HOST LISTS and KEYS

1 ANT 5-segmented. Prothorax and ABD TERG 2-4 as well as 1 and 7 all with well-developed hemispherical marginal tubercles. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II and bearing 2-4 accessory hairs. SIPH 0.9-1.1 × cauda, both shorter than R IV+V. Cauda triangular with 6-8 hairs …..Aphis serratularadicis*

- ANT usually 6-segmented. MTu either absent or only consistently present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7, and other characters not in the above combination …..2

2 SIPH dark with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation …..3

- SIPH pale or dark, but if dark then without polygonal reticulation

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

3 Cauda as dark as, or almost as dark as, SIPH …..4

- Cauda much paler than SIPH …..6

4 Cauda with c.40-60 hairs. R IV+V 1.4-1.7 × HT II. ANT III with 22-66 rhinaria

…..Uroleucon giganteum

- Cauda with 13-28 hairs. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. ANT III with 15-54 rhinaria …..5

5 Cauda with 13-24 hairs. ANT III with 15-21 rhinaria …..Uroleucon minor

- Cauda with 22-28 hairs. ANT III with 16-54 rhinaria …..Uroleucon jaceae

6 Cauda with 7-11 hairs. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. Hind tibia without a row of

peg-like hairs …..Uroleucon mongolicum

- Cauda with 24-41 hairs. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Hind tibia with a row of

peg-like hairs …..Uroleucon caspicum

Sesamum Pedaliaceae

Sesamum indicum Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nasturtii;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae

S. orientale = S. indicum

S. radiatum Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Sesbania (including Daubetonia) Fabaceae

S. aculeata = S. bispinosa

S. aegyptiaca = S. sesban

S. bispinosa Aphis craccivora

S. coerulescens Aphis craccivora

S. grandiflora Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum; Aphis gossypii

S. macrantha Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)

S. punicea Aphis craccivora; Myzus persicae

S. sesban Aphis craccivora; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus persicae

S. tripetii = S. punicea

Key to apterae on Sesbania:-

1 ANT tubercles very well developed, with smooth divergent inner faces. SIPH pale and attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midpoints …..2

- ANT tubercles variably developed. SIPH pale or dark, and thicker than hind tibiae at their respective midpoints …..3

2 SIPH 0.42-0.50 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon gossypii

- SIPH 0.22-0.37 × BL and 1.2-1.9 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon pisum

3 SIPH with distal band of polygonal reticulation and hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III

…..Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)

- SIPH either without a distal band of polygonal reticulation or hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Seseli Apiaceae

Seseli annuum Anuraphis pyrilaseri;

Aphis fabae, seselii, umbelliferarum;

Semiaphis dauci ssp. seselii

S. austriacum = S. elatum ssp. austriacum

S. buchtormense = Libanotis buchtormensis

S. campestre Defractosiphon brevisiphon

S. condensatum = Libanotis condensata

S. coronatum Dysaphis foeniculus

S. devenyense Semiaphis dauci ssp. seselii

S. dichotomum Dysaphis seselii

S. elatum Acyrthosiphon nigripes ssp. blattnyi; Aphis fabae;

Defractosiphon brevisiphon; Macrosiphum gei;

Semiaphis dauci ssp. seselii

S. elatum ssp. austriacum Acyrthosiphon nigripes ssp. blattnyi;

Aphis fabae, franzi, solanella, [spiraephaga];

Cavariella aegopodii; Defractosiphon franzi;

Semiaphis dauci ssp. seselii

S. elatum ssp. osseum Acyrthosiphon nigripes ssp. blattnyi; Aphis schilderi;

Defractosiphon brevisiphon;

Semiaphis dauci, dauci ssp. seselii

S. glabratum Aphis franzi; Cavariella aegopodii; Semiaphis dauci

S. hippomarathrum Acyrthosiphon nigripes; Semiaphis dauci ssp. seselii

S. incanum = Libanotis incana

S. ledebourii Aphis brohmeri, franzi, grosmannae; Cavariella aegopodii;

Hyadaphis coriandri; Semiaphis dauci

S. ledebouriana (?) Cavariella aegopodii

S. leucospermum Acyrthosiphon nigripes ssp. blattnyi

S. libanotis Aphis fabae, franzi, podagrariae, seselii;

Cavariella aegopodii;

Dysaphis [crataegi], foeniculus, libanotidis;

Semiaphis dauci ssp. seselii

S. montanum Aphis fabae

S. nanum Aphis fabae

S. osseum = S. elatum ssp. osseum

S. pallasii = S. varium

S. schrenkianum = Libanotis schrenkiana

S. seseloides = Libanotis seseloides

S. sessiliflorum Cavariella aegopodii; Dysaphis foeniculus;

Hyadaphis coriandri; Semiaphis dauci, [sphondylii]

S. sibiricum [Semiaphis sphondylii]

S. stricta Aphis franzi

S. tortuosum Aphis schilderi, seselii; Semiaphis dauci ssp. seselii

S. transcaucasicum Aphis fabae, umbelliferarum

S. unicaule Dysaphis unicauli

S. varium Hyadaphis foeniculi; Semiaphis dauci ssp. seselii

Seseli spp. [Aphis seselii Lichtenstein (nomen nudum)];

Dysaphis viennoti; Semiaphis anthrisci

Key to apterae on Seseli (and Libanotis):-

1 ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces smooth and divergent …..2

- ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle part of head in dorsal view …..3

2 Head, ANT and legs almost entirely black. SIPH long, thin and black, without subapical reticulation. ANT III with 9-26 rhinaria …..Acyrthosiphon nigripes ssp. blattnyi

- Head pale; ANT, legs and SIPH only partly dark. SIPH with subapical poygonal reticulation. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria …..Macrosiphum gei

3 ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly projecting process above cauda. SIPH clavate, 0.17-0.23 × BL and 1.8-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.64-1.25 .....Cavariella aegopodii

- No supracaudal process. SIPH cylindrical or tapering, or if clavate then shorter and/or ANT PT longer .....4

4 Cauda helmet-shaped or triangular, less than 1.1 × its basal width in dorsal view …..5

- Cauda elongate triangular or tongue-shaped, nore than 1.2 × its basal width …..13

5 SIPH longer than cauda, which is helmet-shaped (pentagonal). ANT III-IV without rhinaria

…..6

- SIPH 0.3-0.6 × cauda, which is triangular. Rhinaria present on ANT III, and sometimes on IV

…..12

6 Head densely spiculose. SIPH shorter than R IV+V, with close-set annular rows of blunt spinules. Cauda with 10-12 hairs. Spinal tubercles (STu) present on ABD TERG 1-5

…..Anuraphis pyrilaseri

- Head not spiculose. SIPH longer than R IV+V, normally imbricated. Cauda with 5-8 hairs. STu absent from ABD TERG 1-5; present on head and ABD TERG 8, or absent …..7

7 STu present on head, and often also on ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8 …..8

- STu absent …..11

8 Longest hairs on ANT III (0.8-)1.0-3.3 × BD III …..9

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × BD III …..10

9 Longest hairs on ANT III (0.8-)1.0-1.6 × BD III. SIPH 0.10-0.15 mm

….. Dysaphis foeniculus

- Longest hairs on ANT III 2.0-3.3 × BD III. SIPH 0.14-0.21 mm ….. Dysaphis mordvilkoi*

