HOST LISTS and KEYS

2 Wax glands absent. Eyes multifaceted, without an ocular tubercle. Body pale, elongate, more than 2 × longer than wide. (Alata with a quadrate black dorsal abdominal patch) …..3

- Wax glands present. Eyes 3-faceted. Body broad, less than 2 × longer than wide. (Alata without dorsal abdominal pigment) .....4

3 ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.35, without any long fine hairs distal to primary rhinarium. R IV+V bearing 9-16 accessory hairs .....Nippolachnus bengalensis

- ANT PT/BASE 0.45-0.75, with some long fine hairs distal to primary rhinarium. R IV+V bearing more than 20 accessory hairs .....Nippolachnus micromeli

4 SIPH present as pores with surrounding hairs. Wax pore plates each comprising a ring or group of facets around one or more clear central areas .....5

- SIPH absent or inconspicuous. Wax pore plates honeycomb-like, without clear central areas

.....6

5 BL more than 1.5 mm. Total antennal length 0.29-0.46 mm. Wax pore plates with central areas of irregular shape, often subdivided (fig. 60C) .....Eriosoma lanigerum

- BL less than 1.4 mm, with total antennal length only 0.12-0.18 mm. Wax pore plates with always undivided, approximately circular, central areas (fig. 109A)

.....Eriosoma sorbiradicis

6 R IV+V (of fundatrix) more than 0.2 mm long and bearing 7 or more accessory hairs. BL of spring migrant alata more than 4 mm .....Prociphilus oriens

- R IV+V (of fundatrix) less than 0.2 mm long with 2-4 accessory hairs. BL of spring migrant alata less than 3 mm .....Prociphilus corrugatans

7 Cauda short; helmet-shaped, triangular or semicircular, shorter than or about as long as its basal width in dorsal view .....8

- Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width in dorsal view .....18

8 Dorsal cuticle of aptera (fundatrix) very rough with numerous small denticulate projections, and with fine, long hairs (fig. 109B). Alata with transverse bars of dorsal abdominal pigment, often broken, never fused between tergites .....Muscaphis escherichi

- Dorsal cuticle of aptera (fundatrix or subsequent generation) smooth or weakly reticulate, with long or short hairs. Alata with a solid black dorsal abdominal patch, or with extensive bars fused between some tergites .....9

9 SIPH more than 4 × cauda and bearing a number of long hairs (in both fundatrix and spring migrant alata) .....Sorbaphis chaetosiphon

- SIPH less than 4 × cauda and without hairs .....10

10 SIPH with closely-spaced rows of imbrications bearing small nodules or spinules

(e.g. fig. 42M) .....11

- SIPH smooth or normally imbricated, the imbrications sometimes spinulose but not in regular closely-spaced rows .....12

11 ABD TERG 2-4 each with incomplete double rows of 6-10 spinopleural hairs 50-70 µm long with fine apices. Tergum rough, with numerous spinules arranged on a distinct reticulation (fig. 109C), and with an extensive solid black abdominal patch

.....Nearctaphis yohoensis

- ABD TERG 2-4 each with a single row of 4 spinopleural hairs that are blunt or acuminate. Tergum with faint reticulation and few spinules, and broad transverse sclerotic bars that are not or only partially fused between tergites .....Nearctaphis californica

12 SIPH smooth, less than 2 × width at base. Spiracular apertures rounded

.....Brachycaudus helichrysi

- SIPH imbricated, more than 2 × width at base. Spiracular apertures small and reniform

.....13

13 SIPH pale and swollen on distal half, with narrower region proximal to swelling (fig. 109D)

.....14

- SIPH pale or dark, cylindrical or tapering, or with hardly perceptible swelling .....15

14 R IV+V 0.13-0.195 mm. SIPH less than 2.5 × longer than cauda. Head with granulate spinulosity …..Dysaphis pavlovskyana

- R IV+V 0.20-0.22 mm. SIPH more than 2.5 × longer than cauda. Head cuticle without granulate spinulosity …..Dysaphis indica

15 SIPH pale. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-7 (sometimes absent from 6). Cauda with 6-12 hairs .....Dysaphis sorbi

- SIPH dark, at least on distal part. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-4 or 1-5, absent from 6 and 7. Cauda with 5, or rarely 6, hairs .....16

16 Hairs on ANT III pointed, maximally 0.9-1.5× basal diameter of segment

.....Dysaphis aucupariae

- Hairs on ANT III blunt, maximally 0.3-0.8 × basal diameter of segment .....17

17 Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 consistently short and blunt, maximally 15-20 µm

.....Dysaphis ariae

- Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 of variable length, often short and blunt but usually with some pointed hairs 20-60 µm long, especially marginally .....Dysaphis plantaginea

18 ANT PT/BASE 0.55-0.66. Body with finger-like dorsal processes (head with 2 pairs, thoracic segments and ABD TERG 1-4 each with one spinal and one marginal pair, and ABD TERG 5-8 each with a single medial process .....Aspidophorodon (Eoessigia) sorbi

- ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Body without finger-like dorsal processes .....19

19 Dorsal cuticle sclerotic and strongly corrugated. R IV+V 1.68-1.90 × HT II and with 2
accessory hairs .....Eumyzus eastopi

- Dorsal cuticle not strongly corrugated. R IV+V either less than 1.6 × HT II or with more than 2 accessory hairs .....20

20 Antennal tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, not exceeding height of central part of frons in dorsal view. Cauda and anal plate dusky to dark .....21

- Antennal tubercles moderately to well developed, clearly exceeding height of central part of frons in dorsal view. Cauda and anal plate pale or only slightly dusky .....24

21 SIPH slightly swollen or cylindrical over most of length, constricted subapically and with a large flange (as in fig. 60H). Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posterio-dorsad of spiracle and with basal diameter usually smaller than spiracular aperture

.....Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

- SIPH tapering from base to flange, which is only moderately developed. Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posterioventrad of spiracle, and usually larger than spiracular aperture .....22

22 Longest hairs on ANT III more than 2 × basal diameter of segment. ANT PT/BASE more than 3. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 19-28, IV 1-11, V 0-3. Cauda tapering, less than 2 × its basal width .....Aphis lantanae (or setacea? – see text)

- Longest hairs on ANT III less than 1.8 × basal diameter of segment. ANT PT/BASE less than 3. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 6-11, IV 0-4, V 0. Cauda

finger-like, more than 2 × its basal width .....23

23 Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13). R IV+V more than 0.13 mm .....Aphis pomi

- Marginal tubercles absent from ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V less than 0.125 .....Aphis spiraecola

24 Inner faces of antennal tubercles scabrous and convergent in dorsal view (e.g. fig. 42I)

.....25

- Inner faces of antennal tubercles smooth or nearly so, and divergent in dorsal view

(e.g. fig. 42K) .....27

25 Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental spots and flecks (fig. 121J). ANT PT/BASE less than 2.5 .....Myzus ornatus

- Dorsal abdomen without clear intersegmental dark markings. ANT PT/BASE more than 3

.....26

26 SIPH slightly swollen on distal half (fig. 121H). ANT PT/BASE less than 5. (Alata with secondary rhinaria only on ANT III) .....Myzus persicae

- SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal half. ANT PT/BASE more than 5. (Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 60-83, IV 36-52, V 13-22) .....Ovatus insitus

27 Body oval. SIPH without any polygonal reticulation (fig. 42Q). ANT III with one small rhinarium near base, and with minute hairs less than half basal diameter of segment

.....Ericaphis gentneri

- Body spindle-shaped. SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (fig. 121C). ANT III usually with several secondary rhinaria near base, and with longest hairs more than half basal diameter of segment .....28

