 18-33 rhinaria along most of length, and IV with 0-8. Abdominal spiracular apertures almost completely covered by cowl-like opercula. R IV+V 1.6-2.2 × HT II

…..Nasonovia stroyani

- ANT III with 0-10 rhinaria on basal part, IV with 0. Abdominal spiracular apertures not or only partly covered by opercula. R IV+V less than 1.6X HT II …..2

2 SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II, with 12-16 accessory hairs. ANT III usually without rhinaria …..Macrosiphum tolmiea

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Telosma Asclepiadaceae

Telosma cordatum Myzus persicae

Tephroseris Asteraceae

Tephroseris cladobotrys Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui

T. crispa Brachycaudus cardui; Myzus ornatus

T. integrifolia = Senecio integrifolius

T. praticola Aphis fabae, jacobaeae; Uroleucon bicolor

Use key to apterae under Senecio.

Tephrosia Fabaceae

Tephrosia barbigera = T. nana

T. bracteolata Aphis gossypii

T. candida Aphis craccivora, gossypii

T. cinerea Aphis craccivora

T. florida Microparsus tephrosiae

T. glomeruliflora Aphis craccivora

T. hookeriana Aphis craccivora

T. nana Aphis craccivora

T. purpurea Aphis craccivora; Megoura dooarsis

T. reptans Aphis craccivora

T. senna Aphis craccivora

T. spicata Microparsus tephrosiae

T. totta = Cracca totta

T. virginiana Microparsus tephrosiae

T. vogelii Aphis craccivora, glycines, gossypii; Myzus persicae

Tephrosia spp. Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Longicaudus himalayensis];

Sitobion africanum

Key to apterae on Tephrosia:-

1 SIPH black, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Dorsum with variably developed segmental dark bars or paired patches …..Sitobion africanum

- SIPH pale or dark, without polygonal reticulation. Dorsum either unsclerotised or with a solid dark sclerotic shield …..2

2 ANT tubercles very well developed, with smooth divergent inner faces. ANT longer than BL, with PT/BASE more than 5. SIPH swollen in middle …..3

- ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ANT shorter than BL, with PT/BASE less than 4. SIPH conical, tapering or cylindrical …..4

3 SIPH 1.0-1.1 × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.1 × HT II …..Microparsus tephrosiae

- SIPH 1.3-1.6 × cauda. R IV+V 0.70-0.85 × HT II …..Megoura dooarsis

4 Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. Cauda black ..…Aphis craccivora

- Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Cauda pale/dusky, paler than SIPH ..…5

5 Cauda 0.08-0.135 × BL (only more than 0.12 × BL in very small specimens with BL less than 1 mm), and 0.8-1.25 × ANT V; pale to dusky, without a constriction, less than 3 × longer than its width at midlength, and bearing 4-7 (usually 5-6) hairs …..Aphis gossypii

- Cauda 0.12-0.175 × BL, and 1.05-1.7 × ANT V; very pale, usually with a slight mid-way constriction, more than 3 × longer than its narrowest width at midlength, and bearing 5-10 (usually 7-9) hairs ..…Aphis glycines

Terminalia Combretaceae

Terminalia arjuna Aphis gossypii; Paoliella nirmalae

T. australis Lizerius brasiliensis

T. brachystemma Aphis gossypii; Paoliella harteni, terminaliae

T. brasiliensis Lizerius jorgei

T. chebula "gall of unknown aphid" - Mani 1973:143

T. mantaly Aphis gossypii

T. sericea Paoliella harteni, terminaliae

T. tomentosa [Myzus terminalae (nomen nudum)]

Key to aphids on Terminalia:-

1 Cauda not knobbed .....Aphis gossypii

(or try key to polyphagous aphids)

- Cauda knobbed (i.e., distinctly constricted on basal part) .....2

2 Knob of cauda very elongate, much longer than its maximal width, tapering to apex (e.g. fig. 114A) .....3

- Knob of cauda about as long as its maximal width, with rounded apex .....4

3 Mesonotum and ABD TERG 4 of aptera each with a pair of very long, curved spinal processes (0-4-0.7 mm long) .....Lizerius jorgei*

- Spinal processes in aptera only present on ABD TERG 8 .....Lizerius brasiliensis

