HOST LISTS and KEYS

2 Longest hairs on ANT III 22-47 μm, and on ABD TERG 8, 41-60 μm. SIPH 0.7-1.25 × cauda. ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7 often with marginal tubercles (MTu)

…..Brachyunguis bishopi

- Longest hairs on ANT III 8-14 μm, and on ABD TERG 8, 14-27 μm. SIPH 0.4-0.8 × cauda. MTu only on ABD TERG 1 and 7 …..Brachyunguis bonnevillensis

Sarcocephalus see Nauclea Rubiaceae

Sarcocephalus bartlingii see Nauclea orientalis

Sarcochilus Orchidaceae

Sarcochilus hartmannii Cerataphis orchidearum

Sarcococca Buxaceae

Sarcococca pruniformis [Jacksonia sp. (Banerjee et al. 1969 – 2 males)]

S. ruscifolia Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Sarcopharyngia see Tabernaemontana Apocynaceae

Sarcopoterium Rosaceae

Sarcopoterium spinosum Aphis gossypii, sanguisorbae

Use key to apterae on Sanguisorba.

Sarcosperma Sapotaceae

Sarcosperma laurinum Greenidea sp. 2 of Q. Liu et al. (2013)

Sarcostemma Apocynaceae

Sarcostemma clausum Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nerii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Saribus Arecaceae

Saribus rotundifolius Astegopteryx rhapidis

Sarothamnus see Cytisus Fabaceae

Sarracenia Sarraceniaceae

Sarracenia purpurea Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum jeanae;

[Myzocallis multisetis]; Neomyzus circumflexus

Saruma Aristolochiaceae

Saruma henryi Aulacorthum rhamni

Sasa Poaceae

Sasa albomarginata =S. veitchii

S. borealis Ceratovacuna cerbera, japonica; [Melanaphis koreana];

Takecallis arundicolens, arundinariae

S. japonica = Pseudosasa japonica

S. kurilensis Takecallis arundicolens, arundinariae

S. longiligulata Takecallis taiwana

S. nipponica Takecallis arundicolens, sasae

S. palmata Takecallis arundicolens, arundinariae, taiwana

S. paniculata = S. senanensis

S. pygmaea Takecallis arundinariae

S. ramosa Ceratovacuna japonica; Paracolopha morrisoni;

Takecallis arundicolens

S. senanensis [Ceratovacuna nekoashi]; Melanaphis bambusae;

Paracolopha morrisoni; Takecallis arundicolens, sasae

S. veitchii Ceratovacuna cerbera, [nekoashi]; Paracolopha morrisoni

Sasa sp(p). Takecallis alba

Compared with the other large bamboo genera the aphid fauna of Sasa seems more limited, so a separate key is provided, but if no satisfactory answer is obtained then try the key to aphids on Arundinaria (or Bambusa). Yezaphis sasicola Matsumura cannot be keyed as no specimens are available (but see information from original description).

Key to species on Sasa:-

1 Antenna of aptera more than 0.5× BL, or if only alatae are present their antennae have circular or transversely oval secondary rhinaria .....2

- Antennae of aptera much less than 0.5× BL, and secondary rhinaria on the antennae of alatae are ring-like, extending more than half-way around the circumference of the antenna

.....7

2 Anal plate entire, cauda tongue-shaped, dark, similar in length to the thick short dark SIPH. ANT PT/BASE more than 2 .....Melanaphis bambusae

- (All viviparae alate.) Anal plate bilobed, cauda knobbed. ANT PT/BASE 1.0 or less .....3

3 Antennae shorter than (0.8-0.9 ×) body .....4

- Antennae longer than (1.3-1.7 ×) body .....5

4 ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 hairs. ABD TERG 1-7 each with several pleural as well as spinal hairs .....Takecallis sasae

- ABD TERG 8 with 2-3(-4) hairs. ABD TERG 1-7 each with a pair of spinal hairs pleural hairs absent .....Takecallis taiwana

5 Abdomen with a pair of elongate dark patches on each tergite. ANT III wholly dusky

.....Takecallis arundinariae

- Abdomen without dark dorsal markings. ANT III with a black sensoriated section contrasting with pale base and apical half .....6

6 ANT III with secondary rhinaria concentrated on a very short dark section. Cauda dusky

.....Takecallis alba

- ANT III with secondary rhinaria spread over most of darkened proximal third. Cauda black

.....Takecallis arundicolens

7 Antennae of aptera extremely short, hardly longer than the elongate R V+V. Aptera without frontal horns. Tarsi 1-segmented. SIPH displaced towards the mid-line (on roots)

.....Paracolopha morrisoni

- Antennae of aptera short, but much longer than the short R IV+V. Aptera (and immatures) with a pair of fromtal horns. Tarsi 2-segmented. SIPH in more normal position .....8

8 Head of aptera with numerous long hairs. Dorsal body without any clearly demarcated wax pore plates …..Ceratovacuna cerbera

- Head of aptera sparsely hairy. Dorsal body with marginal groups of wax pore plates

…..Ceratovacuna japonica

Sasamorpha see Sasa Poaceae

Sasamorpha chiisanensis = Sasa borealis

S. gracilis = Sasa borealis

S. purpurascens var. borealis = Sasa borealis

Sassafras Lauraceae

Sassafras albidum [Aphis fabae]; Euthoracaphis umbellulariae

Satureja Lamiaceae

Satureja acinos = Clinopodium acinos

S. calamintha = Clinopodium ssp. glandulosum

S. hortensis Aphis fabae

S. montana Aphis origani, [serpylli]

S. vulgaris = Clinopodium vulgare

Use key to apterae under Clinopodium.