28 Cauda with 6-9 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.20-0.27 mm. Longest hairs on ANT III 10-24 μm, 0.4-0.7 × BD III. (Al. with paired pleural dark patches and large marginal and postsiphuncular sclerites) …..Macrosiphum opportunisticum

- Cauda with 8-13 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.14-0.20 mm. Longest hairs on ANT III 25-40 μm, 0.6-1.0 × BD III. (Al. without dark dorsal abdominal sclerites)

…..Macrosiphum pyrifoliae/euphorbiae

Sorghastrum Poaceae

Sorghastrum nutans Hysteroneura setariae

Sorghastrum sp. Sipha flava

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Sorghum Poaceae

Sorghum arundinaceum Melanaphis sacchari, sorghi; Rhopalosiphum maidis

S. bicolor (incl. vars Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis, krizusi;

drummondii, saccharatum) Aphis fabae, gossypii; Diuraphis noxia;

[Chaitophorus populialbae (as Myzocallis saccharinus)?];

Forda hirsuta, orientalis;

Geoica lucifuga; Hysteroneura setariae;

Melanaphis sacchari, sorghi; Myzus persicae;

Paracletus cimiciformis; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi;

Schizaphis grmainum; Sipha flava, maydis;

Sitobion africanum, avenae, leelamaniae, miscanthi,

[Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)];

Tetraneura capitata, chui, fusiformis, javensis,

nigriabdominalis, nigriabdominalis ssp. shanxiensis,

triangula, ulmi

S. caffrorum = S. bicolor

S. caudatum = S. bicolor

S. cernuum = S. bicolor

S. dochna = S. bicolor

S. dora = S. bicolor

S. durra = S. bicolor

S. fulvum = S. nitidum

S. guineense = S. bicolor

S. halepense Anoecia corni, mirae, vagans; Aphis fabae;

Forda marginata; Geoica lucifuga, utricularia;

Melanaphis pyraria,sacchari, sorghi;

Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae;

Paracletus bykovi ssp. uzbekistanicus, cimiciformis;

[Prociphilus bumeliae]; Pseudaphis sijui;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;

Schizaphis agrostis, graminum; Sipha flava, maydis;

Sitobion avenae; [Slavum lentiscoides];

Tetraneura africana, caerulescens, fusiformis, ulmi

S. “kavirondo” see S. arundinacearum

S. nervosum = S. bicolor

S. nigricans = S. bicolor

S. nitidum Rhopalosiphum maidis

S. roxburghii Melanaphis sorghi; Rhopalosiphum maidis

S. saccharatum = S. bicolor

S. sudanense Rhopalosiphum maidis; Sipha elegans

S. verticilliflorum = S. arundinacearum

S. virgatum Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis graminum;

Sitobion avenae

S. vulgare = S. bicolor

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Sparaxis Iridaceae

Sparaxis bulbifera Myzus persicae

S. tricolor Aphis gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Smynthurodes betae

Sparaxis spp. (and hybrids) Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Sparganium Typhaceae

Sparganium emersum Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

S. erectum (incl. ssp. neglectum) Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; Schizaphis scirpi

S. neglectum = S. erectum ssp. neglectum

S. ramosum = S. erectum

S. simplex = S. emersum

Sparganium sp. Rhopalosiphum enigmae

Key to apterae on Sparganium:-

1 ANT and dorsal body with very long, fine hairs, up to 3 × ANT BD III. Dorsal cuticle without spiculose ornamentation …..Schizaphis scirpi

- ANT and dorsal body with shorter hairs. Dorsal cuticle with a pattern of spicules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing one or more additional spicules …..2

2 SIPH clavate. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.8 × BD III

…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

- SIPH not clavate. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-2.0 × BD III …..Rhopalosiphum enigmae

Sparmannia Malvaceae

Sparmannia africana Uroleucon compositae

Sparmannia sp. Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Spartina Poaceae

Spartina cynosuroides Anoecia corni

S. juncea = S. patens

S. maritima Sipha littoralis

S. patens Prociphilus erigeronensis

S. stricta = S. maritima

S. × townsendii Sipha littoralis

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Spartium Fabaceae

Spartium junceum Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum;

Aphis craccivora, cytisorum, fabae, genistae,

[pseudocytisorum]

[Eriosoma sparthani (Boisduval; nomen dubium)]

S. scoparium = Cytisus scoparius

S. supranubium = Cytisus supranubius

Key to apterae on Spartium:-

1 Body spindle-shaped, pale. ANT longer than BL. SIPH pale, thin and cylindrical on distal half. Cauda elongate finger-shaped, pale …..2

- Body oval, often with dark dorsal markings. ANT shorter than BL. SIPH dark, tapering from base to apex. Cauda tongue-shaped, pale or dark …..3

2 SIPH 0.42-0.50 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon gossypii

- SIPH 0.23-0.38 × BL and 1.2-1.9 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon pisum

3 Cauda with 11-25 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with a few small dark spots on tergites anterior to SIPH …..Aphis fabae

- Cauda with 4-13 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with extensive dark sclerotisation …..4

4 SIPH 0.5-0.8 × cauda. Hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.3 × BD III …..Aphis genistae

- SIPH 1.1-2.2 × cauda. Hairs on ANT III 0.05-0.75 × BD III …..5

5 R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.05 ×). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs

…..Aphis craccivora

- R IV+V 0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 ×). Anterior half of genital plate with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2) …..Aphis cytisorum

Spathiphyllum Araceae

Spathiphyllum floribundum Pentalonia nigronervosa

Spathodea Bignoniaceae

Spathodea campanulata Aphis gossypii, spiraecola;

Neomyzus circumflexus

S. diepenhorstii Aphis odinae

S. nilotica Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Spatularia Saxifragaceae

Spatularia michauxii Nasonovia carolinensis

Or use key to apterae on Saxifraga.

Specklinia Orchidaceae

Specklinia corniculata Cerataphis orchidearum

Specularia see Legousia Campanulaceae

Spergula Caryophyllaceae

Spergula arvensis Aphis gossypii, nasturtii, sambuci; Myzus persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus; Sitobion avenae

See key under Spergularia.

Spergularia Caryophyllaceae

Spergularia diandra Myzus persicae

S. marina Aphidura urmiensis; Aphis nasturtii;

[Myzus sp. (Leonard 1968:357)]

S. media Myzus persicae

S. rubra Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus certus, persicae

S. rupicola Myzus persicae

Spergularia spp. Aphis sambuci; Sitobion avenae

Key to aphids on Spergula and Spergularia:-

1 Anterior part of mesosternum with a pair of rounded mammariform processes

…..Aphidura urmiensis

- Mesosternum without mammariform processes …..2

2 Head without spicules …..3

- Head densely spiculose …..7

3 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..4

- SIPH without subapical reticulation. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …..5

4 SIPH dark, 1.1-1.4 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.19-0.35 of length. ANT hairs maximally 0.3-0.5 × BD III …..Sitobion avenae

- SIPH pale, 1.7-2.2 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.13-0.2 of length. ANT hairs maximally 0.6-1.0 × BD III …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

5 SIPH black, 2.1-3.5 × cauda which is short and bears 10-20 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 consistently with well-developed flat MTu …..Aphis sambuci

- SIPH pale or dark, 0.9-2.2 × cauda which is much longer than its basal width and bears 4-11 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 only sporadically with small MTu …..6