4 Adult viviparae apterous as well as alate. Alata with long and tapering or finger-like spinal processes (fig. 114B), like those of aptera, as well as wart-like processes. Pronotum with 1 pair of anterio-lateral hairs .....Paoliella nirmalae

- Adult viviparae all alate. Spinal processes if present all short and wart-like. Pronotum with 2 pairs of anterio-lateral hairs .....5

5 Alata with paired, short, spinal hair-bearing processes on ABD TERG 1-8 (fig. 114B), and similar marginal processes on ABD TERG 1-4. R IV+V less than 0.75× HT II

.....Paoliella harteni

- Alata without abdominal processes. R IV+V more than 0.8× HT II .....Paoliella terminaliae

Ternstroemia Pentaphylacaceae

Ternstroemia gymnanthera Neoaulacorthum magnoliae

T. peduncularis = T. tepezapote

T. tepezapote Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Tessaria Asteraceae

Tessaria absinthoides see Pluchea absinthoides

Tetracera Dilleniaceae

Tetracera indica Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

T. volubilis Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Tetraclinis Cupressaceae

Tetraclinis articulata Cinara cupressi

Tetradenia (including Iboza) Lamiaceae

Tetradenia multiflora [Sitobion sp.]

T. riparia Eucarazzia elegans; Macrosiphum salviae; Sitobion colei

Tetradenia sp. [Metanipponaphis cuspidatae]

Key to apterae on Tetradenia:-

1 SIPH strongly swollen, with maximum diameter of swollen part more than 2 × minimum diameter of stem, smooth except for a little subapical polygonal reticulation (Fig.48a). SIPH 5.4-8.2 × cauda …..Eucarazzia elegans

- SIPH not swollen or much less swollen, and less than 3.5 × cauda …..2

2 SIPH dark with subapical polygonal reticulation. Dorsum usually with a solid dark shield across ABD TERG 1-5 …..3

- SIPH if dark then without polygonal reticulation. Dorsum with or without dark sclerotisation …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

3 Longest hairs on ANT III 8-20 μm, 0.2-0.6 × BD III …..Sitobion colei

- Longest hairs on ANT III 22-36 μm, 0.6-1.2 × BD III …..Macrosiphum salviae

Tetradymia Asteraceae

Tetradymia canescens Pleotrichophorus tetradymiae;

Protaphis tetradymia; Uroleucon erigeronense

Tetradymia sp. [Aphis craccivora]

Key to apterae on Tetradymia:-

1 SIPH dark distally, with pale basal section, and polygonal reticulation on 0.21-0.45 of length. ANT III with 5-37 rhinaria. Cauda tapering to a very thin apex, with subapical hairs usually shorter and often blunter than lateral hairs …..Uroleucon erigeronense

- SIPH wholly dark, without distal polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria. Cauda finger-like or triangular, without shorter blunter subapical hairs …..2

2 Dorsal hairs numerous, with knobbed apices, and arising from tuberculate bases. R IV+V stiletto-shaped, with concave sides. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.4. Marginal tubercles (MTu) absent. Cauda pale, finger-like, with 5 hairs …..Pleotrichophorus tetradymiae

- Dorsal hairs pointed, without tuberculate bases. R IV+V not concave-sided. ANT PT/BASE 1.1-2.0. Very large MTu present on ABD TERG 1 and 7. Cauda dark, triangular, not longer than its basal width, with 8-14 hairs …..Protaphis tetradymia

Tetragonocalamus see Chimonobambusa Poaceae

Tetragonolobus see Lotus Fabaceae

Tetragonolobus maritimus = Lotus maritimus

T. requienii = Lotus conjugatus ssp. requienii

Tetramolopium Asteraceae

Tetramolopium tenerrimum Macrosiphoniella asteris

Tetrapanax Araliaceae

Tetrapanax papyrifer [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a:104)];

Cavariella araliae, nigrocaudata

Couplet for separating these two species:-

(Note: both spp. have ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly-directed process above the cauda)

- Supracaudal process much longer than cauda. SIPH, cauda and genital plate unpigmented

…..Cavariella araliae

- Supracaudal process about as long as cauda. Distal part of SIPH, cauda and genital plate blackish …..Cavariella nigrocaudata