10 Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 7 (as well as 1-5). SIPH up to 0.14 × BL

…..Dysaphis libanotidis*

- MTu only present on ABD 7 in a minority (12.7%) of specimens. SIPH c. 0.11 × BL

…..Dysaphis seselii*

11 ANT 0.33-0.5 × BL. SIPH 0.07-0.08 × BL …..Dysaphis unicauli*

- ANT 0.69-0.85 × BL. SIPH 0.09-0.11 × BL …..Dysaphis viennoti

12 Flat or hemispherical marginal tubercles (MTu) consistently present on ABD TERG 1-5 and 7

…..Aphis umbelliferarum

- MTu absent or inconspicuous, or not consistently present on any of ABD TERG 1-7

…..Aphis seselii*

13 MTu present on prothorax and (at least) ABD TERG 1 and 7 …..14

- MTu present or absent, but not on ABD TERG 1 and 7 …..19

14 MTu consistently present on ABD TERG 2-4 (-5) as well as 1 and 7 …..15

- MTu consistently on ABD TERG 1 and 7, but only irregularly on 2-5 …..17

15 SIPH 0.6-0.8 × cauda, which bears 6-9 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.0. R IV+V 0.8-0.95 × HT II …..Aphis franzi

- SIPH 1.0-1.6 × cauda, which bears 12-31 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.3. R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × HT II …..16

16 Longest hairs on ANT III 1.7-2.8 × BD III. Cauda with 20-31 hairs …..Aphis brohmeri

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.6 × BD III. Cauda with 11-19 hairs …..Aphis grosmannae

17 Cauda with 4-8 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.25-0.5 × BD III …..Aphis schilderi

- Cauda with 8-24 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-3.6 × BD III …..18

18 Longest hairs on ANT III 2.0-3.6 × ANT III …..Aphis podagrariae

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-2.2 × ANT III …..Aphis fabae (or solanella)

19 SIPH 0.6-1.4 × cauda, swollen for part of length, with a large terminal aperture and a

well-developed flange …..20

- SIPH 0.12-0.9 × cauda, tapering or cylindrical, flangeless, with a small aperture .....21

20 SIPH clavate, 0.9-1.4 × cauda and 1.6-2.8 × HT II …..Hyadaphis foeniculi

- SIPH thick on basal half and slightly swollen proximal to apex, 0.6-0.8 × cauda and 0.9-1.3 × HT II .....Hyadaphis coriandri

21 SIPH 0.75-0.9 × cauda, tapering, with a narrow rounded apex and small subterminal aperture. ANT III with 0-6 rhinaria on distal part, and IV with 1-7 (1-11 on III + IV if fused)

.....Defractosiphon franzi

- SIPH 0.12-0.6 × cauda, either very short and conical, or cylindrical with a terminal aperture. ANT III-IV with or without rhinaria .....22

22 SIPH very short, 0.12-0.2 × cauda, mammariform or conical, shorter than basal width, with a small subapical aperture …..Defractosiphon brevisiphon

- SIPH 0.4-0.6 × cauda, longer than their basal widths, with terminal aperture …..23

23 Posterior hair on hind trochanter less than 0.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture

…..Semiaphis dauci (incl. ssp. seselii)

- Posterior hair on hind trochanter more than 0.6 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture

…..24

24 SIPH cylindrical or slightly swollen, more than 1.5 × their basal width. ABD TERG 2-4 often with small hemispherical MTu …..Semiaphis anthrisci

- SIPH tapering, less than 1.5 × their basal width. MTu absent or rare

…..Semiaphis heraclei

Sesleria Poaceae

Sesleria albicans Sitobion avenae

S. coerulea Anoecia corni; Paracletus cimiciformis; Tetraneura ulmi

S. varia = S. coerulea

Use key to apterae on grasses under Digitaria.

Setaria (including Chaetochloa) Poaceae

Setaria aurea = S. sphacelata

S. barbata Geoica lucifuga; Tetraneura fusiformis

S. chevalieri = S. megaphylla Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

S. chondrachne Colopha setaricola

S. faberi Rhopalosiphum maidis

S. geniculata = S. parviflora

S. glauca = Pennisetum glaucum

S. imberbis = S. parviflora

S. incrassata Rhopalosiphum maidis

S. intermedia Tetraneura fusiformis

S. italica Anoecia corni; Melanaphis sacchari;

Paracletus cimiciformis;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;

Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, flava;

Sitobion avenae, miscanthi;

Tetraneura caerulescens,fusiformis, javensis,

nigriabdominalis, yezoensis

S. lutescens = S. pumila

S. macrostachya Pseudoregma panicola

S. megaphylla Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Geoica lucifuga;

[Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)]; Tetraneura fusiformis

S. pallide-fusca = S. pumila

S. palmifolia Ceratovacuna panici; Geoica lucifuga;

Hysteroneura setariae; Sitobion miscanthi;

Smynthurodes betae

S. paniculifera = S. palmifolia

S. parviflora Aphis fabae; Carolinaia howardii, setariae;

Hysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum maidis;

Sipha flava; Sitobion avenae, miscanthi, pauliani;

Tetraneura fusiformis

S. phleoides = S. incrassata

S. plicata Hysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum maidis;

Sitobion lambersi

S. poiretiana Sitobion africanum

S. pumila Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis, haupti, vagans;

Aphis gossypii; [Dysaphis microsiphon];

Geoica lucifuga, setulosa, utricularia; Myzus ornatus;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;

Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, flava, maydis;

Sitobion akebiae, avenae, miscanthi;

Tetraneura basui, caerulescens, fusiformis, radicicola,

ulmi

S. sphacelata (incl. vars aurea, Hysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum maidis;

splendida) Sipha flava;

Sitobion africanum, graminis, pauliani,

[Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)];

Tetraneura fusiformis

S. tenuifolia (?) Sitobion africanum

S. trinervia = S. sphacelata

S. verticillata Anoecia corni, vagans; Aphis gossypii;

Geoica utricularia; Hysteroneura setariae;

Rhopalosiphum maidis; Sipha elegans, flava, maydis;

Sitobion africanum, avenae;

Tetraneura caerulescens, fusiformis, [longisetosa],

nigriabdominalis, ulmi

S. viridis Anoecia corni, cornicola, fulviabdominalis, vagans;

Aphis gossypii; Diuraphis noxia; Forda marginata;

Geoica utricularia; Hyalopterus pruni;

Hysteroneura setariae; [Kaltenbachiella nirecola];

Myzus persicae; Paracletus bykovi, cimiciformis;

Protaphis middletonii;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;

Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, flava, maydis;

Sitobion akebiae, avenae;

Tetraneura fusiformis, ulmi, yezoensis;

[Toxoptera setariae Rusanova 1942 (nomen nudum)]

Setaria spp. Anoecia setariae; Aploneura lentisci;

Ceratovacuna perglandulosa; Laingia psammae;

[Myzus maculocorpus]; Pseudaphis sijui;

[Pyrolachnus imbricatus]; Sitobion bamendae, fragariae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Setoreasea see Tradescantia Commelinaceae

Severinia see Atalantia Rutaceae

Severinia buxifolia = Atalantia buxifolia

Shepherdia (including Lepargyrea) Elaeagnaceae

Shepherdia argentea Capitophorus elaeagni, hippophaes, shepherdiae, similis

Sh. canadensis Capitophorus elaeagni, hudsonicus

Shepherdia sp. [Capitophorus essigi]

Key to apterae in spring populations on Shepherdia:-

[Note: All five species have thick hairs with expanded apices, arising from tuberculate bases. The key is not applicable to fundatrices. In western North America a sixth species (C. essigi) probably also has Shepherdia as primary host (A. Jensen, pers.comm. and see aphidtrek.org), but its spring generations have not been recorded.]