6 SIPH uniformly dark. Hairs on hind femur all shorter than diameter of femur at its base

.....Aphis gossypii

- SIPH usually rather pale, darker at apex. Hairs on hind femur mainly longer, some of them about as long as, or longer than, diameter of femur at its base .....Aphis nasturtii

7 Dorsal abdomen with a large roughly horseshoe-shaped patch, and dark cross bars on thorax. SIPH not clavate …..Neomyzus circumflexus

- Dorsum without any distinctive dark markings. SIPH at least slightly clavate …..8

8 R IV+V in most specimens with only one pair of lateral accessory hairs (plus 0-3 ventral accessory hairs). Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 0.80-1.52, but rarely more than 1.25 except in small specimens (those with ANT III less than 0.32 mm)

…..Myzus persicae

- R IV+V in most specimens with two pairs of lateral accessory hairs. Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 1.2-2.7 (rarely less than 1.25) …..Myzus certus

Spermacoce (including Borreria) Rubiaceae

Spermacoce spp. Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus persicae; Uroleucon compositae

[One or more of the above polyphagous aphid species have been recorded from each of the following Spermacoce spp.: chaetocephala, densiflora, eupatorioides, hispida, laevis, octodon, ocymifolia, ocymoides, princeae, pusilla, ruelliae, scabra, senensis, stachydea, verticillata.]

Use the key to polyphagous aphids.

Spermadictyon Rubiaceae

Spermadictyon suaeveolens Aphis gossypii, spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Sphaeralcea Malvaceae

Sphaeralcea coccinea Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus

S. fendleri Aphis gossypii

S. miniata Aphis craccivora

Sphaeralcea sp. Uroleucon ambrosiae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Sphaeranthus Asteraceae

Sphaeranthus flexuosus Aphis gossypii

S. suaeveolens Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Sphaerophysa Fabaceae

Sphaerophysa salsula Aphis craccivora (? – as laburni)

Sphagneticola Asteraceae

Sphagneticola trilobata Acyrthosiphon bidenticola; Aphis fabae, gossypii;

Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae;

Uroleucon ambrosiae

Use key under Wedelia.

Sphagnum Sphagnaceae

Sphagnum capillifolium [Pachypappa sacculi]

S. magellanicum Pseudacaudella rubida

S. recurvum Pseudacaudella rubida

S. rubellum Myzodium modestum; [Pachypappa sacculi]

S. russowii [Pachypappa rosettei]

Sphagnum sp. Melaphis rhois; [Prociphilus xylostei]

Use key to aphids on mosses under Polytrichum.

Sphallerocarpus Apiaceae

Sphallerocarpus gracilis [Dysaphis sibirica (?)]

Sphenogyne see Ursinia Asteraceae

Sphenomeris Dennstaedtiaceae

Sphenomeris chinensis Micromyzella filicis

(or use key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium)

Sphenopholis Poaceae

Sphenopholis nitida Carolinaia rhois

(or use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria)

Spilanthes Asteraceae

Spilanthes acmella Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Myzus persicae; Uroleucon compositae

S. acuminata (?) Myzus persicae

S. iabadicensis = Acmella uliginosa

S. urens Aphis coreopsidis, gossypii

Key to apterae on Spilanthes:-

- ANT III-VI dark, contrasting with pale ANT I-II and head, which has ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH long, thin and black, 0.24-0.4 × BL, contrasting with pale cauda, and without polygonal reticulation …..Aphis coreopsidis

- Without the above combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Spinacia Amaranthaceae

Spinacia oleracea Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, solanella, spiraecola;

Aulacorthum solani; Hayhurstia atriplicis;

[Lipaphis erysimi]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;

Pemphigus sp(p); [Sitobion miscanthi]

Use key to apterae on Beta.

Spiraea (including Opulaster) Rosaceae

Spiraea alba Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis pomi, spiraecola;

Brachycaudus spiraeae

S. alba var. latifolia Acyrthosiphon ignotum, pseudodirhodum;

Aphis spiraecola, spiraephila; Illinoia spiraecola

S. aquilegifolia Aphis spiraephaga

S. ×arguta Acyrthosiphon ignotum;

Aphis fabae, spiraecola, spiraephaga;

Brachycaudus spiraeae; Illinoia spiraeae

S. aruncus = Aruncus sylvester

S. baldshuanica Tricaudatus polygoni

S. bella Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis fabae, spiraecola;

Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

Tricaudatus polygoni

S. betulifolia Aphis spiraecola, spiraephaga, spiraephila

S. betulifolia var. corymbosa Aphis spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

[Schoutedenia ralumensis]; Sitobion rosaeiformis;

Tricaudatus polygoni

S. billardii Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis spiraephaga;

Brachycaudus spiraeae

S. blumei Aphis spiraecola; Myzus persicae

S. bullata = S. japonica var. bullata

S. ×bumalda Acyrthosiphon ignotum;

Aphis fabae, spiraecola, spiraephaga;

Brachycaudus spiraeae; Illinoia spiraeae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. callosa = S. japonica

S. canescens Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis spiraephaga;

[Cavariella himachali]

S. cantoniensis Aphis fabae, gossypii, [odinae], pomi, spiraecola,

spiraephaga;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Parachaitophorus spiraeae

S. chamaedryfolia Acyrthosiphon ignotum;

Aphis fabae, grandis, pomi, spiraecola, spiraephaga,

ucrainensis;

Brachycaudus spiraeae; Pseudomegoura magnolia;

Tricaudatus polygoni

S. chartacea Aphis spiraecola

S. ×cinerea Acyrthosiphon ignotum

S. corymbosa = S. betulifolia var. corymbosa

S. crenata Acyrthosiphon ignotum;

Aphis pomi, spiraecola, spiraephaga, ucrainensis;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

S. densiflora var. splendens Aphis spiraecola

S. douglasii Acyrthosiphon ignotum;

Aphis fabae, pomi, spiraecola, spiraephila;

Aspidophorodon longicauda; Brachycaudus spiraeae;

Illinoia spiraeae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, willamettense;

[aphid gall – Wahlgren 1956, 51]

S. douglasii ssp. menziesii Aspidophorodon longicauda; Brachycaudus spiraeae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. elegans Aphis spiraephila

S. filipendula see Filipendula vulgaris

S. flexuosa Aphis spiraephaga; Tricaudatus polygoni

S. florepleno = S. prunifolia var. florepleno

S. fritschiana Aphis spiraecola

S. gemmata = S. mongolica

S. hypericifolia Acyrthosiphon ignotum, soldatovi

Aphis [craccivora], grandis, spiraecola, spiraephaga,

ucrainensis;

[Avicennina sogdiana]; Brachycaudus spiraeae;

Tricaudatus polygoni

S. japonica (incl. vars acuminata, Aphis fabae, gossypii, pomi, spiraecola, spiraephaga;

alpina, bullata) Brachycaudus spiraeae; Illinoia spiraeae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum sp. (Canada,

BMNH collection);

Myzus ornatus, persicae; Parachaitophorus spiraeae

S. koreana = S. fritschiana

S. lanceolata Aphis neospiraeae

S. lasiocarpa Aphis spiraephaga, ucrainensis; Brachycaudus spiraeae

S. latifolia = S. alba var. latifolia

S. lindleyana Myzus sp. (primary host form of M. ornatus? – see text)

S. longigemmis Aphis spiraecola; Myzus persicae

S. media Acyrthosiphon ignotum, soldatovi;

Aphis grandis, grata, mutini, pomi, spiraecola,

spiraephaga, ucrainensis;