Teucrium Lamiaceae

Teucrium botrys Aphis teucrii

T. canadense Aphis teucrii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus persicae

T. capitatum Aphis teucrii, [Aphis sp. (Spain: Seco Fernández et al.

1999)]

T. chamaedrys (incl. ssp. Aphis alienus, teucriii; Aulacorthum solani;

pinnatifidum) Myzus ornatus; Ovatomyzus chamaedrys

T. divaricatum Aphis teucrii; Ovatomyzus chamaedrys

T. flavum Aphis [origani], teucrii, [Aphis sp. (Cocuzza et al. 2014)]

T. fruticans Aphis teucrii

T. inflatum = T, vesicarium

T. laciniatum Protaphis middletonii

T. marum Aphis teucrii

T. montanum Aphis alienus, teucrii

T. orientale Aphis gossypii

T. polium Aphis polii, [salviae], teucrii

T. pseudochamaepitys Aphis frangulae

T. scorodonia Aphis alienus, [“scorodoniae del Guercio” (see text under

alienus], teucrii, [Aphis sp. (Cocuzza et al. 2014)];

Myzus ornatus; Ovatomyzus chamaedrys

T. vesicarium Aphis gossypii

Teucrium spp. Aphis fabae, [teucrii Lichtenstein (nomen nudum)]

Key to apterae on Teucrium:-

1 Head smooth with ANT tubercles developed, their inner faces steep-sided. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH pale, without polygonal reticulation, slightly swollen distally. Cauda pale, constricted at base, and bearing 5(-7) hairs …..Ovatomyzus chamaedrys

- Without that combination of characters …..2

2 ANT tubercles weakly developed.. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)

…..3

- ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

3 Cauda black with more than 10 hairs. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with dark cross-bands, and usually there are also dark dorsal markings anterior to SIPH …..4

- Cauda pale, dusky or dark, with 4-10 hairs. ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually without cross-bands, or with a narrow band on 8 only, and no dark markings anterior to SIPH …..5

4 Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width. ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.8 (mostly 2.4-3.6) ......Aphis fabae

- Cauda short, bluntly triangular, not longer than its basal width. ANT III often with a few rhinaria on distal part. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.1 …..Protaphis middletonii

5 R IV+V 0.85-1.22 × ANT BASE VI, 1.10-1.45 × HT II and 0.61-1.0 × cauda, which is distinctly paler than SIPH …..Aphis gossypii (or frangulae)

- R IV+V 1.14-2.25 × ANT BASE VI, 1.18-2.12 × HT II and 0.69-1.40 × cauda, which is not distinctly paler than SIPH …..6

6 R IV+V 1.49-2.25 × HT II (97% of specimens >1.6), and 1.28-2.35 × ANT BASE VI

…..Aphis polii

- R IV+V 1.18-1.63 × HT II (97% of specimens <1.6), and 1.14-1.79 × ANT BASE VI …..7

7 At least some of ABD TERG 2-5 with marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH more than 5.5 × longer than their minimal distal width just proximal to flange …..Aphis alienus

- MTu rarely present on any of ABD TERG 2-5. SIPH less than 5.4 × longer than their minimal distal width just proximal to flange …..Aphis teucrii

Thalia Marantaceae

Thalia geniculata Aphis gossypii; Hysteroneura setariae;

Sitobion miscanthi, [Sitobion sp. (Remaudière &

Autrique 1985)]

Key to apterae on Thalia:-

(Note: all species have uniformly dark SIPH and a pale or dusky cauda)

1 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation …..Sitobion sp(p).

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation …..2

2 Cauda long and pale, with 4 hairs, contrasting with black calf-shaped SIPH (slightly swollen on basal part), and dark coxae and femora …..Hysteroneura setariae

- Cauda pale or dusky with 4-8 hairs, SIPH dark and tapering, coxae and femora pale

…..Aphis gossypii

Thalictrum Ranunculaceae

Thalictrum adianthifolium see Th. minus

Th. amurense Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. angustifolium see Th. lucidum

Th. aquilegiifolium (incl. vars Aphis neothalictri, thalictri; Longicaudus trirhodus;

cornuti, sibiricum) Thalictrophorus thalictrophilus

Th. buschianum Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. chelidonii Longicaudus dunlopi