Saurauia Actinidiaceae

Saurauia napaulensis Aphis fabae; Myzus ornatus

Sauropus Phyllanthaceae

Sauropus albicans = S. androgynus

S. androgynus Aphis eugeniae; Schoutedenia ralumensis

Use key to apterae on Breynia.

Saururus Saururaceae

Saururus cernuus Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

S. loureiri Aphis fabae

Key to apterae on Saururus:-

- Dorsal cuticle with a pattern of spinules arranged in polygons, with 1-3 spicules in the centre of each polygon. SIPH clavate …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

- Dorsal cuticle without spinules arranged in polygons. SIPH not clavate …..Aphis fabae

Saussurea Asteraceae

Saussurea affinis = Hemistepta lyrata

S. albescens Capitophorus formosartemisiae;

Uroleucon budhium, kumaoni

S. alpina Aulacorthum solani; [Uroleucon solidaginis]

S. amara Aphis saussurearadicis; Uroleucon gobonis

S. americana [Amphorophora sp. (see aphidtrek.org.]

S. amurensis Capitophorus elaeagni

S. carthamoides = Hemistepta lyrata

S. controversa [Uroleucon minor]

S. elegans Macrosiphoniella victoriae

S. grandifolia Aphis fabae;

Uroleucon formosanum, fuchuense, saussureae

S. japonica Uroleucon gobonis

S. lappa Acyrthosiphon rubi; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Capitophorus formosartemisiae

S. latifolia Aphis [cognatella of Ivanoskaya (1977) = euonymi?],

fabae, [magnopilosa]

S. lyrata see Hemisteptia lyrata

S. neoserrata Aphis [acanthoidis], fabae;

Uroleucon saussureae, skurichinae

S. nepalensis [Aphis longisetosus]

S. nigrescens Chitinosiphon abdomenigrum

S. odontolepis Aphis saussurearadicis

S. parviflora Aphis fabae; [Macrosiphum chukotense]

S. piptathera Dysaphis indica

S. pseudo-tilesii Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani

S. pulchella Aphis fabae, [sambuci], saussurearadicis;

Capitophorus elaeagni; Gredinia pilosotuba;

Macrosiphoniella lazoica

Uroleucon [cephalonopli], gobonis, skurichinae,

ussuriense

S. salicifolia Acyrthosiphon dauricum; Aphis fabae;

Macrosiphoniella saussureae

S. salsa [Macrosiphoniella sp. (Kadyrbekov & Aoitzhanova 2005b)];

[Titanosiphon chondrillae]

S. ussuriensis Capitophorus elaeagni

Saussurea sp. Acyrthosiphon saussureae; Macrotrichaphis rarissima

Key to apterae on Saussurea:-

1 SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with numerous rhinaria usually extending into distal half …..2

- SIPH without any distinct zone of polygonal reticulation (sometimes with 1-3 rows of interconnected striae). ANT III without rhinaria or with a few near base …...15

2 SIPH almost always with hairs (examine several specimens) …..3

- SIPH without hairs …..5

3 Thoracic spiracular apertures much larger than abdominal ones. Cauda with more than 30 hairs …..Gredinia pilosotuba*

- Thoracic spiracular apertures similar in size to abdominal ones. Cauda with 10-28 hairs

…..4

4 SIPH with c.4-5 hairs, c.3 × longer than cauda, which bears 10-13 hairs. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs …..Macrotrichaphis rarissima*

- SIPH with (0-) 5-21 hairs, 1.6-2.5 × longer than cauda which bears 20-28 hairs. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs …..Macrosiphoniella lazoica*

5 SIPH only 0.10-0.14 × BL, reticulated on distal 0.5-0.7 of length. Cauda triangular, pointed, only about as long as its basal width. ANT tubercles very low

…..Macrosiphoniella saussureae

- SIPH more than 0.14 × BL, reticulated on less than distal 0.5. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. ANT tubercles well developed …..6

6 SIPH 1.0-1.1 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.34-0.38. R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II

…..Macrosiphoniella victoriae

- SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.12-0.36. R IV+V 1.0-2.0 × HT II

…..7

7 ANT III very long, 1.5-2.1 × ANT IV+V together, and bearing very numerous (96-135) strongly protruberant secondary rhinaria …..Uroleucon formosanum

- ANT III shorter than or about equal in length to ANT IV+V together, with 18-56 rhinaria

…..8

8 SIPH 2.0-2.2 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.12-0.17 of length. R IV+V very long and thin, 1.8-2.0 × HT II …..Uroleucon budhium

- SIPH 1.1-1.9 (-2.0) × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.19-0.36 of length. R IV+V

1.0-1.85 × HT II …..9

9 Crescent-shaped ante-siphuncular sclerites present …..10

- Ante-siphuncular sclerites absent …..12

10 R IV+V 1.0-1.1 × HT II …..Uroleucon skurichinae*

- R IV+V 1.5-1.85 × HT II …..11

11 SIPH 0.25-0.30 × BL, with reticulation on distal 0.24-0.27 of length. Cauda long and

finger-like, 2.6-3.1 × its basal width. R IV+V 1.7-1.85 × HT II …..Uroleucon saussureae

- SIPH c. 0.14 × BL, with reticulation on distal 0.28-0.36 of length. Cauda elongate triangular, pointed at apex, 1.7-2.0 × its basal width. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II

…..Uroleucon ussuriense

12 SIPH 1.1-1.3 × the long, pale cauda, which bears 25-35 hairs. Hind tibia with a row of short peg-like hairs …..Uroleucon fuchuense

- SIPH 1.5-2.0 × the pale, dusky or dark cauda, which bears either 12-20 hairs or more than 40. Hind tibia without peg-like hairs …..13

13 Cauda paler than SIPH, with apical hairs distinctly shorter than more proximal ones

…..Uroleucon kumaoni*

- Cauda as dark as SIPH, with hairs all similarly long …..14

14 Cauda with more than 40 hairs. R IV+V 1.65-1.8 × HT II. Tibiae black

…..Uroleucon giganteum

- Cauda with 13-20 hairs. R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II. Tibiae pale in middle

…..Uroleucon gobonis (or compositae?)