Brachycaudus spiraeae; Tricaudatus polygoni

S. menziesii = S. douglasii var. menziesii

S. microgyna Aphis spiraecola

S. mongolica Aphis spiraecola; Myzus persicae

S. nipponica (incl. var. tosaensis) Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis spiraecola, spiraephaga;

Myzus persicae

S. obovata Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis fabae

S. opulifolia = Opulaster opulifolius

S. pilosa Aphis spiraecola

S. plena = S. prunifolia

S. prunifolia (incl. vars florepleno, Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis spiraecola, spiraephaga;

simpliciflora) Brachycaudus spiraeae

S. ×pseudosalicifolia Brachycaudus spiraeae

S. salicifolia Acyrthosiphon ignotum, [leleji], soldatovi;

Aphis fabae, neospiraeae, pomi, spiraecola, spiraephaga,

ucrainensis, ulmariae;

Brachycaudus spiraeae; Illinoia spiraecola;

Macrosiphum cholodkovskyi, rosae;

Parachaitophorus spiraeae

S. sargentiana Aphis pomi

S. ×semiflorens Acyrthosiphon ignotum

S. sericea Acyrthosiphon ignotum

S. sorbifolia = Sorbaria sorbifolia

S. splendens = S. densiflora var. splendens

S. stevenii Aphis grata, kamtchatica

S. thalictroides = S. aquilegifolia

S. thunbergii Acyrthosiphon ignotum;

Aphis [kogomecola], spiraecola, spiraephaga;

Illinoia spiraecola; [aphid gall – Wahlgren 1956, 51];

Parachaitophorus spiraeae

S. tomentosa Aphis spiraecola

S. tosaensis = S. nipponica var. tosaensis

S. trichocarpa Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis spiraecola, spiraephaga;

Myzus persicae

S. trilobata Aphis [craccivora], spiraephaga, ucrainensis;

Brachycaudus spiraeae

S. ulmaria = Filipendula ulmaria

S. ulmifolia Aphis spiraecola; Brachycaudus spiraeae;

Myzus persicae

S. ussuriensis = S. chamaedryfolia

S. vaccinifolia Aphis fabae

S. ×vanhouttei Acyrthosiphon ignotum;

Aphis gossypii, pomi, spiraecola, spiraephaga,

ucrainensis;

Brachycaudus spiraeae; Illinoia spiraeae

S. vestita = Filipendula vestita

S. wilsonii Aphis spiraephaga

Spiraea spp. Acyrthosiphon rubi; [Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus];

[Clethrobius dryobius]; Illinoia macgillivrayae;

Macrosiphum [opportunisticum], pachysiphon;

[Metopolophium sonchifoliae]; Myzus cymbalariae;

[Myzakkaia verbasci]; [Neobetulaphis immaculata];

Neomyzus circumflexus; [Schoutedenia emblica];

[Semiaphis heraclei]; [Tuberaphis indica]

Key to apterae on Spiraea:-

1 Dorsal body hairs very long and thick, arising from tuberculate bases on dark scleroites. Eyes reduced, often to 3 facets. SIPH as dark, very broad-based cones. Cauda with just 2 long hairs …..Parachaitophorus spiraeae

- Dorsal body hairs shorter or fine if long, not arising from tuberculate bases on dark scleroites. Eyes large, multifacetted. SIPH tubular, pale or dark. Cauda with 4 or more hairs

…..2

2 ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu) …..3

- ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu …..15

3 SIPH short, only 0.4-0.5 × cauda, which bears 13-16 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.5

…..Aphis spiraephila

- SIPH 0.6-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-2.9, but if less than 1.7 then cauda bears less than 13 hairs …..4

4 Abdomen with either a dark dorsal shield or at least some scattered dark markings on ABD TERG 1-6, following the polygonal pattern of reticulation of the cuticle, and usually with dark transverse sclerites on ABD TERG 7 and 8 …..5

- Abdomen without any dark markings on ABD TERG 1-6, and without or with only lightly-pigmented sclerites on 8, or 7 and 8 …..12

5 ABD TERG 2-4 as well as 1 and 7 with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) …...6

- MTu only consistently present on (prothorax and) ABD TERG 1 and 7 …..7

6 ABD TERG 1-6 with an extensive dark shield. SIPH 0.7-1.15 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III …..Aphis ucrainensis*

- ABD TERG 1-6 with scattered dark markings. SIPH at least 1.5 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 1.5 × BD III …..Aphis kamtchatica*

7 ANT III with 1-6 rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.5. Tergum with extensive dark sclerotisation …..Aphis mutini*

- ANT III usually without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens). ANT PT/BASE 1.4-3.5. Tergum with or without extensive dark sclerotisation …..8

8 Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-0.9 × BD III. R IV+V 0.65-0.92 × HT II

…..Aphis spiraephaga

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-3.4 × BD III, but if shorter than BD III then R IV+V is more than 0.92 × HT II …..9

9 ABD TERG 1-6 as well as 7 and 8 with broad dark cross-bands. BL 2.7-3.1 mm

…..Aphis grandis*

- ABD TERG 1-6 without broad dark cross bands. BL 1.3-3.6 mm …..10

10 ABD TERG 7 and 8 (or 6-8) with dark dorsal cross-bands, but ABD TERG 1-5 with only small, scattered sclerites. SIPH 0.8-1.6 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II …..Aphis fabae

- ABD TERG 7 and 8 with or without narrow cross-bands, but ABD TERG 1-5 with more extensive sclerotisation, usually comprising an irregular perforated and often incomplete spinal stripe or central patch. SIPH 0.6-1.0 × cauda. R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × HT II …..11

11 Longest hairs on ANT III 1.6-2.2 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.45. R IV+V 0.85-1.2

× HT II. Cauda with 9-23 hairs …..Aphis neospiraeae

- Longest hairs on ANT III 1.1-1.6 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0. R IV+V 0.7-0.9

× HT II. Cauda with 3-11 hairs …..Aphis grata

12 Femoral hairs all shorter than trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × BD III. Cauda with 4-8 hairs …..Aphis gossypii

- Femora with at least some long, fine-pointed hairs, longer than trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hair on ANT III 0.5-1.7 × BD III. Cauda with 6-19 hairs …..13

13 Cauda pale or dusky, without any constriction at midlength, less than 2 × longer than its midlength width. SIPH pale, dusky or dark, if dark then often less so in middle region. ABD TERG 2-4 often with MTu …..Aphis ulmariae

- Cauda dark, with a midlength constriction, and more than 2 × longer than its width at the narrowest midlength point. SIPH dark. ABD TERG 2-4 with or without MTu …..14

14 Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13) R IV+V more than 0.13 mm …..Aphis pomi

- MTu absent from ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V less than 0.125 mm …..Aphis spiraecola

15 SIPH with subapical reticulation (at least 3-4 rows of closed polygonal cells) …..16

- SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation (sometimes with a few transverse interconnected striae) …..25

16 SIPH dark for at least distal half of length …..17

- SIPH pale, or dark only towards apices …..19

17 SIPH thick, tapering, c. 6-7 × longer than their diameter at midlength, with a very small flange …..Macrosiphum pachysiphon

- SIPH almost cylindrical for most of length, 9-19 × longer than their diameter at midlength, with a rather well-developed flange …..18

18 Front of head black. ANT III with 10-35 rhinaria. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.7-1.1 × BD III. SIPH 1.9-2.4 × cauda …..Macrosiphum rosae

- Front of head pale/dusky. ANT III with 3-5 rhinaria. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.55 × BD III. SIPH 1.5-2.0 × cauda …..Sitobion rosaeiformis

19 SIPH swollen on distal third to 1.2-1.5 × their minimum diameter basad. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.45 × BD III …..20