Th. collinum Aphis thalictri; Longicaudus trirhodus;

Nasonovia saurotarbagataica

Th. contortum = Th. aquifolium var. sibiricum

Th. coriaceum Nasonovia purpurascens

Th. cornuti = Th. aquifolium var. cornuti

Th. delavayi Aphis thalictri; Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. dioicum Acyrthosiphon ranunculum; Nasonovia purpurascens

Th. dipterocarpum = Th. delavayi

Th. elatum = Th. minus

Th. fendleri Illinoia thalictri

Th. flavum Aphis thalictri; Aulacorthum solani;

Longicaudus dunlopi, trirhodus

Th. foetidum Aphis thalictri; Longicaudus trirhodus;

Pemphigus matsumurai

Th. glaucum = Th. speciosissimum

Th. hypoleucum = Th. minus var. hypoleucum

Th. isopyroides Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. kemense = Th. minus ssp. kemense

Th. lucidum Aphis thalictri; Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. majus (= Th. minus?) Longicaudus trirhodus ssp. iranicus

Th. minus (incl. vars Aphis gossypii, neothalictri, spiraecola, thalictri;

adianthifolium, hypoleucum) [Chaetosiphon alpestre]; Longicaudus trirhodus;

Myzus persicae; Nasonovia altaensis, saurotarbagataica

Th. minus ssp. kemense Aphis neothalictri, thalictri; Longicaudus trirhodu

Th. minus ssp. pseudominus Aphis thalictri; Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. pauciflorum = Th. dioicum

Th. petaloideum Aphis thalictri

Th. polygamum = Th. pubescens

Th. pseudominus = Th. minus ssp. pseudominus

Th. pubescens Nasonovia purpurascens

Th. purpurascens Nasonovia purpurascens

Th. rariflorum Nasonovia altaensis

Th. revolutum Aphis fabae; Nasonovia purpurascens

Th. rochebrunnianum Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. rhynchocarpum Aulacorthum solani; Sitobion thalictri

Th. simplex Aphis hasanica, neothalictri, thalictri;

Longicaudus trirhodus; Nasonovia saurotarbagataica

Th. simplex ssp. boreale = Th. rariflorum

Th. sparsiflorum Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. speciosissimum Aphis thalictri; Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. squarrosum Longicaudus trirhodus

Th. thunbergii = Th. minus var. hypoleucum

Thalictrum spp. [Aphis thalictri ssp. orangii];

Longicaudus cornutus, himalayensis, kumauni;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Key to apterae on Thalictrum:-

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent .....Pemphigus matsumurai

- ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. SIPH present .....2

2 SIPH shorter than cauda …..3

- SIPH longer than cauda …..12

3 SIPH very short, less than 0.5 × cauda …..4

- SIPH 0.6-0.9 × cauda …..7

4 ANT III much shorter than ANT IV+V together. First tarsal segments with (2-) 3 hairs. Cauda broadly triangular, not or hardly longer than its basal width in dorsal view, with 9-12 hairs

…..Aphis thalictri (s. str.)

- ANT III much longer than IV+V together. First tarsal segments with 5 or 6 hairs. Cauda finger-like, much longer than its basal width, with 8-19 hairs …..5

5 ANT PT/BASE 2.6-3.5. Dorsal cuticle corrugated and papillate. Cauda with 8-12 hairs

.....Longicaudus cornutus*

- ANT PT/BASE 0.91-2.08. Dorsal cuticle smooth. Cauda with 13-19 hairs .....6

6 ANT PT/BASE 0.91-1.46 …..Longicaudus trirhodus

- ANT PT/BASE 1.56-2.08 …..Longicaudus dunlopi

7 ANT III much longer than IV+V together. First tarsal segments with 5-6 hairs .....8

- ANT III much shorter than ANT IV+V together. First tarsal segments with 2-3 hairs .....9

8 ANT PT/BASE less than 2. First tarsal segments with 6 hairs

.....Longicaudus himalayanesis*

- ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.2. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs .....Longicaudus kumauni*

9 ANT III with 3-12 rhinaria on basal half. Marginal tubercles (MTu) absent from ABD TERG 1 and 7. R IV+V with (3-) 4 accessory hairs …..Nasonovia altaensis