15 Dorsal body hairs long, thick and capitate, arising from tuberculate bases …..16

- Dorsal body hairs short, or if long then pointed and not arising from tuberculate bases

…..17

16 ANT III with 2-4 thick, capitate hairs about as long as middle diameter of segment. Dorsal abdominal hairs duplicated or triplicated, so that there are 12-16 long thick capitate hairs per segment …..Capitophorus formosartemisiae

- ANT III with all hairs very short. Dorsal abdominal hairs not duplicated, so that there are 6 per segment …..Capitophorus elaeagni

17 ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, their inner faces divergent. ANT III with a few rhinaria on basal part …..18

- ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed. ANT III without rhinaria …...21

18 Tergum with an extensive dark sclerotic shield. Head dark and densely spiculose. Cauda short, less than 2 × its basal width, with 4 hairs …..Chitinosiphon abdomenigrum*

- Tergum pale. Head pale, not densely spiculose. Cauda finger-like, at least 2 × its basal width, with 6-10 hairs …..19

19 ANT longer than BL, with ANT PT/BASE 6.5-7.0. SIPH more than 2 × cauda

…..Acyrthosiphon rubi

- ANT as short as or shorter than BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.0-4.2 .....20

20 ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.2. SIPH less than 2 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon dauricum

- ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.3. SIPH 2.5-2.6 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon saussureae

21 Cauda helmet-shaped, not more than 1.1 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view, and bearing 4-6 hairs. ABD TERG 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs …..22

- Cauda tongue-shaped, more than 1.2 × its basal width in dorsal view, and bearing 5-24 hairs. ABD TERG 7 (and 1) always with MTu. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs …..23

22 SIPH dark, cylindrical, with slight distal swelling, 2.0-2.2 × cauda. MTu often present on ABD TERG 1-5. Spiracular apertures reniform …..Dysaphis indica

- SIPH pale, conical, 0.8-1.3(-2.0) × cauda. MTu absent. Spiracular apertures large and rounded …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

23 R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II. MTu usually present on ABD TERG 1-4 and 7

…..Aphis saussuraeradicis*

- R IV+V 0.9-1.1 (-1.4) × HT II. MTu only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-4

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

Savia Phyllanthaceae

Savia sessiliflora Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Savignya Brassicaceae

Savignya parviflora Myzus persicae

Saviniona Malvaceae

Saviniona acerifolia Aphis gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

Saxifraga Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga aizoides Aphis fabae, triglochinis; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Cavariella [aquatica], saxifragae

S. aizoon = S. paniculata

S. alpigena see S. stellaris

S. aquatica Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

S. callosa see S. lingulata

S. canaliculata Aphis fabae

S. careyana = Micranthes caryana

S. cespitosa see S. groenlandica

S. cochlearis Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. cuneifolia [Sitobion avenae]

S. cymbalaria Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. decipiens (?) Myzus ascalonicus

S. fusca (incl. ssp. kikubuki) Taiwanomyzus montanus

S. granulata Aphis craccivora; Nasonovia dasyphylli

S. groenlandica (= S. cespitosa) Nasonovia vannesii

S. hirsuta Aphis fabae

S. hypnoides Nasonovia dasyphylli

S. lingulata (= S. callosa) Aphis fabae; Nasonovia dasyphylli

S. michauxii = Spatularia michauxii

S. nelsoniana [Macrosiphum chukotense]

S. nivalis Nasonovia saxifragae

S. oppositifolia Macrosiphum euphorbiae (as gei); Myzus persicae;

(incl. var. splendens) Nasonovia brevipes, saxifragae

S. paniculata Aulacorthum solani; Nasonovia dasyphylli, saxifragae

S. punctata Myzus asamensis

S. rosacea Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. rotundifolia Nasonovia dasyphylli, ribisnigri

S. sarmentosa = S. stolonifera

S. × somedana Nasonovia saxifragae

S. splendens see S. oppositifolia

S. stellaris (incl. alpigena) Nasonovia dasyphylli

S. stolonifera Aphis spiraecola; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Neomyzus circumflexus

S. tricuspidata Nasonovia vockerothi

S. umbrosa Aphis sambuci

Saxifraga spp. [Macrosiphum constrictum]; Myzus ornatus;

[Nasonovia acyrthosiphon]

Key to apterae on Saxifraga (and Spatularia):-

1 ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly-directed process similar in length to and almost covering cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.0. Tergum strongly sclerotised, often dark. SIPH swollen distally …..Cavariella saxifragae

- No supracaudal process, ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5 and other characters not in that combination …..2

2 Head spiculose. SIPH black, somewhat clavate, more than 2.7 × cauda which is also black and bears 4-5 hairs. Dorsum with extensive black sclerotisation

…...Taiwanomyzus montanus

- Without that combination of characters …..3

3 Thoracic spiracular apertures much larger than abdominal ones . ANT III usually with more than 10 sec. rhin., and often some also on IV, or IV and V …..4

- Thoracic spiracular apertures similar in size to abdominal ones. ANT III with or without a few (1-10) rhinaria on basal part, none on IV or V …..11

4 Cauda usually with 7 hairs, rarely 6, 8 or 9. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4 (usually more than 8.4). SIPH without imbrication. Dorsal abdomen with paired intersegmental markings