- SIPH cylindrical on distal half (except that subapical reticulated section may be somewhat constricted). Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.2 × BD III …..22

20 First tarsal joints with 3 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.30-0.45 × BD III. ANT V 1.8-2.4 × cauda. Swollen part of SIPH very lightly imbricated …..Illinoia spiraecola

- First tarsal joints with 4-5 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.20-0.25 × BD III. ANT V

1.2-1.8 × cauda. Swollen part of SIPH moderately imbricated .....21

21 SIPH 1.65-2.3 × cauda. R IV+V 0.125-0.141 mm long, 0.85-1.15 × HT II

…..Illinoia spiraeae

- SIPH 2.35-2.6 × cauda. R IV+V 0.150-0.177 mm long, 1.05-1.25 × HT II

.....Illinoia macgillivrayae

22 SIPH dark distally. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II. Cauda with 9-19 hairs …..23

- SIPH pale or only slightly dusky towards apices. R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × HT II. Cauda with 6-12 hairs …..24

23 Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.2 × BD III. Cauda with 11-19 hairs

…..Macrosiphum cholodkovskyi

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-0.8 × BD III. Cauda with 9-10 hairs

…..Macrosiphum sp. (B.C., Canada, on S. japonica, BMNH collection, leg. C.-k. Chan)

24 Longest hairs on ANT III 0.52-0.55 × BD III. Cauda 1.3-1.8 × ANT VI BASE, with 6-9 (usually 7) hairs. ANT VI BASE 2.0-2.6 × R IV+V …..Macrosiphum willamettense

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III. Cauda 2.1-3.5 × ANT VI BASE, with 8-12

hairs. ANT VI BASE 0.9-1.5 × R IV+V …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

25 Cauda short, helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..26

- Cauda finger-shaped, much longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..28

26 SIPH clavate. Spiracular apertures small and reniform …..Avicennina sogdiana*

- SIPH conical, with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded

…..27

27 R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II. HT I with 3 hairs (sense peg present). Dorsal abdomen pale

…..Brachycaudus helichrysi

- R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. HT I with 2 hairs (no sense peg). Dorsal abdomen often with dark sclerotisation …..Brachycaudus spiraeae

28 ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, with conical or finger-like hair-bearing spinal processes. SIPH smooth …..29

- ABD TERG 7 and 8 without any projections. SIPH smooth or imbricated …..30

29 SIPH dusky/dark, longer than cauda, markedly inflated distally over c.0.75 of length, with maximum width of swollen part c.2.5 × minimum width of stem, and with a distinct flange. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with bluntly conical spinal tubercles …..Tricaudatus polygoni

- SIPH pale, not longer than cauda, cylindrical or only slightly clavate, and completely flangeless. ABD TERG 8 with a finger-like projection above cauda

…..Aspidophorodon longicauda

30 Head densely spiculose, at least on ventral side …..31

- Head not spiculose …..32

31 ABD TERG (1-) 2-3 (-5) with conspicuous papillate marginal tubercles (MTu). Head, prothorax (sometimes) and ABD TERG 7 and 8 (often) with paired spinal tubercles (STu). ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.4. Dorsum pale. SIPH tapering/cylindrical and coarsely imbricated

.....Myzus sp. on S. lindleyana (possible primary host forms of M. ornatus?)

- ABD TERG without or with only sporadic flat inconspicuous MTu, and STu absent from head and prothorax and sporadic on ABD TERG 7-8. If ANT PT/BASE less than 2.5 then dorsum has pattern of intersegmental markings

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5

32 ANT PT more than 2.2 × SIPH, which are only 0.8-1.2 × cauda. ANT III with 5-30 rhinaria

…..Acyrthosiphon pseudodirhodum

- ANT PT 0.8-1.4 × SIPH, which are 1.7-2.5 × cauda. ANT III with 1-8 rhinaria …..33

33 SIPH 1.7-2.0 × cauda. R IV+V 0.55-0.85 × HT II …..Acyrthosiphon ignotum

- SIPH 2.1-2.9 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II …..34

34 Dorsal cuticle papillated or markedly wrinkled. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × ANT BASE VI, and bearing 7-10 accessory hairs …..Acyrthosiphon rubi

- Dorsal cuticle rather smooth. R IV+V c.0.7 × ANT BASE VI, with 6 accessory hairs

…..Acyrthosiphon soldatovi

Spiranthes Orchidaceae

Spiranthes grayi = S. tuberosa

S. tuberosa Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Spirodela Araceae

Spirodela polyrrhiza Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

S. punctata Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Spodiopogon (including Eccoilopus) Poaceae

Spodiopogon cotulifer Sitobion yasumatsui

S. rhizophorus Hysteroneura setariae

S. sibiricus Sitobion avenae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Spondias Anacardiaceae

Spondias cirouella = S. purpurea

S. mombin Aphis aurantii, spiraecola

S. purpurea Aphis aurantii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae

Spondias sp. Aphis odinae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Sporobolus Poaceae

Sporobolus africanus Hysteroneura setariae; Sitobion graminis

S. berteroanus = S. indicus

S. diander = S. diandrus

S. diandrus Hysteroneura setariae

S. festivus Hysteroneura setariae

S. indicus Hysteroneura setariae; [Pterasthenia shiraensis];

Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha flava;

Sitobion africanum, graminis; Tetraneura fusiformis

S. junceus Hysteroneura setariae

S. mildbraedii Hysteroneura setariae; Myzus ornatus; Sitobion graminis

S. mysorensis (?) Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

S. neglectus Schizaphis graminum

S. poiretii = S. junceus

S. pyramidalis Hysteroneura setariae; Myzus ornatus;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Sitobion graminis

S. virginicus Rhopalosiphum maidis

Sporobolus sp. Geoica lucifuga

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Spuriopimpinella see Pimpinella Apiaceae

Stachyopsis Lamiaceae

Stachyopsis lamiiflora [Brachycaudus cerasicola];

Cryptomyzus malkovskii, transiliensis

S. marrubioides Cryptomyzus malkovskii

S. oblongata Cryptomyzus malkovskii

S. ovata [Brachycaudus cerasicola]; Cryptomyzus transiliensis

Key to apterae on Stachyopsis:-

(Both the keyed species have long capitate dorsal hairs arising from tuberculate bases.)

- Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. ANT III with numerous (18-53) rhinaria, and also 3-15 on ANT IV. SIPH tapering to apex …..Cryptomyzus malkovskii

- Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width. ANT III with 1-4 rhinaria near base, IV with 0. SIPH swollen on distal half …..Cryptomyzus transiliensis

Stachys Lamiaceae

Stachys ajugoides Aulacorthum solani

S. alpina Cryptomyzus ribis; Ovatomyzus ribis, stachyos

S. annua Aphis frangulae, stachydis; Cryptomyzus korschelti, ribis;

Kaltenbachiella pallida; [Pemphigus sp.];

Roepkea marchali

S. arvensis Aphis frangulae ssp. beccabungae, gossypii, stachydis;

Aulacorthum solani; Cryptomyzus ribis

S. betonica see S. officinalis

S. betoniciflora Rupr. Brachycaudus cerasicola; Cryptomyzus karzhantavicus

S. bullata Amphorophora stachyophila; Aulacorthum solani;

Neomyzus circumflexus

S. byzantina Cryptomyzus korschelti; Ovatomyzus stachyos

S. californica = S. bullata

S. ciliata = S. mexicana

S. cooleyae Cryptomyzus ribis

S. cretica Aphis stachydis (? – see text); Roepkea marchali

S. foliosa Regel = S. betoniciflora

S. germanica Cryptomyzus galeopsidis, korschelti;

Ovatomyzus stachyos

S. glutinosa Aphis stachydis

S. heraclea Ovatomyzus chamaedrys

S. japonica = S. riederi

S. lanata = S. byzantina

S. mexicana Cryptomyzus ribis

S. officinalis (incl. betonica) Aulacorthum solani;

Cryptomyzus heinzei, korschelti, ribis

S. olympica = S. byzantina

S. palustris Aphis frangulae ssp. beccabungae, stachydis;

Aulacorthum solani;