- ANT III without rhinaria. MTu always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7. R IV+V with 2 (-3) accessory hairs …..10

10 Hind femora with long fine hairs, many of them longer than trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 11-24 hairs .....Aphis fabae (part)

- Hind femora with hairs all shorter than trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 9-13 hairs

.....11

11 MTu usually present on ABD TERG 2-4 as well as 1 and 7. ANT PT/BASE 2.2-2.5. R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II …..Aphis hasanica*

- MTu only sporadically on ABD TERG 2-4. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.1. R IV+V 0.6-0.8 × HT II

…..Aphis neothalictri*

12 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells) …..13

- SIPH without any distinct polygonal reticulation (sometimes with 1-3 subapical rows of interconnecting transverse striae) …..15

13 SIPH black, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.3-0.4 of length. ANT black, except at base of III. Cauda dark …..Sitobion thalictri

- SIPH, ANT and cauda mainly pale. SIPH reticulated on distal 0.08-0.2 of length …..14

14 SIPH distinctly swollen proximal to reticulated part. Hairs on ANT III not exceeding 0.5 × BD III …..Illinoia thalictri

- SIPH cylindrical on distal part (sometimes with reticulated part somewhat constricted). Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

15 Head densely spiculose, dorsally as well as ventrally. ANT tubercles well developed with inner faces scabrous and steep-sided …..16

- Head not spiculose. ANT tubercles if well developed then with smooth, divergent inner faces …..17

16 SIPH slightly clavate. ANT III without rhinaria …..Myzus persicae

- SIPH tapering/cylindrical. ANT III amost always with 1-2 (-3) small rhinaria on basal part

…..Aulacorthum solani

17 ANT III with 5-19 rhinaria .....18

- ANT III with 0-2 rhinaria …..19

18 SIPH wholly pale. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are 0.7-0.8 × ANT BD III .....Nasonovia saurotarbagataica

- SIPH dark or dusky towards apices. R IV+V 0.6-0.9 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are 0.2-0.4 × ANT BD III .....Nasonovia purpurascens

19 ANT tubercles well developed, ANT 0.9-1.4 × BL, PT/BASE c.3.8-3.9. SIPH 2.4-3.0 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon ranunculum*

- ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed. ANT 0.5-0.8 × BL, PT/BASE 2.0-3.5. SIPH 1.0-2.5 × cauda …..20

20 SIPH not dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). First tarsal segments with 4 hairs …..Thalictrophorus thalictrophilus*

- SIPH dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. First tarsal segments with 2-3 hairs

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

Thamnocalamus Poaceae

Thamnocalamus spathaceus = Fargesia spathacea

Thamnocalamus sp. Melanaphis meghalayensis

See key to bamboo-feeding aphids under Bambusa.

Thamnoseris Asteraceae

Thamnoseris lacerata Brachycaudus helichrysi

Thapsia Apiaceae

Thapsia garganica Anuraphis pyrilaseri; Aphis fabae;

Dyaphis apiifolia, crataegi ssp. kunzei

Th. villosa Aphis craccivora, fabae; Cavariella aegopodii;

Myzus persicae; Semiaphis dauci

Key to apterae on Thapsia:-

1 SIPH very short, only about 0.5 × cauda, and flangeless …..Semiaphis dauci

- SIPH more than 0.8 × cauda, with a distinct flange …..2

2 ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly projecting process above cauda. SIPH clavate. ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.3 …..Cavariella aegopodii

- No supracaudal process. SIPH tapering/cylindrical, or slightly clavate. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5 …..3

3. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. Well-developed spinal and marginal tubercles (STu and MTu) present .....4

- Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width. STu absent, MTu sporadic or only consistently present on ABD TERG 1 and 7

.....go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4

4. Head densely spiculose. SIPH shorter than R IV+V, with close-set annular rows of blunt spinules. Cauda with 10-12 hairs. STu on ABD TERG 1-5 …..Anuraphis pyrilaseri

- Head not spiculose. SIPH longer than R IV+V, normally imbricated. Cauda with 5 hairs. STu on head and ABD TERG 8 …..5

5. Longest spinal hair on ABD TERG 8 is 11-38 μm long. ABD TERG 7 frequently with marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Dysaphis apiifolia