1 SIPH distinctly swollen subapically on inner side, to more than 1.2 × minimum width basad

…..2

- SIPH cylindrical or tapering, or only very slightly swollen subapically, to less than 1.1 × minimum width basad …..4

2 Cauda not longer than R IV+V, and bearing 5 hairs. Dorsal cuticle variolate.

ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.8 …..Capitophorus shepherdiae

- Cauda much longer than R IV+V, and bearing 6-9 hairs. Dorsal cuticle almost smooth between hair-bases. ANT PT/BASE 2.4-8.9 …..3

3 ANT PT/BASE 5.5-8.9 …..Capitophorus hippophaes

- ANT PT/BASE 2.4-2.7 …..Capitophorus hudsonicus

4 ABD TERG 1-4 each with 6-8 hairs (usually 1 pair each of spinal, pleural and marginal hairs per tergite). R IV+V 1.4-1.5 × HT II and shorter than cauda which bears 7-11 hairs

…..Capitophorus elaeagni

- ABD TERG 1-4 each with 2 pairs of spinal and pleural hairs, and usually with 3 marginal hairs on each side. R IV+V 1.9-2.3 × HT II and longer than cauda, which bears 5-6 hairs

…..Capitophorus similis

Sherardia Rubiaceae

Sherardia arvensis Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Myzus ascalonicus, cerasi (as veronicae), persicae

Key to apterae on Sherardia:-

- Dorsal abdomen with an extensive black sclerotic shield. SIPH black, coarsely imbricated, 2.3-2.8 × cauda and 1.3-1.8 × ANT III …..Myzus cerasi

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Sherwoodia Diapensiaceae

Sherwoodia galacifolia Amphorophora laingi (? – Leonard 1968)

Shibataea Poaceae

Shibataea chinensis Glyphinaphis bambusae; Pseudoregma alexanderi

Sh.kumasaca Glyphinaphis bambusae; Melanaphis bambusae

(use key to aphids on Bambusa)

Shiia see Castanopsis Fagaceae

Shorea Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea robusta Aphis gossypii, nasturtii

Sh. talura Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Shortia see Sherwoodia Diapensiaceae

Sibbaldia Rosaceae

Sibbaldia tridentata Aphis gossypii

Sibbaldianthe Rosaceae

Sibbaldianthe bifurca Aphis comari, fabae, tianschanica;

(incl. ssp. orientalis) Macropodaphis rechingeri

(use key to apterae on Potentilla)

Sibiraea Rosaceae

Sibiraea altaiensis = S. laevigata

S. laevigata Acyrthosiphon ignotum; Aphis pomi; Aulacorthum solani

Use key to apterae on Spiraea.

Sicyos Cucurbitaceae

Sicyos angulata Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. edulis see Sechium edule

Sida Malvaceae

Sida abutilifolia Aphis gossypii

S. acuminata = Sidastrum multiflorum

S. acuta Aphis aurantii, gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae

S. alba = Sida spinosa

S. carpinifolia = Sida acuta

S. cordifolia Aphis fabae, gossypii

S. cunninghamii (?) Aphis gossypii

S. garckeana = Sida acuta

S. glomerata Aphis gossypii

S. palmata Aphis gossypii

S. procumbens = Sida abutilifolia

S. pyramidata = Allosidastrum pyramidatum

S. rhombifolia Aphis gossypii, spiraecola

S. schimperiana Myzus ornatus, persicae

S. spinosa Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae

S. urens Aphis gossypii

Sida spp. Aphis citricidus, coreopsidis, nasturtii;

Aulacorthum solani; [Macrosiphum salviae];

[Sumatraphis celti]

Key to apterae on Sida:-

- SIPH 0.24-0.40 × BL, about twice as long as the much paler cauda. Head, ANT I, II and basal part of III very pale, contrasting with dark rest of ANT ..….Aphis coreopsidis

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Sidalcea Malvaceae

Sidalcea sp. [Acyrthosiphon pisum]; Uroleucon eoessigi

Sidastrum Malvaceae

Sidastrum multiflorum Aphis gossypii

Sideritis Lamiaceae

Sideritis romana Aphis origani

Sideroxylon (including Mastichodendron, Dipholis) Sapotaceae

Sideroxylon foetidissimum Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

S. salicifolium Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Sieversia see Geum Rosaceae

Sieversia ciliata = Geum triflorum var. ciliatum

Sigesbeckia Asteraceae

Sigesbeckia glabrescens Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus [siegesbeckiae], siegesbeckicola

S. jorullensis Brachycaudus helichrysi

S. orientalis (incl. ssp. pubescens) Aphis gossypii; Coloradoa rufomaculata;

Myzus siegesbeckicola; Rhopalosiphoninus tiliae

Sigesbeckia sp. Aphis odinae

Key to apterae on Sigesbeckia:-

1 SIPH black, markedly swollen into a spindle shape on distal two-thirds. Cauda triangular

.....Rhopalosiphoninus tiliae

- SIPH pale or dark, not markedly swollen. Cauda tongue-, helmet or finger-shaped .....2

2 Head with well-developed, steep-sided, scabrous ANT tubercles. SIPH pale, tapering from broad base, with very coarse imbrication, 3.5-4.0 × cauda. Subgenital plate strongly produced posteriorly, broadly conical …..Myzus siegesbeckicola

- Without that combination of characters …..3

3 Triommatidium merged with compound eye, so that there is no distinct ocular tubercle. Dorsal hairs fan-shaped. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0. SIPH cylindrical for most of length, slightly swollen subapically. R IV+V with slightly concave sides

…..Coloradoa rufomaculata

- Triommatidum forming a distinct ocular tubercle at posterior margin of eye, dorsal hairs with blunt or pointed apices, and other characters not in above combination

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Sieglingia see Danthonia Poaceae

Sieglingia decumbens = Danthonia decumbens

Silaum (including Silaus) Apiaceae

Silaum alpestre Aphis fabae,[franzi]

S. besseri Aphis silaumi; Cavariella archangelicae

S. pratense = S. silaus

S. silaus Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Cavariella aegopodii;

Myzus ascalonicus

Key to apterae on Silaum:-

1 ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly directed process above the cauda, bearing 2 hairs. SIPH clavate …..2

- No supracaudal process …..3

2 ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.3. R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II, without any accessory hairs

…..Cavariella aegopodii

- ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.0. R IV+V 1.0-1.1 × HT II, with 2 accessory hairs

…..Cavariella archangelicae

3 ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). Cauda and SIPH both dark …..4

- ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. Cauda and SIPH pale

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5

4 R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. ANT 6-segmented …...Aphis fabae

- R IV+V c.1.4-1.5. ANT often seeming 5-segmented due to fusion of III and IV

…..Aphis silaumi*

Silene (including Oberna, Otites) Caryophyllaceae

Silene acaulis Aulacorthum solani; Myzus icelandicus

S. alba = S. latifolia ssp. alba

S. alpina Volutaphis alpinae

S. angustifolia Aphis sambuci

S. atropurpurea Volutaphis centaureae

S. baccifera Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus lychnicola, lychnidis;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Nasonovia ribisnigri]