…..Nasonovia ribisnigri

- Cauda usually with 5 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-8.4. SIPH usually with imbrication. Dorsum pale or with more extensive dark sclerotisation …..5

5 Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation, fused between tergites to form a large dark patch …..6

- Dorsal abdomen pale or with dark cross-bars, not fused between tergites …..7

6 ANT PT/BASE (3.6-) 5.0-8.8. SIPH 1.4-2.5 × cauda. Sec. rhin. distributed ANT III

10-42, IV 0-21, V 0-4 …..Nasonovia dasyphylli

- ANT PT/BASE 2.5-4.7 (-5.4). SIPH 1.2-1.6 × cauda. Sec. rhin. distributed ANT III 4-25, IV 0-2, V 0 …..Nasonovia saxifragae (dark form)

7 ANT PT/BASE (4.8-) 5.7-8.2. Longest hairs on ANT III often longer than (0.7-1.3) × BD III

…..8

- ANT PT/BASE 2.5-4.2 (-5.0). Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III …..9

8 Abdomen usually with short dusky/dark spinal cross bars on ABD TERG 1-6, and separate sclerites at bases of pleural and marginal hairs. R IV+V 1.6-2.2 × HT II. SIPH with spinules on imbrications …..Nasonovia carolinensis

- Abdomen without dark sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6. R IV+V 1.4-1.5 × HT II. SIPH without spinules on imbrications …...Nasonovia vannesii*

9 R IV+V c.2 × HT II, with c.10 accessory hairs …..Nasonovia brevipes*

- R IV+V 1.2-1.8 × HT II, with 12-16 accessory hairs …..10

10 SIPH 0.11-0.12 × BL, 0.9-1.3 × cauda, and 3.5-4 × diameter at midlength

…..Nasonovia vockerothi

- SIPH 0.16-0.24 × BL, 1.4-1.8 × cauda, and more than 5 × diameter at midlength

…..Nasonovia saxifragae (pale form)

11 Dorsal cuticle with bead-like spinules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing 1-4 separate spinules. SIPH dusky-dark, clavate …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

- Dorsal cuticle without spinules arranged in polygons. SIPH pale or dark, clavate, cylindrical or tapering …..12

12 Marginal abdominal tubercles (MTu) present on at least ABD TERG 1-4 and 7. SIPH and Cauda dark. SIPH 1.7-3.5 × cauda which is short and rounded and bears 10-20 hairs

…..Aphis sambuci

- MTu absent or only regularly present on ABD TERG 1 and 7, and other characters not in above combination …..13

13 ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8. MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7. SIPH rather pale, tapering, 0.7-1.3 × cauda. (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed ANT III 25-60, IV 9-25, V 7-17)

.....Aphis triglochinis

- ANT PT/BASE 1.8-6.2, and other characters not in that combination .....14

14 Head densely spiculose. SIPH dark, coarsely imbricated, cylindrical or slightly swollen on distal half, distinctly constricted at apex, with a large flange. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II

…..Myzus asamensis

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Scabiosa Dipsacaceae

Scabiosa africana Macrosiphum rosae

S. argentea Aphis confusa, spiraecola, thomasi

S. arvensis = Knautia arvensis

S. atropurpurea Aphis confusa, fabae, thomasi;

Macrosiphum rosae, weberi

S. austroaltaica Aphis confusa

S. banatica Aphis confusa

S. canescens Aphis confusa, thomasi

S. caucasica Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum rosae; Myzus persicae

S. columbaria Aphis confusa, thomasi;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae, weberi;

Ovatomyzus [boraginacearum], chamaedrys

S. comosa (incl. var. lachnophylla) Aphis confusa, spiraecola, thomasi

S. isetensis Aphis thomasi

S. lachnophylla = S. comosa var. lachnophylla

S. maritima = S. atropurpurea

S. ochroleuca Aphis confusa, thomasi; Macrosiphum rosae

S. officinalis (?) Macrosiphum rosae

S. songarica Dysaphis cephalariae

S. sosnowskii Aphis confusa

S. stellata Macrosiphum rosae

S. succisa see Succisa pratensis

S. triandra Aphis thomasi

S. ucranica Aphis confusa, thomasi

Scabiosa sp. Aphis gossypii

Key to apterae on Scabiosa:-

1 ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 (at least) with marginal tubercles (MTu). Cauda pale or dark …..2

- ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 7 without MTu. Cauda pale …..6

2 Cauda helmet-shaped or bluntly triangular, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. Head and all thoracic and abdominal segments with spinal tubercles (STu), and MTu present on ABD TERG 1-7 …..Dysaphis cephalaria*

- Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width. STu absent, and MTu only regularly present on ABD TERG 1 and 7 …..3

3 Femoral hairs all shorter than diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda pale, dusky

or dark with 4-9 hairs …..4

- Many femoral hairs long and fine-pointed, exceeding diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda black and bearing 7-24 hairs …..5

4 Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.2-0.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Hairs on anterior half of subgenital plate 0.2-0.6 × ANT BD III …..Aphis thomasi

- Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.6-1.1 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Hairs on anterior half of subgenital plate 1.2-2.0 × ANT BD III

…..Aphis confusa (or Aphis gossypii – see text)

5 ANT III 0.9-1.2 × cauda, which usually has a distinct midlength constriction and bears 6-15 (usually 9-11) hairs. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings .....Aphis spiraecola

- ANT III 1.2-1.9 × cauda which is usually without any constriction and bears 11-24 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with scattered dark markings anterior to SIPH and dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8 …..Aphis fabae