- Longest spinal hair on ABD TERG 8 is 55-80 μm long . ABD TERG 7 rarely with MTu

…..Dysaphis crataegi ssp. kunzei

Thaspium Apiaceae

Thaspium aureum = Th. trifoliatum var. aureum

Th. barbinode Aphis thaspii

Th. trifoliatum Aphis thaspii

Th. trifoliatum var. aureum Aphis thaspii; Cavariella pastinacae

Key to apterae on Thaspium:-

- ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly-projecting process above cauda. Head and SIPH pale, SIPH swollen distally. (ANT PT/BASE 2.6-4.0) …..Cavariella pastinacae

- No supracaudal process. Head and SIPH dusky/dark. SIPH tapering …..Aphis thaspii

Thaumatococcus Marantaceae

Thaumatococcus daniellii Pentalonia nigronervosa

Thea see Camellia Theaceae

Thelepogon Poaceae

Thelepogon elegans Aphis gossypii

(or use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria)

Thelesperma Asteraceae

Thelesperma megapotamicum Aphis coreopsidis; Brachycaudus helichrysi

Use key to apterae on Bidens.

Thelymitra Orchidaceae

Thelymitra longifolia Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(or try key to orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium)

Thelypteris (including Lastrea) Thelypteridaceae

Thelypteris confluens Macrosiphum dryopteridis, lambi

Th. dentata = Christella dentata

Th. dryopteris = Gymnocarpium dryopteris

Th. ligocarpa (?) Idiopteris nephrelepidis

Th. palustris = Th. confluens

Th. phegopteris = Phegopteris connectilis

Th. quelpaertensis Amphorophora ampullata, scabripes

Thelypteris spp. Micromyzella filicis; Micromyzodium filicium

Use key to apterae of fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium.

Themeda ( including Anthistiria) Poaceae

Themeda arguens Hysteroneura setariae;

Sitobion graminis, javanicum, lambersi

Th. ciliata = Th. quadrivalvis

Th. coromandeliana (?) Melanaphis sacchari

Th. quadrivalvis Sitobion rosaeiformis

Th. triandra Baizongia pistaciae; Sipha maydis;

Sitobion avenae, graminis, [Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)]

Th. villosa Ceratovacuna lanigera

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Theobroma Sterculiaceae

Theobroma cacao Aphis aurantii, gossypii, spiraecola;

Cervaphis rappardi, schouteniae;

Sitobion martorelli

Key to apterae on Theobroma:-

1 Body with very long, branched, hair-bearing marginal processes …..2

- Body without such processes …..3

2 Dorsal abdominal hairs all more-or-less acute, lanceolate, or sometimes slightly bifurcate. Marginal processes on abdomen either with one type of hair (usually bifurcate) at ends of lateral branches or with, near the base, one or two dorsal branches with a thin, acute hair

.....Cervaphis schouteniae

- Dorsal abdominal hairs very blunt, often club-shaped with nearly globular apices, and extremely numerous. Marginal processes on abdomen with pointed or bifurcate hairs at ends of lateral branches, but dorsal branches bearing very blunt or club-shaped hairs like those on on mid-dorsal processes .....Cervaphis rappardi

3. Body elongate spindle-shaped, with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces smooth and divergent. SIPH long and dark except at bases, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation on about distal 0.2 of length …..Sitobion martorelli

- Without that combination of characters ..…go to key to polyphagous aphids

Thereianthus Iridaceae

Thereianthus spicatus Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(or use key to apterae on Iris)

Thermopsis Fabaceae

Thermopsis divaricarpa Macrosiphum zionense

Th. gracilis Macrosiphum albifrons

Th. montana Macrosiphum albifrons, zionense

Th. montana var. venosa = Th. gracilis

Th. pinetorum = Th. divaricarpa

Thermopsis sp. Aphis asclepiadis

Key to apterae on Thermopsis:-

1 SIPH dark with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT and tibiae black

…..Macrosiphum zionense

- SIPH if dark then without polygonal reticulation. ANT and tibiae pale, or with paler basal sections …..2

2 SIPH pale or dusky with subapical polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 17-40 rhinaria

…..Macrosiphum albifrons

- Without that conbination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Thesium Santalaceae