S. behen Brachycaudus lychnidis, populi; Brachycolus cucubali

S. bellidifolia Brachycaudus klugkisti, lychnidis

S. borysthenica Aphidura pannonica, pujoli; Brachycaudus lychnidis

S. brahuica Aphidura massagetica

S. bupleuroides Aphis fabae, sambuci

S. chalcedonica Myzus persicae

S. chlorantha Brachycolus cucubali

S. coeli-rosea [Macrosiphum centranthi]; Myzus persicae

S. colorata Myzus persicae

S. commutata = S. vulgaris ssp. commutata

S. compacta [Brachycaudus sp. (Switzerland: Lampel 1976)]

S. conica Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Macrosiphum stellariae

S. conoidea Aphidura picta; Aphis craccivora;

Myzus certus, persicae; [Rhopalosiphum maidis];

Sitobion sp. (Dutta & Gautam 1993)

S. coronaria Aphis sambuci; Brachycaudus lychnidis

S. crassipes Myzus persicae

S. csereii Bracycaudus populi

S. cucubalus = S. vulgaris

S. dichotoma Brachycaudus lychnidis

S. dioica Aphis fabae, sambuci; Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus klugkisti, lychnicola, lychnidis;

Myzus ascalonicus, cymablariae, ornatus, persicae;

[aphid gall: Wahlgren 1956]

S. dioica ssp. lapponica = Melandrium lapponicum

S. dubia = S. nutans ssp. dubia

S. firma Aphis silenicola

S. flos-cuculi Aphis sambuci;

Brachycaudus klugkisti, lychnicola, lychnidis;

Myzus ascalonicus;

Volutaphis centaureae,

[Volutaphis sp. (Börner 1952: 116)]

S. fruticosa Aphidura picta

S. fruticulosa Aphidura nomadica

S. gallica Aphidura gallica; Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus helichrysi, lychnidis; Myzus persicae

S. glauca = S. secundiflora

S. glaucifolia [Myzus sp. (Spain: Mier Durante & Nieto Nafría 1978)]

S. inaperta Aphidura ornata

S. inflata = S. vulgaris

S. italica Aphidura delmasi, ornata, picta; Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus lychnidis; Myzus ascalonicus

S. italica ssp. nemoralis Brachycaudus klugkisti

S. jeniseensis Aphis silenicola

S. kuschakewiczii Aphidura ornatella

S. latifolia (= Melandrium album) Aphidura melandrii;

(incl. ssp. alba) Aphis austriaca, craccivora, fabae, nasturtii, sambuci;

Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus divaricatae, klugkisti, lychnidis, populi;

Macrosiphum stellariae;

Myzus ascalonicus, certus, persicae; Volutaphis schusteri

S. latifolia × dioica Brachycaudus klugkisti; Myzus persicae

S. lithophila Aphidura massagetica, ornatella; Aphis craccivora

S. littoralis Brachycaudus populi

S. longiflora = S. bupleuroides

S. macrostyla Aphis silenicola

S. maritima = S. uniflora

S. media Aphidura pannonica; Aphis silenicola

S. moldavica Aphidura pannonica

S. multifida Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus divaricatae, lychnidis

S. multiflora Brachycaudus lychnidis; Volutaphis schusteri

S. nemoralis = S. italica ssp. nemoralis

S. noctiflora Aphis craccivora, sambuci;

Brachycaudus klugkisti, lychnidis;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus certus;

[Uroleucon rudbeckiae]

S. nutans Aphidura delmasi, ornata; Aphis austriaca, sambuci;

Brachycaudus lychnidis, pallidus, populi;

Brachycolus cucubali; Myzus certus;

Volutaphis centaureae

S. nutans ssp. dubia Brachycaudus lychnidis

S. otites Aphidura ornata, pannonica, picta; Aphis austriaca;

Volutaphis centaureae

S. paradoxa Aphidura gallica, picta

S. parviflora = S. borystenica

S. pendula Volutaphis centaureae

S. repens Aphis silenephaga, silenicola; Brachycaudus lychnidis;

Volutaphis centaureae

S. rosea see S. uniflora

S. rubra (?) Brachycaudus klugkisti

S. salzmannii = S. tyrrhenia

S. saxifraga Aphis ornata; Aphis sambuci

S. scabrifolia (?) [Uroleucon sileneobium]

S. schafta Brachycaudus populi

S. secundiflora Aphidura picta

S. sendtneri Brachycaudus lychnidis

S. suffrutescens = S. fruticulosa

S. swertiaefolia (?) Aphidura ornata

S. thymifolia Aphidura picta (as mingens)

S. tyrrhenia Brachycaudus lychnidis

S. uniflora (incl. maritima, rosea) Acyrthosiphon auctum;

Brachycaudus klugkisti, lychnidis, populi;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, penfroense, stellariae;

Myzus icelandicus, ornatus, persicae

S. viridiflora Myzus certus, persicae

S. viscaria Aphis fabae, sambuci; Brachycaudus lychnidis;

Volutaphis centaureae

S. viscosa Aphidura delmasi; Aphis austriaca, fabae, sambuci;

Brachycaudus klugkisti, lychnidis; Myzus certus;

Volutaphis centaureae

S. vulgaris (incl. cucubalis, Aphidura ornata, ornatella;

inflata, wallichiana) Aphis austriaca, craccivora, fabae, sambuci;

Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus lychnidis, populi;

Brachycolus cucubali;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, hartigi, stellariae;

Myzus ascalonicus, certus, persicae; [Pemphigus inflatae]

S. vulgaris ssp. commutata Aphidura ornatella; Brachycaudus lychnidis, populi

S. wallichiana = S. vulgaris

S. wolgensis Aphidura ornata, ornatella, pannonica ssp. cretacea

Silene spp. Aphidura amphorosiphon; [Roepkea marchali];

Volutaphis karatavica

Key to apterae on Silene (including Melandrium, Oberna):-

1 Cauda semicircular or helmet-shaped, shorter than its width at base in dorsal view. Marginal tubercles (MTu) small or absent, and never on ABD TERG 7. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. Dorsum usually with an extensive dark sclerotic shield …..2

- Cauda tongue-shaped, finger-shaped, or if short and rounded then there are large MTu on ABD TERG 7. Spiracular apertures reniform. Dorsum with or without an extensive dark sclerotic shield …..7

2 R IV+V 0.8-1.0 (-1.09) × HT II …..Brachycaudus populi

- R IV+V (1.0-) 1.1-1.6 × HT II …..3

3 ANT III with 7-15 hairs, the longest 17-29 μm long, 0.5-1.3 × BD III, and 0.29-0.56 × the longest spinal hair on ABD TERG 3-4. Cauda with 6-12 hairs …..Brachycaudus klugkisti

- ANT III with 13-24 hairs, the longest 24-69 μm long, 0.9-2.8 × BD III, and 0.63-1.4 × the longest spinal hair on ABD TERG 3-4. Cauda with 11-18 hairs …..4

4 R IV+V 2.95-8.3 × longest spinal hair on ABD TERG 3-4, which is 17-57 μm long …..5

- R IV+V 1.80-2.85 × longest spinal hair on ABD TERG 3-4, which is 54-85 μm long …..6