Cryptomyzus korschelti, ribis, stachydis;

Myzus persicae; Uroleucon stachydis

S. pilosa Aphis stachydis, [Aphis (Cerosipha) sp. (Weiss 1955)];

Cryptomyzus galeopsidis, korschelti, ribis, stachydis;

Uroleucon stachydis

S. recta Aphis [eupatorii], [origani], stachydis; Cryptomyzus ribis

S. riederi (incl. vars. hispidula, Aphis gossypii; Cryptomyzus ribis

japonica)

S. rigida (incl. ssp. quercetorum) Amphorophora stachyophila

S. scopulorum = S. pilosa

S. sericea Aphis stachydis; Myzus ornatus

S. sideritoides = S. sericea

S. sylvatica Aphis stachydis; Aulacorthum solani;

Cryptomyzus galeopsidis, korschelti, ribis, stachydis;

Uroleucon stachydis

Stachys sp. Aphis tashevi

Key to apterae on Stachys:-

1 ANT 4- (occasionally 5-) segmented, less than 0.15 × BL, with PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH absent. All segments with wax glands, each consisting of a ring of roundish facets around a central field …..Kaltenbachiella pallida

- ANT usually 6-segmented, more than 0.2 × BL, with PT/BASE more than 1.5. No evident dorsal wax glands …..2

2 Cauda semicircular to helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. Dorsum often with an extensive black sclerotic shield …..3

- Cauda finger-like, longer than its basal width. Dorsum without an extensive black sclerotic shield …..4

3 SIPH shorter than R IV+V, lightly imbricated, without spicules. Dorsal cuticle not spiculose

….. Brachycaudus cerasicola

- SIPH longer than R IV+V, with transverse rows of spicules. Dorsal cuticle spiculose

…..Roepkea marchali

4 Dorsal body hairs long and thick, much longer than ANT BD III, and many or all of them with knobbed or expanded apices, and arising from tuberculate bases (e.g. Fig.50a) …..5

- Dorsal body hairs mostly shorter than BD III; pointed or blunt, or if with somewhat expanded apices then without tuberculate bases …..9

5 SIPH 5.1-6.5 × cauda ….. Cryptomyzus karzhantavicus*

- SIPH 1.1-4.0 × cauda …..6

6 SIPH 1.1-2.1 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II, and bearing 2-5 accessory hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-1.3 × BD III …..Cryptomyzus galeopsidis

- SIPH 2.4-4.0 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.8 × HT II, and bearing 6-17 accessory hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.9 × BD III …..7

7 SIPH 2.3-3.1 × cauda. R IV+V 1.3-1.4 × HT II, and bearing 6-8 accessory hairs

…..Cryptomyzus ribis

- SIPH 3.1-4.0 × cauda. R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II, and bearing 8-17 accessory hairs …..8

8 R IV+V with 11-17 accessory hairs. Longest hairs on ANT I much longer and thicker than any hairs on ANT III. Longest dorsal hairs more than 100 μm long

…..Cryptomyzus korschelti

- R IV+V with 7-9 accessory hairs. Longest hair on ANT I similar in size to longest hair on ANT III. Longest dorsal hairs less than 80 μm long …..Cryptomyzus heinzei

9 Head densely spinulose, with ANT tubercles well developed, their inner faces scabrous and parallel of apically convergent …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5

- Head without spicules, ANT tubercles undeveloped, weakly developed, or if well developed then with inner faces smooth and divergent …..10

10 ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)

…..11

- ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …..15

11 ANT III with 44-72 rhinaria. SIPH dusky to dark, with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda dusky to dark with c.20-22 hairs …..Uroleucon stachydis

- ANT III with 0-25 rhinaria. SIPH pale, without polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale with 5-13

hairs …..12

12 BL 2.5-3.5 mm. ANT III with 2-25 rhinaria. SIPH smooth, distinctly clavate …..13

- BL 0.9-1.6 mm. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH imbricated, cylindrical or only slightly swollen subapically …..14

13 SIPH 2.9-4.1 × cauda and markedly swollen over distal 0.7, with maximum width of swollen part 1.7-2.0 × minimum width basad (Fig.50b). ANT PT/BASE 8.4-9.8. R IV+V with 5-8 accessory hairs …..Cryptomyzus stachydis

- SIPH 1.7-2.4 × cauda, swollen on distal 0.5 to a maximum of c.1.6 × minimum width basad (Fig.50c). ANT PT/BASE 6.2-8.1. R IV+V with 26-30 accessory hairs

…..Amphorophora stachyophila

14 SIPH 15-23 × longer than their midlength diameter (Fig.50d). Longest hair on ANT tubercles 0.9-1.3 × BD III …..Ovatomyzus stachyos

- SIPH 9-14 × longer than their midlength diameter (Fig.50e). Longest hair on ANT tubercles 0.5-0.8 × BD III …..Ovatomyzus chamaedrys

15 ANT III with 0-10 sec. rhinaria on distal part, IV with 3-9 and V with 0-4. Rostrum very short, length of sclerotised part of stylet groove less than 0.4 mm …..Aphis tashevi

- ANT without sec. rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens). Rostrum longer, length of sclerotised part of stylet groove more than 0.4 mm) …..Aphis stachydis (or A. gossypii?)

Stachytarpheta Verbenaceae

Stachytarpheta angustifolia Aphis gossypii

S. jamaicensis Aphis gossypii

Stachytarpheta sp. [Hysteroneura setariae]

Stachyurus Stachyuraceae

Stachyurus praecox Xenosiphonaphis conandri, japonica

Key to alate fundatrigeniae:-

(Populations on Stachyurus consist of fundatrices and alatae only, and the fundatrix of X. conandri is undescribed.)

- BL 1.6-2.1 mm. Dorsal abdomen with very broad dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 1-7, partially fused across ABD TERG 3-6 with only small gaps between them. Sec. rhin. III

17-20, IV 7-8, V 0-1 …..Xenosiphonaphis conandri

- BL 2.4-3.0 mm. Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands partly fused marginally, but with wide gaps between them in spinal region. Sec. rhin. III 22-26, IV 4-9, V 0-1

…..Xenosiphonaphis japonica

Stanhopea Orchidaceae

Stanhopea graveolens Sitobion luteum

Staphylea Staphyleaceae

Staphylea bumalda Aphis gossypii; Indomegoura indica, nigrotibiae

S. colchica Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

S. pinnata Aphis fabae; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

S. trifolia Aphis fabae

Key to apterae on Staphylea:-

1 SIPH dark and tapering from base to flange

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, staring at couplet 14

- SIPH pale or dark, swollen over part of length …..2

2 Legs mainly pale. Head spiculose, with inner faces of antennal tubercles approximately parallel. SIPH pale except distally, swollen on distal 0.7, without subapical reticulation; maximum diameter of swollen part more than 1.5 × minimum width of proximal "neck" region (fig. 110C) .....Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

- Legs dark. Dorsal cuticle of head smooth or slightly wrinkled, inner faces of antennal tubercles broadly divergent. SIPH uniformly dark, more-or-less barrel-shaped, thickest in middle, with subapical reticulation (figs 110A, B) .....3

3 BL more than 3 mm. Cauda elongate, much longer than wide, more than 0.5 × SIPH. R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II. SIPH almost cylindrical on proximal 0.7 of length, narrowing only subapically (fig. 110A) .....Indomegoura indica

- BL less than 3 mm. Cauda triangular, about as long as its basal width, less than 0.5 × SIPH. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. SIPH narrowing proximad as well as distad of swelling (fig. 110B)

.....Indomegoura nigrotibiae

Statice see Limonium Plumbaginaceae

Stauntonia Lardizabulaceae

Stauntonia hebandra = S. obovata

S. hexaphylla Sitobon akebiae

S. obovata Amphicercidus laniger

Couplet to separate these two species:-

(Both species have dark SIPH, non-spiculose head and low, broadly divergent ANT tubercles.)