Thesium aggregatum Sitobion africanum

Th. chinense Aphis neothesii

Th. divaricatum Macrosiphum albertinae

Th. dollineri Aphis thesii

Th. intermedium Macrosiphum albertinae

Th. linophyllon Aphis thesii

Th. linophyllum Macrosiphum albertinae

Th. ramosum Aphis thesii

Key to apterae on Thesium:-

1 SIPH without any polygonal reticulation. Cauda dark. Prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7 with hemispherical marginal tubercles (MTu). Dorsum usually with dark sclerotisation completely of partly fused between ABD TERG 2-4(-6) to form a solid or perforated shield

…..2

- SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale. Prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. Dorsum if with dark markings then these are not fused between tergites …..3

2 R IV+V 1.05-1.25 × HT II. Posterior hair on hind trochanter maximally c. 0.25 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Dorsal shield usually perforated between tergites

…..Aphis thesii

- R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II. Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.4-0.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Dorsal shield not usually perforated between tergites …..Aphis neothesii

3 Dorsal abdomen with variably developed segmental dark markings, sometimes absent. ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria, and with longest hairs 0.2-0.4 × BD III. SIPH entirely black

…..Sitobion africanum

- Dorsal abdomen membranous. ANT III with 10-15 rhinaria, and longest hairs 0.6-1.0 × BD III. SIPH mostly black but paler at base …..Macrosiphum albertinae

Thespesia Malvaceae

Thespesia acutiloba Aphis gossypii

Th. danis [Aphis sp. (Millar 1994)]

Th. populnea Aphis gossypii

Thevetia Apocynaceae

Thevetia peruviana = Cascabela thevetia

Thinopyrum Poaceae

Thinopyrum intermedium = Elymus hispidus

Thlaspi Brassicaceae

Thlaspi alpestre Brevicoryne brassicae

Th. alpinum = Th. alpestre

Th. arvense Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nasturtii;

Aulacorthum solani;

Lipaphis erysimi, [lepidii], pseudobrassicae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus; [Sitobion avenae];

Smynthurodes betae

Th. aureum (?) Aphis fabae

Th. fendleri = Noccaea fendleri

Th. goesingense Brevicoryne brassicae

Use key to apterae on Brassica.

Thrincia see Leontodon Asteraceae

Thuidium Thuidiaceae

Thuidium tamariscifolium = Th. tamariscinum

Th. tamariscinum Jacksonia papillata; Pseudacaudella rubida

Use key to moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum.

Thuja Cupressaceae

Thuja dolabrata = Thujopsis dolabrata

Th. occidentalis Cinara cupressi, [juniperi], louisianensis, tujafilina

Th. orientalis = Platycladus orientalis

Th. plicata Cinara cupressi, tujafilina; Illinoia morrisoni;

[Myzus persicae]

Th. standishii Cinara tujafilina

Use key to aphids on Cupressus.

Thujopsis Cupressaceae

Thujopsis dolabrata Cinara tujafilina

Thunbergia Acanthaceae

Thunbergia alata Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Myzus persicae

Th. coccinea Aphis spiraecola; Myzus ornatus

Th. erecta Aphis gossypii

Th. fragrans Aphis aurantii, spiraecola

Th. grandiflora = Th. alata

Th. lancifolia Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Thunia Orchidaceae

Thunia alba Cerataphis orchidearum

Thymbra Lamiaceae

Thymbra capitata Aphis gossypii, serpylli, Aphis sp. (Cocuzza et al. 2014)

Use key to apterae on Thymus.

Thymus Lamiaceae

Thymus alternans = Th. roegneri

Th. arcticus = Th. praecox ssp. ligusticus

Th. austriacus = Th. odoratissimus

Th. chamaedrys = Th. pulegioides ssp. chamaedrys

Th. calcareus Aphis serpylli

Th. cretaceus = Th. calcareus

Th. ×dimorphus Aphis serpylli

Th. drucei = Th. praecox ssp. ligusticus

Th. glabrescens = Th. odoratissimus

Th. kerneri = Th. praecox ssp. polytrichus

Th. longicaulis Aphis serpylli

Th. marschallianus = Th. pulegioides ssp. pannonicus

Th. mastichina Aphis mastichinae, serpylli

Th. odoratisssimus Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae

Th. pannonicus = Th. pulegioides ssp. pannonicus

Th. praecox (incl. sspp. Aphis serpylli; Myzus ornatus

ligusticus, polytrichus)