5 R IV+V 0.163-0.177 mm long, with 5-10 accessory hairs. ANT III 2.72-3.13 × SIPH

…..Brachycaudus pallidus

- R IV+V 0.183-0.218 mm long, with 8-14 accessory hairs. ANT III 2.05-2.42 × SIPH

…..Brachycaudus lychnidis

6 Hairs on ANT III with blunt or acute apices, the longest 1.0-1.8 × BD III. R IV+V 1.0-1.42 × HT II …..Brachycaudus divaricatae

- Hairs on ANT III with very finely pointed apices, the longest (1.8-) 2.0-3.0 × BD III. R IV+V 1.28-1.74 × HT II …..Brachycaudus lychnicola

7 Marginal tubercles (MTu) always present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7, and sometimes on other segments …..8

- MTu absent or of irregular occurrence, sometimes present on prothorax and some of ABD TERG 1-5 (-6), but never on ABD TERG 7 …..14

8 ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) as well as 1 and 7 with well-developed MTu …..9

- ABD TERG 2-4 only irregularly with small MTu …..11

9 SIPH 0.55-0.95 × cauda, which is finger-like. MTu placed on dark marginal sclerites. R IV+V 0.95-1.15 × HT II …..Aphis silenicola

- SIPH 1.7-3.5 × cauda, which is short and rounded. MTu not placed on dark marginal sclerites. R IV+V 1.1-1.7 × HT II …..10

10 Cauda with 7-12 hairs. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 17-20, IV c.4, V 0) …..Aphis austriaca

- Cauda with 10-20 hairs. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 12-44, IV 10-27, V 3-15 …..Aphis sambuci

11 SIPH 0.4-0.5 × cauda. R IV+V c.0.7 × HT II …..Aphis silenephaga*

- SIPH 0.7-2.2 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II …..12

12 Tergum with an almost solid black shield, occasionally fragmented …..Aphis craccivora

- Tergum without extensive dark sclerotisation anterior to SIPH …..13

13 SIPH pale with dark apices. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.7 × BD III. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings …..Aphis nasturtii

- SIPH black. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-3.4 × BD III. Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7-8, and usually some small dark markings anterior to SIPH

…...Aphis fabae

14 SIPH very short, barrel-shaped, 0.39-0.53 × cauda …..Brachycolus cucubali

- SIPH at least 0.8 × cauda …..15

15 Head densely spiculose both dorsally and ventrally, with well-developed, steep-sided ANT tubercles …..16

- Head smooth, or with a few spicules ventrally. ANT tubercles weakly developed or if well developed then with smooth, divergent inner faces …..20

16 SIPH slightly to moderately clavate …..17

- SIPH tapering/cylindrical …..19

17 SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III, almost smooth surfaced, with a narrow stem similar in thickness to middle part of hind tibia …..Myzus ascalonicus

- SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III, normally imbricated, with narrowest part of stem distinctly thicker than middle part of hind tibia …..18

18 R IV+V in most specimens with only one pair of lateral accessory hairs (plus 0-3 ventral accessory hairs). Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 0.80-1.52, but rarely more than 1.25 except in small specimens (those with ANT III less than 0.32 mm)

…..Myzus persicae

- R IV+V in most specimens with two pairs of lateral accessory hairs. Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 1.2-2.7 (rarely less than 1.25) …..Myzus certus

19 BL 1-2 mm. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH coarsely imbricated, with a slight “S”-curve. Dorsum with a pattern of intersegmental dark spots

…..Myzus ornatus

- BL 1.8-3 mm. ANT PT.BASE 4.0-5.5. ANT III with (0-)1-2(-4) rhinaria near base. SIPH normally imbricated, rather straight. Dorsum without dark intersegmental markings

…..Aulacorthum solani

20 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation …..21

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation …..25

21 ANT III with 10-33 rhinaria extending over most of length. R IV+V 0.60-0.84 …..22

- ANT III with 1-12 rhinaria concentrated near base or on basal half. R IV+V 0.83-1.02 …..23

22 SIPH 1.55-1.94 × cauda. (Al. with 36-43 secondary rhinaria on ANT III)

…..Macrosiphum eastopi

- SIPH 1.22-1.58 × cauda. (Al. with 18-35 secondary rhinaria on ANT III)

…..Macrosiphum hartigi

23 ANT PT/BASE 3.1-4.8. SIPH 1.4-1.8 × cauda which bears 12-22 hairs

…..Macrosiphum penfroense

- ANT PT/BASE 4.2-6.4. SIPH 1.7-2.3 × cauda which bears 8-16 hairs …..24

24 Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices. ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 26-56 μm, usually as long as or longer than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2-13 hairs in addition to those on posterior margin .....Macrosiphum stellariae

- Femora pale or only slightly dusky at apices. ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 21-37 μm, usually shorter than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2(-4) hairs on anterior part

.....Macrosiphum euphorbiae

25 SIPH 0.85-1.4 × cauda …..26

- SIPH 1.5-2.8 × cauda …..29

26 SIPH tapering/cylindrical. ANT III with 0-3 rhinaria near base …..Acyrthosiphon auctum

- SIPH swollen on apical c.0.7. ANT III with or without rhinaria, if with rhinaria then these are on distal half …...27

27 ANT IV with 7-11 secondary rhinaria …..Volutaphis karatavica

- ANT IV without rhinaria …...28

28 ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.0. SIPH 1.2-1.4 × cauda. R IV+V longer than HT II. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs …..Volutaphis centaureae

- ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.2. SIPH 0.95-1.1 × cauda. R IV+V shorter than HT II. First tarsal segments with 4 hairs …..Volutaphis alpinae

29 ANT III with 6-26 rhinaria (all or most being on distal half), and IV with 0-9. ANT PT/BASE 4.7-7.4. Mesosternum without mammariform processes. Tergum without dark sclerotisation

…..Volutaphis schusteri

- ANT III-IV without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 2.4-4.5. Anterior part of mesosternum with a pair of mammariform processes. Tergum often with dark sclerotisation …..30

30 SIPH distinctly swollen on distal half (maximum width of swollen part at least 1.2 × minimum width basad) …..31

- SIPH cylindrical, subcylindrical, tapering from base to apex (sometimes outwardly curved), or slightly swollen (maximum width at most 1.2 times minimum width basad) …..34

31 Tergum with an extensive almost solid black shield extending over metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6, usually incorporating marginal sclerites …..32

- Tergum pale or with variable sclerotisation, sometimes extensive but with large windows spinally and marginally, not forming a solid black shield …..33

32 Hairs on median frontal tubercle 25-32 µm long, 1.1-1.5 × ANT BD III. Mesosternal processes well-developed, steep-sided, almost as high as their basal widths

….. Aphidura ornatella

- Hairs on median frontal tubercle 40-44 µm long, 1.8-2.0 × ANT BD III. Mesosternal processes low with gently sloping sides, much lower than their basal widths

….. Aphidura melandrii*

33 ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.1. RIV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II. Cauda 1.1-1.5 times its basal width, with 6-7 hairs. Abdomen variable sclerotised and pigmented ….. Aphidura amphorosiphon

- ANT PT/BASE 3.2-4.5. RIV+V 1-1.2 × HT II. Cauda 1.1-1.2 times its basal width, with 7-11 hairs. ABD TERG 1–6 with a dark central patch and marginal sclerites