6 Head without spicules …..7

- Head spiculose …..10

7 Head pale. SIPH pale, slightly swollen distally, without subapical polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria …..Ovatomyzus chamaedrys

- Head pale or dark. SIPH pale or dark with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 1-35 rhinaria …..8

8 Head, legs and SIPH mainly pale. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria

…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

- Head, legs and SIPH mainly dark. ANT III with 5-35 rhinaria .….9

9 Body spindle-shaped. SIPH thicker than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths, and

1.8-2.2 × head width across (and including) eyes …..Macrosiphum rosae

- Body oval. SIPH about equal in thickness to hind tibiae at midlength, and 1.1-1.5 × head width across eyes …..Macrosiphum weberi

10 SIPH slightly clavate. ANT 0.7-1.0 × BL, without rhinaria on ANT III …..Myzus persicae

- SIPH tapering/cylindrical. ANT 1.1-1.3 × BL, with (0-)1-2 (-4) rhinaria near base of ANT III

…..Aulacorthum solani

Scaevola Goodeniaceae

Scaevola frutescens Aphis gossypii

S. koenigii = S. taccada

S. sericea = S. taccada

S. taccada Aphis gossypii

Scaevola sp. Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Scaligeria Apiaceae

Scaligera bucharica = Elaeosticta bucharica

Scandix Apiaceae

Scandix pecten-veneris Aphis craccivora, fabae, solanella; Cavariella aegopodii;

Myzus persicae; Semiaphis dauci

Use key to apterae on Daucus.

Schanginia see Sueada Amaranthaceae

Schefflera (including Didymopanax, Araliaceae

Heptapleurum,Tupidanthus)

S. actinophylla Aphis gossypii, hederae, spiraecola

S. arborea

S. arboricola Aphis aurantii, gossypii, hederae, spiraecola

S. avenis Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. calyptrata = S. avenis

S. heptaphylla Aphis aurantii, odinae; Cavariella araliae;

Neomyzus circumflexus

S. lutchuensis (?) Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Cavariella araliae

S. morototoni Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

S. octophylla = S. heptaphylla

S. pubigera Aphis gossypii

S. stelzneriana = S. pubigera

S. umbellifera Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. veitchii Myzus persicae

S. venulosa Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae

Schefflera sp. Brachycaudus helichrysi

Key to aphids on Schefflera:-

1 ABD TERG 8 with a long backwardly-directed process, broad at base but with a narrow apex that extends beyond cauda .....Cavariella araliae

- No supracaudal process .....2

2 SIPH and cauda both black. R IV+V 1.3-1.6 × HT II. Apterae often alatiform, with 0-19 rhinaria on ANT III. Marginal tubercles (MTu) frequently present on ABD TERG 2-4, as well as 1 and 7 .....Aphis hederae

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Scheuchzeria Scheuchzeriaceae

Scheuchzeria palustris Aphis triglochinis; [Macrosiphum nasonovi of Zirnits1930]

Schima Theaceae

Schima noronhae Guger Tree

Greenidea schimae

S. superba Greenidea schimae

S. wallichii Aphis aurantii, citricidus, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii,

odinae, spiraecola;

Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Eutrichosiphum pasaniae, [pseudopasaniae];

Greenidea [longicornis], longirostris, schimae;

Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexum;

[Subovatomyzus leucosceptri]

Key to aphids on Schima:-

1 SIPH without hairs …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

- SIPH with numerous long hairs …..2

2 SIPH black, without any pale reticulation, 0.25-0.32 × BL. Cauda without a median papilla

.....Eutrichosiphum pasaniae

- SIPH pale brown, with pale reticulation over entire length except spinulose apical part,

0.42-0.56 × BL. Cauda with a median papilla .....3

3 Aptera with R IV+V 0.23-0.27 mm long, 1.7-2.3 × HT II, with 10-12 accessory hairs. Alata with 16-26 rhinaria on ANT III .....Greenidea schimae

- Apterae with R IV+V 0.26-0.33 mm long, 2.0-2.75 × HT II, with 12-18 accessory hairs. Alata with 19-33 rhinaria on ANT III .....Greenidea longirostris

Schimpera Brassicaceae

Schimpera arabica Aphis craccivora; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Schinus Peppertrees Anacardiaceae

Schinus dependens Aphis schinifoliae

S. gracilipes Aphis schinifoliae

S. johnstonii Aphis schinivora

S. molle Aphis craccivora, gossypii, schinifoliae;

Myzus persicae

S. polygamus Aphis schinifoliae

S. roigii Aphis schinifoliae

S. terebinthifolius Aphis aurantii, gossypii, odinae; [Greenidea psidii];

[Sitobion congolense]

Key to species on Schinus:-

1 SIPH entirely pale. ANT tubercles undeveloped. Well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) usually present on ABD TERG 2-6 as well as 1 and 7 .....Aphis schinifoliae

- If SIPH are pale then other characters do not apply .....2

2 SIPH dark, shorter than R IV+V and only 0.3-0.7 × cauda, which is also dark and bears 4-8 hairs. ANT tubercles undeveloped. ABD TERG 1 and 7 and often also ABD TERG 2-6 with well-developed, rather flat MTu .....Aphis schinivora

- Without that combination of characters .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

Schisandra Schisandraceae

Schisandra grandiflora Rhopalosiphoninus ehretis

Schismus Poaceae

Schismus arabicus Aphis fabae

Schizachyrium Poaceae

Schizachyrium scoparium Anoecia cornicola

Schizachne Poaceae

Schizachne purpurascens Sitobion avenae

Schizanthus Solanaceae

Schizanthus sp. Neomyzus circumflexus

Schizonepeta see Nepeta Lamiaceae

Schizonepeta multifida = Nepeta multifida

Schizopepon Cucurbitaceae

Schizopepon bryoniifolius Aulacorthum magnoliae

Schizophragma Hydrangeaceae

Schizophragma hydrangeoides Taiwanomyzus montanus

Schizostachyum Poaceae

Schizostachyum blumei Astegopteryx singaporensis; Ceratoglyphina bambusae;

Pseudoregma pendleburyi

S. brachycladum Astegopteryx singaporensis; Ceratoglyphina bambusae;

Glyphinaphis bambusae

S. lima Ceratovacuna hoffmani

S. zollingeri Ceratoglyphina bambusae;

Pseudoregma sp. (Stern et al. 1997)

Use key to aphids on Bambusa.