- Cauda short, conical with rounded apex, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT with finely pointed hairs, many of them longer than BD III …..Amphicercidus laniger

- Cauda much longer than its basal width. SIPH with distal polygonal reticulation. ANT with short blunt hairs, less than 0.5 × BD III …..Sitobion akebiae

Steganotaenia Apiaceae

Steganotaenia araliacea Aphis fabae; Hyadaphis coriandri

Use key to apterae on Coriandrum.

Steirodiscus see Euryops Asteraceae

Steirodiscus chrysanthemoides = Euryops chyrysanthemoides

Steironema see Lysimachia Primulaceae

Stelechocarpus Annonaceae

Stelechocarpus burahol Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Stelis Orchidaceae

Stelis aprica Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Sitobion luteum

S. cubensis = S. aprica

S. ekmanii Sitobion luteum

S. ophioglossoides Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Sitobion luteum

S. velaticaulis Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Sitobion luteum

Use key to aphids on orchids under Cymbidium.

Stellaria Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria alsine = S. uliginosa

S. aquatica = Myosoton aquaticum

S. crispata = S. monosperma

S. dichotoma Stellariopsis songini

S. graminea Aulacorthum solani; Brachycolus stellariae;

Macrosiphum stellariae; Myzus ascalonicus

S. holostea Aphis fabae; Brachycolus stellariae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [hartigi], stellariae, [ gei];

Myzus ascalonicus, [dianthicola], persicae, titschaki

S. jamesiana = Pseudostelleria jamesiana

S. longipes Brachycaudus helichrysi; Brachycolus brachysiphon

S. media Acyrthosiphon auctum

Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii,

[rhamnicola], sambuci;

Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus, certus, cymbalariae, icelandicus,

ornatus, persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus;

Neotoxoptera oliveri, [sunkangensis];

Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon;

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale; [Sipha maydis]

S. monosperma Abstrusomyzus phloxae;

Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae

S. neglecta Myzus ascalonicus

S. nemorum Aphis nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani;

[Brachycaudus lychnidis]; Brachycolus stellariae;

[Jacksonia papillata]; Macrosiphum stellariae;

Myzus ascalonicus

S. peduncularis = S. longipes

S. uliginosa Aphis nasturtii; Macrosiphum stellariae; [Myzus cerasi]

Stellaria sp. [Macrosiphum incertum Mordvilko (= stellariae?)]

Key to apterae on Stellaria:-

1 SIPH pale with subapical polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells). ANT III with 1-13 rhinaria, and with longest hairs 0.6-1.2 × BD III …..2

- SIPH pale or dark, without polygonal reticulation (unless strongly swollen). ANT III with 0-3 rhinaria, if with any then longest hairs less than 0.5 × BD III …..3

2 Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices (Fig.51a). ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 26-56 μm, usually as long as or longer than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2-13 hairs in addition to those on posterior margin .....Macrosiphum stellariae

- Femora pale or only slightly dusky at apices. ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 21-37 μm, usually shorter than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2(-4) hairs on anterior part

.....Macrosiphum euphorbiae

3 Head not spiculose, with ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, or if well developed then having smooth, broadly divergent inner faces …..4

- Head spiculose, with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces scabrous and parallel or apically convergent …..12

4 ANT 5-segmented, bearing long hairs up to 4-5 × BD III

…..Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

- ANT usually 6-segmented, with much shorter hairs …..5

5 SIPH very small, flangeless, conical or barrel-shaped (e.g Fig. 51b), less than 0.3 × cauda

…..6

- SIPH more than 0.6 × cauda …..7

6 ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.6. Cauda triangular, much shorter than PT …..Brachycolus stellariae

- ANT PT/BASE 1.2 –1.5. Cauda elongate, longer than PT …..Brachycolus brachysiphon*

7 ABD TERG 1-5 each with 10-12 hairs (2 marginal, 1 pleural and 2-3 spinal pairs), which have capitate or spatulate apices and arise from rough wart-like tubercles (Fig.51c)

…..Stellariopsis songini

- ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with 6 hairs with blunt or pointed apices, not on tubercles

…..8

8 ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH pale …..9

- ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. SIPH pale or dark …..11

9 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width, with 4-6 hairs. SIPH conical, with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. ANT III without rhinaria

…..Brachycaudus helichrysi

- Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width, with 7-13 hairs. SIPH tubular, without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform. ANT III usually with 1-3 rhinaria …..10

10 SIPH 0.15-0.20 × BL and 0.8-1.4 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0

.....Acyrthosiphon auctum

- SIPH 0.23-0.33 × BL and 1.5-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.4 .....Acyrthosiphon ilka

11 ABD TERG 2-4 or 2-5 as well as 1 and 7 with large flat MTu. SIPH black, 2.1-3.5 × cauda

…..Aphis sambuci

- ABD TERG 2-4 without MTu, or occasionally with small papilliform MTu. SIPH pale or dark, 0.7-2.5 × cauda

…..polyphagous Aphis spp.; go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

12 SIPH gradually tapering from base to apex …..13

- SIPH with slight, moderate or marked swelling of distal part …..15

13 ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. ANT III without rhinaria. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental spots …..Myzus ornatus

- ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.5. ANT III usually with 1-3 smll rhinaria near base. Dorsal abdomen pale or with more extensive dark markings …..14

14 Dorsum with extensive dark markings, including an approximately U-shaped abdominal patch .....Neomyzus circumflexus

- Dorsum without dark markings …..Aulacorthum solani

15 SIPH black and very strongly swollen on distal half, with polygonal reticulation distal to swelling. Dorsum with an extensive dark sclerite …..Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon

- SIPH pale or dusky and only slightly to moderately swollen, without any distal polygonal reticulation. Dorsum without dark sclerotisation …..16

16 SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III …..17

- SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III …..19

17 ANT tubercles themselves rather low, but with scabrous processes extending forward from ANT bases. SIPH weakly swollen subapically (over about distal 0.25). Dorsum with an evident reticulate pattern …..Abstrusomyzus phloxae

- ANT tubercles broadly rounded, without forwardly-directed processes. SIPH slightly to moderately swollen over about distal 0.5. Dorsum without a reticulate pattern …..18

18 R IV+V in most specimens with only one pair of lateral accessory hairs (plus 0-3 ventral accessory hairs). Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 0.80-1.52, but rarely more than 1.25 except in small specimens (those with ANT III less than 0.32 mm)

…..Myzus persicae

- R IV+V in most specimens with two pairs of lateral accessory hairs. Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 1.2-2.7 (rarely less than 1.25) …..Myzus certus

19 SIPH with a narrow basal stem, its narrowest part thinner than, or as thin as, hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II, with 7-15 accessory hairs …..Myzus ascalonicus