..... Aphidura nomadica*

34 SIPH pale or dusky, slightly clavate, 1.5-1.8 × cauda, which is short and triangular. Tergum without sclerotisation, completely pale ….. Aphidura pujoli

- SIPH brown to black at least in part, sometimes slightly clavate, 1.9-2.8 × cauda. Tergum with variable sclerotisation and pigmentation, rarely complete pale …..35

35 ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hairs 35-55 μm long, 1.5-2.0 × ANT BD III. ANT I long, 1.3-1.5 × its maximal width. Dorsal abdomen with a large central oval sclerite extending over ABD TERG (1-)2-5 …..Aphidura delmasi

- ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hairs 4-25 μm long, 0.2-1.1 × ANT BD III. ANT I short, at most 1.1 × its maximal width. Dorsal abdomen with variable sclerotisation and pigmentation, but rarely with a central oval sclerite on ABD TERG 2-5 …..36

36 Tergum with an extensive almost solid black shield extending over metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6, usually incorporating marginal sclerites. Cauda dark, c.2 × its basal width and with 10-16 hairs …..Aphidura ornata

- Tergum pale or with variable sclerotisation, sometimes extensive but with large windows spinally and marginally, not forming a solid black shield. Cauda variable in shape, proportions and colour …..37

37 Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, 1.4-1.8 × its basal width …..38

- Cauda triangular, although sometimes with a slight constriction, 1.05-1.4 × its basal width

…..39

38 ANT PT/BASE 4.0–5.7. Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 2–3 minute, maximally 4–7 μm long, 0.15–0.3 × BD III. SIPH 2.2–2.8 × cauda ….. Aphidura pannonica

- ANT PT/BASE 2.5–4.0. Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 2–3 maximally 8–22μm,

0.4–1.0 × BD III. SIPH 1.9–2.5 × cauda ….. Aphidura picta

39 RIV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II, with 8-10 accessory hairs. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-3 are

8-11 μm long, 0.3-0.5 × BD III ….. Aphidura massagetica*

- RIV+V 1.05-1.45 × HT II, with 10-16 accessory hairs. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-3 are 13-23 μm long, 0.6-1.0 × BD III …..Aphidura gallica

Silphium Asteraceae

Silphium compositum Uroleucon ambrosiae

S. integrifolium Macrosiphum pallens; Uroleucon rudbeckiae

S. laciniatum Iowana frisoni

S. perfoliatum Uroleucon rudbeckiae

S. terebinthinaceum Iowana frisoni

Key to apterae on Silphium:-

1 ANT tubercles undeveloped, front of head broad and flat in dorsal view. ANT 5-segmented, with 0-21 rhinaria on distal half of ANT III. Large marginal tubercles (MTu) present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1-5 and 7. SIPH short, tapering, flangeless, without distal reticulation. Cauda broadly rounded, shorter than its basal width …..Iowana frisoni*

- ANT tubercles well developed, ANT 6-segmented. MTu absent or only ever on ABD TERG 2-4. SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation, and cauda finger-shaped …..2

2 SIPH long, thin, pale, with a few rows of large polygonal cells on less than distal 0.2 of length. ANT III with longest hairs less than 0.5 × BD III, and with 2-4 rhinaria

…..Macrosiphum pallens

- SIPH thick, mainly or entirely dark, with numerous rows of small polygonal cells on distal 0.25-0.4 of length. ANT III with longest hairs as long as or longer than BD III, and with 8-31 rhinaria …..3

3 Femora pale/dusky, sometimes with darker patch on anterior side at apices. SIPH becoming gradually darker distally, paler at base than at apex. Postsiphuncular sclerites and scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs pale and inconspicuous …..Uroleucon rudbeckiae

- Femora dark distally. SIPH entirely dark. Postsiphuncular sclerites and at least some of scleroites at base of dorsal hairs pigmented …..Uroleucon ambrosiae

Silybum Asteraceae

Silybum marianum Aphis fabae, solanella, spiraecola;

Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;

Capitophorus elaeagni, horni;

Dysaphis lappae ssp. cynarae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Protaphis terricola; Protrama radicis;

[Rectinasus buxtoni]; Trama troglodytes;

Uroleucon aeneum

Use key to apterae on Cynara.

Simmondsia Simmondsiaceae

Simmondsia chinensis Aphis craccivora, fabae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Simsia Asteraceae

Simsia amplexicaulis Hyperomyzus pullatus; Uroleucon ambrosiae

Couplet for separating these two species:-

- SIPH tapering/cylindrical, black, with distal zone of polygonal reticulation

…..Uroleucon ambrosiae

- SIPH swollen in middle, pale to dusky, without polygonal reticulation

…..Hyperomyzus pullatus

Sinapidendron Brassicaceae

Sinapidendron rupestre Brevicoryne brassicae

Sinapis Brassicaceae

Sinapis alba Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;

Brevicoryne brassicae;

Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus; Smynthurodes betae

S. arvensis Acyrthosiphon gossypii; Aphis nasturtii, triglochinis;

Brachunguis harmalae; Brevicoryne brassicae;

Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus [cerasi], persicae;

Nasonovia ribisnigri; Smynthurodes betae

S. flexuosa Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi;

Smynthurodes betae

See key to apterae on Brassica and Sinapis under Brassica

Sinarundinaria Poaceae

Sinarundinaria niitakayamensis = Yushania niitakayamensis

S. reticulata = Phyllostachys bambusoides

Sindora Fabaceae

Sindora sp. Anomalosiphum murphyi

Sinningia (including Corytholoma, Rechsteineria) Gesneriaceae

S. eumorpha × leucotrichia Aulacorthum solani

S. ×hybrida Myzus ornatus

S. speciosa Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus

S. verticillata Aulacorthum solani

Sinningia × Gloxinia Aulacorthum solani (Leonard 1972a)

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Sinojackia Styracaceae

Sinojackia xylocarpa Aleurodaphis sinojackiae

Siphocampylus Campanulaceae

Siphocampylus cernuus Aphis spiraecola

Sison Apiaceae

Sison amomum Aphis fabae

Sisymbrium Brassicaceae

Sisymbrium alliaria = Alliaria petiolata

S. altissimum Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae;

Myzus persicae; [Protaphis middletonii]

S. arnottianum = Polypsecadium arnottianum

S. aromaticum (?) Lipaphis erysimi

S. austriacum Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae

S. bermudiana (?) [Dysaphis foeniculus]

S. canescens = Descurainia pinnata

S. capense Myzus persicae

S. incisum = Descurainia incisa

S. irio Aphis gossypii; Brevicoryne brassicae;

Lipaphis erysimi, fritzmuelleri;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

[Sitobion rosaeiformis]

S. loeselii Brevicoryne brassicae;

Lipaphis erysimi, fritzmuelleri, sisymbrii;

Myzus persicae; Neosappaphis paradoxa;

Smynthurodes betae

S. officinale Aphis craccivora, fabae, nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani;

Brevicoryne brassicae; [Cavariella aegopodii];

Lipaphis erysimi, lepidii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus, persicae; Nasonovia ribisnigri;

[Sitobion fragariae]; [Uroleucon cichorii]