Schizostylis see Hesperantha Iridaceae

Schizostylis coccinea = Hesperantha coccinea

Schkuhria Asteraceae

Schkuhria anthemoides Ucrimyzus villalobosi

S. pinnata Uroleucon compositae

S. virgata Ucrimyzus villalobosi

Couplet to separate these two species:-

- SIPH cylindrical or tapering, entirely dark, with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda similarly dark …..Uroleucon compositae

- SIPH swollen on about distal 0.7, pale at least at base, without distal polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale …..Ucrimyzus villalobosi

Schlumbergera see Zygocactus Cactaceae

Schoenoplectus (including Bolboschoenus) Cyperaceae

Schoenoplectus americanus Thripsaphis ballii

S. californicus Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

S. lacustris Hyalopterus pruni; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, [parvae];

Schizaphis minuta, scirpi; Sitobion avenae, fragariae;

Subsaltusaphis picta

S. maritimus Sipha glyceriae

S. tabernaemontani Rhopalosiphum cerasifoliae, nymphaeae

S. triqueter Schizaphis scirpi

Use key to apterae on Scirpus.

Schoenus Cyperaceae

Schoenus nigricans [Anoecia corni]; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha glyceriae;

Vesiculaphis theobaldi

Use key to apterae on Scirpus.

Scholtzia Myrtaceae

Scholtzia involucrata = S. obovata

S. obovata Aphis gossypii

Schomburgkia Orchidaceae

Schomburgkia sp. Cerataphis orchidearum

Schotia Fabaceae

Schotia brachypetala Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Myzus persicae

S. latifolia Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Schoutenia Tiliaceae

Schoutenia ovata Cervaphis echinata, schouteniae

(= Actinophora fragrans)

Couplet to separate these species:-

- Frontal branched processes including the apical hair more than 0.4 mm long, 0.8-1.0 × length of antennae .....Cervaphis echinata

- Frontal branched processes including the apical hair less than 0.4 mm long, 0.4-0.6 × length of antennae .....Cervaphis schouteniae

Schouwia Brassicaceae

Schouwia purpurea Aphis gossypii

S. thebaica = S. purpurea

Schrenkia Apiaceae

Schrenkia golickeana (?) Brachyunguis flexosiphon

Schrenkia ugamica (?) Hyadaphis coerulescens, [coriandri]

Schrenkia vaginata Aphis craccivora; Semiaphis dauci

Key to apterae on Schrenkia:-

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 1.0 .....Brachyunguis flexosiphon

- ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5 .....2

2 SIPH very small and flangeless, only about 0.5 × cauda or less, with their apertures slanted towards mid-line .....Semiaphis dauci

- SIPH longer than cauda .....3

3 Dorsal abdomen unsclerotised. SIPH clavate .....Hyadaphis coerulescens

- Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation. SIPH tapering .....Aphis craccivora

(or go to key to polyphagous aphids)

Sciadopitys Taxodiaceae

Sciadopitys verticillata Eulachnus thunbergii

Scilla (including Oziroe) Asparagaceae

Scilla biflora Myzus persicae

S. madeirensis Myzus hemerocallis

Scilla sp. Dysaphis tulipae

Key to apterae on Scilla:-

1 SIPH dark. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8 …..Dysaphis tulipae

- SIPH pale. Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width. STu absent from head, and rarely on ABD TERG 8 …..2

2 SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal half, more than 2.5 × cauda, with coarse imbrication. (Al. without a black dorsal abdominal patch) …..Myzus hemerocallis

- SIPH slightly swollen on distal half, less than 2.5 × cauda, with normal imbrication. (Al. with a black dorsal abdominal patch) …..Myzus persicae

Scindapsus Araceae

Scindapsus sp. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Scirpoides Cyperaceae

Scirpoides holoschoenus Colopha hispanica; Schizaphis scirpi; Sitobion avenae

Use key to apterae on Scirpus.

Scirpus Cyperaceae

Many species have been transferred from Scirpus to other genera. We have left some of these in the Scirpus list, with the new generic name in brackets.

Scirpus americanus = Schoenoplectus americanus

S. atrocinctus Schizaphis scirpicola

S. australis = Scirpoides holoschoenus

S. caespitosus = Trichophorum caespitosum

S. californicus = Schoenoplectus californicus

S. campestris (?) Rhopalosiphum musae

S. cernuus (= Isolepis cernua) Schizaphis scirpi

S. grossus (= Actinoscirpus grossus) Carolinaia scirpi

S. holoschoenus = Scirpoides holoschoenus

S. lacustris = Schoenoplectus lacustris

S. maritimus (= Bolboschoenus [Caricosipha paniculatae]; [Juncobia leegei];

maritimus) Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis scirpi;

Sipha glyceriae; Sitobion avenae; Subsaltusaphis picta;

Vesiculaphis theobaldi

S. microcarpus Ceruraphis eriophori, viburnicola (in greenhouse)

S. palustris = Eleocharis palustris

S. rubrotinctus = Scirpus microcarpus

S. speciosus = Eriophorum angustifolium

S. sylvaticus Ceruraphis eriophori; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi;

Saltusaphis scirpus; Schizaphis scirpi; Sitobion avenae;