Th. pseudolanuginosus = Th. praecox ssp. ligusticus

Th. pulegioides (incl. sspp. Aphis serpylli

chamaedrys, pannonicus)

Th. roegneri Aphis serpylli

Th. serpyllum Aphis serpylli; Eucarazzia elegans;

Kaltenbachiella pallida; Neomyzus circumflexus;

[Ovatus crataegarius]

Th. striatus Aphis [Aphis sp. (Cocuzza et al. 2014)]

Th. vulgaris Aphis [craccivora], serpylli, [Aphis sp. (Cocuzza et al.

2014)];

Myzus ornatus

Th. zygis Aphis serpylli

Thymus sp. Myzus ascalonicus

Key to apterae on Thymus:-

1 ANT usually 4-segmented, 0.12-0.15 × BL, with PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes 3-facetted. SIPH absent. Legs very short, with fore- and mid-tarsi usually 1-segmented. Dorsal wax glands present on head, thorax and ABD TERG 1-8, comprising facets surrounding an elongate central area …..Kaltenbachiella pallida

- ANT 5- or 6-segmented, more than 0.5 × BL, with PT/BASE more than 1. Eyes multifacetted, SIPH present, tarsi 2-segmented and wax glands not evident …..2

2 SIPH strongly swollen, with maximum diameter of swollen part more than 2× minimum diameter of stem, smooth except for a little subapical polygonal reticulation (Fig.48a). SIPH 5.4-8.2 × cauda …..Eucarazzia elegans

- SIPH not swollen or much less swollen, and less than 3.5 × cauda …..3

3 SIPH 0.54-1.33 × cauda, both black. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). Head without spicules, and with ANT tubercles weakly developed …..4

- Without that combination of characters

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5

4 ABD TERG 2-6 usually without MTu. Caudal hairs long ….. Aphis serpylli

- ABD TERG 2-6 with large flat MTu. Caudal hairs short ….. Aphis mastichinae

Thyrsostachys Poaceae

Thyrsostachys siamensis Ceratovacuna doipuensis

Thysanolaena Poaceae

Thysanolaena agrostis = Th. latifolia

Th. latifolia Pseudoregma panicola; Sitobion miscanthi

Th. maxima [Glyphinaphis bambusae]; Melanaphis sacchari;

Pseudoregma panicola

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Tiarella Saxifragaceae

Tiarella cordifolia Aulacorthum solani; Nasonovia tiarellae

Tiarella sp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(Apterae of Nasonovia tiarellae are undescribed, but will be distinguishable from those of A. solani and other polyphagous aphids by the large thoracic spiracles, R IV+V about 1.8-2.4 × HT II, and ANT PT/BASE at least 6.)

Tibouchina Melastomataceae

Tibouchina granulosa Aphis spiraecola; Paoliella flava

T. holosericea Myzus ornatus

T. moricandiana Myzus ornatus

T. sellowiana Myzus ornatus

T. semidecandra Aphis gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola;

Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum centranthi;

Myzus ornatus, persicae

T. urvilleana Myzus ornatus

T. viminea Myzus ornatus

T. weddellii Myzus ornatus

Key to apterae on Tibouchina:-

1 Dorsum with long thin finger-like spinal and marginal processes. ANT 4-segmented, with PT/BASE less than 1 …..Paoliella flava

- Dorsum without processes. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with PT/BASE more than 1.5 …..2

2 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Apices of femora and SIPH dark. ANT 1.2-1.6 × BL. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 33-50 mm long. Cauda with 11-19 hairs …..Macrosiphum centranthi

- SIPH are without polygonal reticulation and/or other characters are not in that combination

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Tidestromia Amaranthaceae

Tidestromia lanata (?lanuginosa) Aphis craccivora

Tigridia Iridaceae

Tigridia sp. Dysaphis tulipae

Tilesia Asteraceae

Tilesia baccata Aphis gossypii, spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Tilia Basswood, Lime, Linden Tiliacea