S. orientale Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi; Myzus persicae

S. polymorphum Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi, sisymbrii;

Neosappaphis paradoxa; Smynthurodes betae

S. sofia = Descurainia sophia

S. strictissimum Myzus persicae

S. thellungii = Erucastrum austroafricanum

Sisymbrium spp. Acyrthosiphon malvae

Key to apterae on Sisymbrium:-

1 ANT 4-segmented (in al. as well as apt.). ANT III with c.7-9 contiguous sec. rhinaria on distal 0.7. Rather large, flat marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1-7. SIPH cylindrical, flangeless, pale with dark tips, c.3.5 × cauda which is helmet-shaped and bears c.20 hairs …..Neosappaphis paradoxa*

- ANT 5- or 6-segmented, and other characters not as above …..2

2 SIPH slightly swollen on distal half, with a constriction just proximal to the flange. ANT tubercles absent, or if developed then not projecting forward beyond middle part of head, so that front of head is convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..3

- Without this combination of characters; i.e. if SIPH are present then they are tapering, cylindrical or clavate (with narrow section on basal half), and either ANT tubercles are very well-developed or ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu ..…8

3 SIPH 0.8-1.05 × cauda, and more-or-less barrel-shaped …..4

- SIPH 1.1-c.1.7 × cauda …..5

4 Cauda broad-based, triangular, about as long as basal width, with 7-8 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with paired dark markings on most tergites …..Brevicoryne brassicae

- Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width, with 4 hairs. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings anterior to SIPH …..Lipaphis fritzmuelleri

5 ANT tubercles undeveloped, front of head convex in dorsal view. ANT less than 0.5 × BL. ABD TERG 8 with a rugose medial swelling (Fig.37b) .….Lipaphis lepidii

- ANT tubercles developed, projecting about as far as median tubercle, so that front of head is sinuate in outline in dorsal view. ANT more than 0.5 × BL. ABD TERG 8 without a rugose swelling .….6

6 SIPH c.1.7 × cauda, which is c. 2.5 × R IV+V …..Lipaphis sisymbrii*

- SIPH 1.1-1.6 × cauda, which is 1.2-2.0 × R IV+V …..7

7 ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90% of specimens less than 2.4 ×)

…..Lipaphis erysimi

- ANT III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90% of specimens more than 2.4 ×)

…..Lipaphis pseudobrassicae

8 Thoracic spiracles enlarged, much larger than abdominal spiracles. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4, usually more than 8.0. Hairs on ANT III 0.7-1.1 × BD III. Dorsum usually with paired dark intersegmental markings …..Nasonovia ribisnigri

- Without that combination of characters ..…go to key to polyphagous aphids

Sisyrinchium Iridaceae

Sisyrinchium graminifolium Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi;

Schizaphis graminum

S. idahoense Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Sisyrinchium sp. Dysaphis tulipae; Sitobion avenae

Use key to apterae on Iris.

Sitanion Poaceae

Sitanion hystrix Sitobion fragariae

(or use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria)

Sium Apiaceae

Sium cicutifolium = S. suave

S. latifolium Aphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii, angelicae, cicutae,

konoi, salicicola;

Dysaphis foeniculus; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Pemphigus protospirae

S. medium Dysaphis foeniculus

S. nipponicum = S. suave

S. reflexum (?) Aphis asclepiadis, fabae; Cavariella aegopodii, salicicola;

Hyadaphis foeniculi; Paramyzus sii

S. sisaroideum = S. sisarum

S. sisarum Aphis fabae, solanella; Cavariella cicutae

S. suave (incl. nipponicum) Aphis gossypii, nasturtii, [sedi]; Aulacorthum solani;

Cavariella angelicae, [hendersoni], konoi, salicicola;

Paramyzus sii

S. tenue Cavariella salicicola

Sium sp. Cavariella salicis

Key to apterae on Sium:-

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent .….Pemphigus protospirae

- ANT PT/BASE more than 0.6. SIPH present …..2

2 ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly projecting process above cauda, bearing 2 apical hairs. Tergum variolate .....3

- No supracaudal process. Tergum smooth or wrinkled .....7

3 SIPH tapering/cylindrical, without any swelling. ANT 5-segmented

.....Cavariella angelicae

- SIPH clavate; swollen on distal half to at least 1.2 × narrowest part of basal half .....4

4 Supracaudal process conical or finger-like, not projecting to tip of cauda .....5

- Supracaudal process large, conical, extending beyond and usually covering cauda .....6

5 ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.3. R IV+V 0.7-0.95 × HT II, and without accessory hairs

.….Cavariella aegopodii

- ANT PT/BASE 1.35-2.0. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II, with 2 accessory hairs

.....Cavariella konoi

6 R IV+V 1.05-1.2 × HT II. SIPH short and stout, narrowing only at base

.....Cavariella salicicola

- R IV+V 0.85-1.04 × HT II. SIPH with narrower basal stem extending over about 0.3 of length …..Cavariella salicis

7 SIPH pale, coarsely imbricated, markedly clavate, with maximum width of swollen part 1.7-2.2 × more than minimum width of stem, with constricted subapical region and very well-developed (swollen) flange. Head densely nodulose and spiculose, with ANT tubercles well developed, the inner faces slightly convergent. ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria in a row near base

…..Paramyzus sii

- Without that combination of characters …..8

8 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. ABD TERG 6-8 all with dark cross-bands. Head and ABD TERG 8 often with spinal tubercles (STu) …...Dysaphis foeniculus

- Cauda tongue- or finger-like, longer than its basal width, and other characters not as above

.....9

9 SIPH clavate and 0.9-1.4 × cauda …...Hyadaphis foeniculi

- SIPH tapering or cylindrical (or if clavate then more than 1.5 × cauda)

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Skimmia Rutaceae

Skimmia sp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Sloanea Elaeocarpaceae

Sloanea dasycarpa Greenidea sp.

Smilacina see Maianthemum Asparagaceae

Smilax Smilacaceae

Smilax aspera Aphis gossypii

S. australis [Sitobion sp. (Australia; Hales et al. 2010)]

S. bracteata Sitobion smilacicola

S. campestris Myzus persicae

S. china Aleurosiphon smilacifoliae; Aphis gossypii, smilacisina;

Impatientinum impatiens; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

[Rhopalomyzus smilacis];

Sitobion dismilaceti, smilacicola, smilacifoliae

S. domingensis Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

S. elegans Impatientinum asiaticum ssp. dalhousiensis;

Sitobion miscanthi

S. excelsa Aphis fabae

S. ferox Sitobion sikkimense, smilacifoliae

S. glabra Sitobion smilacifoliae

S. glauca [Neoprociphilus aceris]

S. glycophylla [Sitobion sp. (Australia; Hales et al. 2010)]

S. herbacea Neoprociphilus aceris

S. hispida = S. tamnoides

S. lasioneura Neoprociphilus aceris

S. macrophylla Roxb. = S. ovalifolia

S. nipponica Aulacorthum smilacis

S. oldhami = S. sieboldii

S. ovalifolia Impatientinum smilaceti

S. parvifolia = S. elegans

S. riparia Impatientinum impatiens

S. rotundifolia Neoprociphilus aceris

S. sieboldii Aulacorthum smilacis; Sitobion smilacifoliae

S. stellata = Maianthemum stellatum

S. stenopetala = S. bracteata

S. tamnoides Neoprociphilus aceris

Smilax spp. Aphis spiraecola; [Myzus cerasi], ornatus;