Subsaltusaphis ornata

S. tabernaemontani = Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani

S. triqueter = Schoenoplectus triqueter

S. validus= Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani

S. vulgaris (= Bolboschoenus Sitobion avenae

maritimus)

Scirpus spp. Atheroides hirtellus; Metopolophium dirhodum;

Schizaphis brachytarsus, caricis;

[Subsaltusaphis virginica]

Key to apterae on Scirpus (also Bomboschoenus, Schoenoplectus and Scirpoides):-

1 SIPH tubular; tapering, cylindrical or swollen, clearly longer than their basal widths …..2

- SIPH in form of short truncate cones not clearly longer than their basal widths, or present merely as pores, or completely absent …..21

2 SIPH very small, thin and flangeless, less than 0.7 × cauda …..Hyalopterus pruni

- SIPH not thin, more than 0.8 × cauda, with a distinct apical flange …..3

3 Front of head between ANT produced into 3 large separate rounded processes, each bearing spine-like hairs. SIPH scabrous, cylindrical for most of length and abruptly narrowed distally, with a small terminal aperture. ANT PT/BASE 1.37-1.8

…..Vesiculaphis theobaldi

- Front of head not produced into 3 large rounded processes bearing spine-like hairs. SIPH various, but not very small at apex. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.8 …..4

4 Tergum almost entirely dark, and SIPH jet black …..5

- Tergum usually pale, sometimes with dusky/dark central patch or dark markings. SIPH pale or dark …..6

5 SIPH short, less than 0.1 × BL, with close-set rows of fine spinules

…..Ceruraphis viburnicola

- SIPH more than 0.2 × BL, with coarse denticulate imbrication …..Ceruraphis eriophori

6 ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, projecting beyond middle part of head in dorsal view, smooth and divergent or bearing rounded scabrous or spiculose processes. ANT III with 1-4 small rhinaria near base .....7

- ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of head in dorsal view. ANT III without rhinara .....10

7 Head with inner sides of ANT tubercles developed as rounded, scabrous or spiculose processes. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II …..Carolinaia scirpi

- Head with inner sides of ANT tubercles smooth and divergent. R IV+V 0.60-0.85 × HT II

…..8

8 SIPH pale, without subapical polygonal reticulation ….. Metopolophium dirhodum

- SIPH dark, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation …..9

9 SIPH 1.75-2.25 × cauda, which has a rounded apex …..Sitobion fragariae

- SIPH 1.0-1.5 × cauda, which has a more pointed apex …..Sitobion avenae

10 ANT 5-segmented, bearing long hairs up to 4-5 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 4.5-5.9, with PT usually curved …..Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

- ANT 5- or 6-segmented, but if 5-segmented then hairs are shorter and/or ANT PT/BASE is less than 3.6 …..11

11 ABD TERG 8 with 5-13 hairs. Hind tibia with numerous long, fine hairs, exceeding 2 × its diameter at midlength, along whole length. Longest hairs on ANT III longer than BD III. Papilliform marginal tubercles usually present on all or most of ABD TERG 1-7 …..12

- ABD TERG 8 with 2-4 hairs. Hind tibia with shorter hairs, or if with hairs about 2 × its middle diameter then these do not extend to basal part. Longest hairs on ANT III rarely exceeding BD III. Marginal tubercles present or absent from ABD TERG 2-6 …..15

12 ANT III with 15-16 hairs. SIPH 2.57-2.83 × cauda …..Schizaphis brachytarsus

- ANT III with 6-13 hairs. SIPH 1.50-2.78 × cauda …..13

13 Subgenital plate usually with 2-4 hairs on anterior half (rarely up to 10). Dorsal body and ANT hairs variable in length; often some of those on both ANT III and ABD TERG 3 have blunt apices and are less than 50 μm long (range 28-87 μm and 29-100 μm respectively). R IV+V 1.02-1.25 (-1.38) × HT II. (Al. with (0-)2-5 rhinaria on ANT V)

…..Schizaphis caricis

- Subgenital plate with (3-)5-14 hairs on anterior half. Dorsal body hairs all more than 65 μm long with pointed apices; hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 3 are in range (30-) 50-108 μm and 81-132 μm respectively. R IV+V either 0.89-1.14 or 1.25-1.43 × HT II. Al with 0-1 rhinaria on ANT V .....14

14 R IV+V 0.89-1.14 × HT II. Hairs on ANT III 53-108 μm long …..Schizaphis scirpi

- R IV+V 1.25-1.43 × HT II. hairs on ANT III (30-) 50-83 μm long …..Schizaphis scirpicola

15 SIPH distinctly clavate, 1.8-2.4 × cauda …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

- SIPH not clavate, 1.2-c.2.0 × cauda …..16

16 ANT with primary rhinaria on ANT V much smaller than that on VI, its diameter 0.3-0.4 × width of segment at that point. SIPH pale with dark apices .....Schizaphis minuta

- ANT with primary rhinarium on ANT V about the same size as that on VI, its diameter more than 0.5 of width of segment at that point. SIPH pale or dark …..17

17 ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II. Body rather elongate oval

…..Rhopalosiphum maidis

- ANT PT/BASE 2.8-5.2. R IV+V 0.9-1.5 × HT II. Body rather broadly oval …..18

18 ANT usually 5-segmented, with longest hairs on ANT III 1-2 × BD III. SIPH c.2 × cauda

…..Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

- ANT 6-segmented, with longest hiars on ANT III 0.4-1.0 × BD III. SIPH 1.2-1.9 × cauda