- SIPH thicker on basal half, its narrowest part thicker than hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V 0.9-1.6 × HT II, with 2-8 accessory hairs …..20

20 R IV+V 0.9-1.05 × HT II. SIPH c.1.8 × the tongue-shaped cauda …..Myzus titscheki

- R IV+V 1.2-1.6 × HT II. SIPH more than 2 × the triangular (tapering) cauda …..21

21 ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.3. SIPH very coarsely imbricated on swollen part. Dorsal cuticle very rugose …..Myzus cymbalariae

- ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.8 SIPH smooth or normally imbricated on swollen part. Dorsal cuticle not rugose …..22

22 ANT PT/BASE 4.3-4.8. (Al. with wing-veins not dark-bordered, with a solid black patch on ABD TERG 3-4, fused across tergites and constricted in midline, and with secondary rhinaria distributed III 39-52, IV 29-31, V 6-11) …..Myzus stellariae

- ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.3. (Al. with wing-veins black-bordered, with broad dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 2-5 only partially fused between tergites, and with secondary rhinaria distributed III 12-47, IV 0-13, V 0-2) …..Noetoxoptera oliveri (or sungkangensis*?)

Stellera Thymelaeaceae

Stellera chamaejasme Aphis brachychaeta

Stemmacantha Asteraceae

Stemmacantha carthamoides Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus; Uroleucon gobonis

S. uniflora Uroleucon mongolicum

See under Rhaponticum for combined key to apterae on Rhaponticum and Stemmacantha.

Stenactis see Erigeron Asteraceae

Stenosiphonium Acanthaceae

Stenosiphonium parviflorum Aphis gossypii; [Hysteroneura setariae]

S. russelianum Aphis gossypii

Stenostomum Rubiaceae

Stenostomum lucidum Aphis gossypii

Stenotaphrum Poaceae

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum Geoica lucifuga; Hysteroneura setariae;

Sitobion africanum

S. secundatum Hysteroneura setariae; Sipha flava

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Stephanandra Rosaceae

Stephanandra incisa Aphis odinae

S. tanakae Pseudomegoura magnoliae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Stephania Menispermaceae

Stephania abyssinica Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

[Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)]

S. forsteri = S. japonica var. timoriensis

S. japonica (incl. var. timoriensis) Aphis gossypii, odinae

Use key to polyphagus aphids.

Stephanomeria (including Ptilora) Asteraceae

Stephanomeria pauciflora Uroleucon bonitum

S. tenuifolia Uroleucon bonitum

Stephanomeria sp. [Uroleucon erigeronense]

Stephanotis Apocynaceae

Stephanotis floribunda Aphis nerii; Myzus persicae

Sterculia Sterculiaceae

Sterculia foetida Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Sterculia sp. Aphis odinae; [Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Steris see Lychnis Caryophyllaceae

Stevia Asteraceae

Stevia glandulosa Hyperomyzus niger

S. salicifolia Uroleucon mexicanum

S. serrata Uroleucon paucosensoriatum

S. subpubescens Aphis solitaria; Hyperomyzus niger

Stevia sp. Ucrimyzus villalobosi; Uroleucon atsronomus

Key to apterae on Stevia:-

1 SIPH dark with distal reticulation consisting of numerous small polygonal cells .....2

- SIPH pale or dark, without a distal zone of polygonal reticulation .....4

2 SIPH reticulated over distal 0.41-0.60 of length. Cauda with 7-14 hairs (usually less than 10). (R IV+V with 7-15 accessory hairs) .....Uroleucon mexicanum

- SIPH reticulated on less than 0.4 of length. Cauda with more than 11 hairs .....3

3 R IV+V with 17-24 accessory hairs. ANT III with 10-30 rhinaria. Tibiae basally and distally dark contrasting with pale middle section. SIPH reticulated on more than 0.32 of length

.....Uroleucon astronomus

- R IV+V with 5-8 accessory hairs. ANT III with 4-16 rhinaria. Tibiae entirely pigmented, usually darkening progressively from base to apex. SIPH reticulated on less than 0.33 of length .....Uroleucon paucosensoriatum

4 SIPH tapering, pale with darker apices, cauda dark. Tergum mostly pale and membranous. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Aphis solitaria

- SIPH clavate, pale or dark, cauda pale. Tergum either pale or with an extensive dark sclerotic shield. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu …..5

5 Tergum with an extensive dark sclerotic shield. ANT III with 19-30 sec. rhinaria, IV with 0-18, V 0-5 …..Hyperomyzus niger

- Tergum mostly pale and membranous. ANT III with 1-20 rhinaria, IV and V with 0

…..Ucrimyzus villalobosi

Stewartia see Stuartia Theaceae

Stichorkis Orchidaceae

Stichorkis nugentiae Sitobion luteum

Stigmaphyllon Malpighiaceae

Stigmaphyllon affine Aphis gossypii

S. sagraeanum Aphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola

S. tomentosum Aphis craccivora

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Stilbe Stilbaceae

Stilbe spp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Stipa (including Achnatherum, Lasiagrostis) Poaceae

Stipa arabica Chaetosiphella longirostris

S. bromoides Sitobion avenae, fragariae

S. calamagrostis Chaetosiphella stipae, stipae ssp. setosa; Sipha elegans

S. capensis Forda formicaria; Melanaphis pyraria;

Paracletus cimiciformis; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi;

Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae

S. capillata Anoecia corni, stipae, [Anoecia sp. (Bozhko 1976a)];

Atheroides serrulatus;

Chaetosiphella massagetica, stipae, tschernavini;

Forda marginata, orientalis, pawlowae;

[Holmania chaetosiphon (al. vagrant)]; Sitobion avenae

S. comata Diuraphis tritici

S. confusa Chaetosiphella stipae; Sitobion avenae

S. dasyphylla Chaetosiphella stipae

S. elegantissima Rhopalosiphum padi

S. gigantea Chaetosiphella stipae

S. joannis Chaetosiphella stipae

S. kirghisorum Chaetosiphella massegetica, stipae; Forda marginata

S. lagascae Metopolophium dirhodum

S. lessingiana Forda orientalis, pawlowae; Geoica utricularia;

[Slavum lentiscoides]; Chaetosiphella stipae

S. leucotricha Schizaphis graminum

S. orientalis Chaetosiphella stipae

S. parviflora Forda formicaria

S. pennata (incl. ssp. eriocaulis) Chaetosiphella stipae; Sitobion avenae;

[Slavum lentiscoides]

S. retorta = S. capensis

S. sareptana Chaetosiphella stipae; Forda marginata;

[Slavum lentiscoides]

S. sibirica Chaetosiphella stipae; Forda marginata

S. speciosa Hysteroneura setariae

S. splendens Atheroides karakumi; Chaetosiphella stipae;

Sipha elegans; Tetraneura africana

S. viridula Schizaphis graminum

Stipa spp. Carolinaia rhois; [Dysaphis ubsanurensis]; Sipha maydis

Use key to apterae on grasses under Digitaria.

Stipagrostis Poaceae

Stipagrostis pennata Sipha maydis

Stipularia Rubiaceae

Stipularia africana Aphis gossypii

Stirlingia Proteaceae

Stirlingia latifolia (?) Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Stizolophus Asteraceae

Stizolophus balsamita Uroleucon jaceae

Stizolobium see Mucuna Fabaceae

Stocksia Sapindaceae

Stocksia brahuica Brachyunguis kaussarii

Stoebe Asteraceae

Stoebe sp. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Stomatanthes Asteraceae

Stomatanthes african