Neomyzus circumflexus; Pseudomegoura magnoliae;

[Rhopalosiphoninus smilacifoliae];

Sinomegoura citricola, [rhododendri]

Key to apterae on Smilax:-

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.2. Eyes 3-faceted (triommatidia). Large dorsal wax gland plates present on thorax and abdomen. SIPH as slightly raised pores. Cauda very broadly rounded

…..Neoprociphilus aceris

- ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Eyes multifaceted. No discrete wax gland plates. SIPH tubular. Cauda tongue- or finger-like …..2

2 ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH without a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation …..3

- ANT tubercles well developed, so that there is a frontal sinus. ABD TERG 1 rarely and ABD TERG 7 never with MTu. SIPH with or without subapical polygonal reticulation …..8

3 ANT PT/BASE 3.8-5.0. Stridulatory apparatus present ….. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

- ANT PT/BASE 1.9-3.5. No stridulatory apparatus …..4

4 R IV+V with 4-9 accessory hairs. ANT III with long fine hairs, 2-3 × longer than BD III. ABD TERG 1-6 each with a pair of (long, fine) pleural hairs in addition to the spinal and marginal pairs …..Aleurosiphon smilacifoliae

- R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. ANT III with longest hairs 0.4-2.2 × BD III. ABD TERG 1-6 without pleural hairs …..5

5 Cauda pale, dusky or dark, and bearing 4-8 hairs. Longest hair on hind femur 12-35μm

…..6

- Cauda black and bearing 7-24 hairs. Longest hair on hind femur 24-90 μm …..7

6 Cauda 0.9-1.2 × SIPH, with 6-8 hairs …..Aphis smilacisina

- Cauda 1.3-2.5 × SIPH, with 4-8 hairs …..Aphis gossypii

7 Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and usually with some small dark sclerites anterior to SIPH. Cauda without a constriction, and bearing 11-24 hairs

…..Aphis fabae

- Dorsal abdomen without dark dorsal markings, except rarely a narrow cross-band on ABD TERG 8. Cauda usually with a constriction, and bearing 7-15 hairs …..Aphis spiraecola

8 Head spiculose, at least on ventral side …..9

- Head not spiculose …..13

9 Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings. SIPH slightly clavate .....10

- Dorsal abdomen with often extensive dusky or dark sclerotic markings. SIPH tapering/ cylindrical .....11

10 ANT III without rhinaria. Femora pale. Head pale and densely spiculose dorsally as well as ventrally, with apically convergent scabrous ANT tubercles …..Myzus persicae

- ANT III with a small rhinarium near base. Femora dark distally. Head dark and spiculose only on ventral side, with inner faces of ANT tubercles almost parallel

…..Pseudomegoura magnoliae

11 Dorsal abdomen with sclerotisation confined to a pattern of dark intersegmental flecks. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8 …..Myzus ornatus

- Dorsal abdomen with more extensive sclerotisation. ANT PT/BASE more than 3 …..12

12 Dorsal abdomen with a U-shaped black sclerite centred on ABD TERG 2-4, not extending to marginal areas. Femora pale distally …..Neomyzus circumflexus

- Dorsal abdomen with variably-developed dusky or dark sclerotisation, extending into marginal areas when well developed. Femora dark distally …..Aulacorthum smilacis

13 SIPH pale on about basal 0.3, and 0.8-1.1 × cauda, which is black

…..Sinomegoura citricola

- SIPH wholly dark, at least 1.2 × cauda, which is pale …..14

14 SIPH 0.15-0.19 × BL, calf-shaped, usually somewhat constricted at base, without subapical reticulation or with a few rows of strongly transverse cells on distal 0.15 or less …..15

- SIPH 0.20-0.40 × BL, tapering from a broad base, with reticulation on distal 0.2-0.3 of its length …..17

15 Dorsal abdomen with marginal areas of ABD TERG 1-6 dark, but with a pale central area. First tarsal segments with 4 hairs …..Impatientinum smilaceti*

- Dorsal abdomen with a solid black sclerotic shield covering ABD TERG 1-6. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs …..16

16 Basal part of SIPH and ABD TERG 6 quite smooth. Spiracular sclerites on ABD TERG 1 and 2 small and distinctly separated …..Impatientinum impatiens

- Basal part of SIPH and ABD TERG 6 spiculose. Spiracular sclerites on ABD TERG 1 and 2 very close, almost contiguous …..Impatientinum asiaticum ssp. dalhousiensis

17 SIPH 0.20-0.28 × BL …..Sitobion sikkimense* (or dismilaceti*?)

- SIPH 0.3-0.4 × BL …..18

18 Dorsal abdomen with dusky or dark sclerotisation, varying from dusky fragmented sclerites to a complete dorsal shield. SIPH 1.4-1.9 × cauda, which is distally thin and tapering, nearly 3 × longer than its basal width, and bears 6-8 hairs. Femora and tibiae without glandular pores …..Sitobion smilacifoliae

- Dorsal abdomen without dusky/dark markings. SIPH c.2.7 × cauda, which is stout, about 2 × its basal width and bears c.16 hairs. Femora and tibiae with numerous small glandular(?) pores …..Sitobion smilacicola*

Smithia Fabaceae

Smithia sensitiva Aphis craccivora

Smodingium Anacardiaceae

Smodingium argutum Aphis odinae

Smyrnium Apiaceae

Smyrnium olusatrum Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Cavariella aegopodii;

Dysaphis apiifolia, crataegi, lauberti;

Hyadaphis foeniculi; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

Semiaphis dauci

S. orphanidis Dysaphis apiifolia

S. perfoliatum Aphis fabae

S. rotundifolium [Brachycaudus helichrysi]; Dysaphis crataegi

Use key to apterae on Conium.

Sobralia Orchidaceae

Sobralia leucoxantha Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Sobralia sp. Cerataphis orchidearum

Use key to apterae of orchid-feeding aphids on Cymbidium.

Solandra Solanaceae

Solandra grandiflora Myzus persicae

Solanecio Asteraceae

Solanecio biafrae Aphis gossypii

S. mannii Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;

Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ornatus; Uroleucon compositae

Use key to polyphagous aphids (or try key to apterae on Senecio).

Solanum Solanaceae

Solanum acanthoideum Aphis gossypii

S. aculeatissimum = S. capsicoides

S. aethiopicum Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae

S. americanum Aphis fabae, solanella; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus

S. anguivi Aphis gossypii

S. antillarum = S. aphyodendron

S. aphyodendron Aphis aurantii, gossypii, spiraecola

S. aurantiacum Myzus ornatus

S. auriculatum = S. mauritianum

S. aviculare Myzus persicae

S. bahamense Aphis gossypii

S. berthaultii Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. betaceum Aphis fabae, nerii

S. brachyantherum Brachycaudus helichrysi

S. campechiense Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

S. capsicastrum = S. pseudocapsicum

S. capsicoides Aphis gossypii; Neomyzus circumflexus;

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

S. caribaeum = S. americanum

S. carolinense Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

S. catombelense Myzus persicae

S. chacoense Aphis gossypii

S. chenopodioides Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae

S. ciliatum = S. capsicoides

S. clavatum = Cyphomandra clavata

S. depilatum = S. americanum

S. dilleni Aphis fabae

S. donianum Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae

S. douglasii = S. nigrescens

S. dulcamara