…..19

19 Longest hairs on ANT III 0.75-1.0 × BD III. Dorsal body hairs pointed. SIPH 1.2-1.5 × cauda …..Rhopalosiphum musae

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.6 × BD III. Dorsal body hairs short and blunt. SIPH 1.5- 1.9 × cauda …..20

20 SIPH uniformly dark, cylindrical for most of length or with slight swelling of distal part, with a smooth distinctly constricted region subapically. Cauda dark …..Rhopalosiphum padi

- SIPH pale/dusky with darker apices, tapering gradually from base and with only slight subapical constriction. Cauda pale/dusky .....Rhopalosiphum cerasifoliae

21 Dorsal body hairs long and spine-like …..22

- Dorsal body hairs short with pointed apices, or fan- or mushroom-shaped …..23

22 Body elongate. Tergum entirely black …..Atheroides hirtellus

- Body oval. Tergum not black, ornamented with numerous small pointed denticles between the hair-bases …..Sipha glyceriae

23 Body balloon-shaped, with eyes of only 3 facets, ANT and legs greatly reduced and SIPH absent. Faceted wax glands present on all segments .....Colopha hispanica

- Body elongate, with compound eyes and well-developed appendages. SIPH present,

stump-like or raised pores. No faceted wax glands .....24

24 Fore and mid tibiae thickened at base, forming a smooth sclerotic “patella” (clearly different from base of hind tibia). SIPH stump-shaped. ABD TERG 8 with a pair of large rounded tubercular processes, each bearing 2 long hairs …..Saltusaphis scirpus

- Fore and mid tibiae constricted at base like hind tibiae. SIPH as slightly raised pores. ABD TERG 8 enlarged, entirely sclerotic, without tubercular processes, semicircular or emarginate posteriorly …..25

25 Dorsal hairs pointed. ABD TERG 8 with posterior margin rounded, not distinctly emarginate. ANT PT/BASE 0-5-0.6 …..Thripsaphis ballii

- Dorsal hairs mushroom-shaped. ANT TERG 8 distinctly emarginate posteriorly. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.1 …..26

26 Dorsum usually with well-marked and clearly-defined pleural longitudinal dark stripes that run almost the full length of the body (with small breaks between segments); these stripes are almost as dark as the intersegmental muscle plates, and are either side of a very pale spinal region that has no trace of a darker spinal stripe. (Wholly dark forms also sometimes occur)

…..Subsaltusaphis ornata

- Dorsum either almost unpigmented (except for muscle plates), or with ill-defined dark pleural longitudinal stripes or rows of paired patches that are paler than intersegmental muscle plates. When pleural bands are well-developed then there is also between them at least a trace of a dark spinal stripe. (Wholly dark forms are not known to occur)

…..Subsaltusaphis picta

(If specimens collected from Scirpus run to couplet 23, it would be advisable also to check that they are not one of the numerous other Carex-feeding Saltusaphidine species, by taking them through couplets 5-53 of key B to apterae on Carex.)

Sciuro-hypnum Brachytheciaceae

Sciuro-hypnum oedipodium Muscaphis escherichi; Pseudacaudella rubida

Use key to apterae of moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum.

Scleranthus Caryophyllaceae

Scleranthus annuus Myzus persicae

Scleria Cyperaceae

Scleria cochinchinensis = S. terrestris

S. elata = S. terrestris

S. pilosissima Carolinaia caricis

S. pterota = S. melaleuca

S. melaleuca Carolinaia caricis

S. racemosa Aphis gossypii

S. scandens Carolinaia caricis

S. scrobiculata Carolinaia hillerislambersi

S. terrestris Aulacorthum scirpi of Ghosh & Raychaudhuri 1972, nec.

van der Goot

Key to apterae on Scleria:-

1 ANT tubercles well developed, their inner faces scabrous and parallel or slightly divergent. Tergum entirely dark. ANT c. 0.75-0.8 × BL

….. Aulacorthum scirpi of Ghosh & Raychaudhuri, 1972, nec. van der Goot*

- ANT tubercles weakly developed. Tergum pale or dark. ANT 0.26-0.75 × BL …..2

2 Dorsal cuticle strongly wrinkled or variolate. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, 0.26-0.33 × BL, with PT/BASE 1.0-1.5. SIPH pale/dusky, with very coarse imbrication, cylindrical for most of length and abruptly narrowing subapically …..Carolinaia caricis

- Dorsal cuticle smooth or almost smooth. ANT usually 6-segmented, 0.6-0.75 × BL, with PT/BASE 2.0-3.8. SIPH dark to blackish, tapering, with normal imbrication …..3

3 ANT III with 2-4 rhinaria on swollen part near base. ANT PT/BASE c.3.75. R IV+V with 4 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles

…..Carolinaia hillerislambersi

- ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.2. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …..Aphis gossypii

Sclerocarya Anacardiaceae

Sclerocarya birrea Aphis gossypii

(incl. ssp. caffra)

Scleropodium see Pseudoscleropodium Brachytheciaceae

Scoliopus Liliaceae

Scoliopus bigelovii Ericaphis scoliopi

Scolopia Salicaceae

Scolopia crenata Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; [Aphis sp.]

S. ecklonii [Aphis sp.]; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Scolymus Asteraceae

Scolymus grandiflorus = S. hispanicus

S. hispanicus Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;

[Dysaphis lappae ssp. cynarae]; [Protaphis terricola]

S. maculatus Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Capitophorus eleaegni

Scolymus sp. Uroleucon aeneum

Use key to apterae on Carduus.

Scoparia Plantaginaceae

Scoparia dulcis Aphis gossypii

Scorpiurus Fabaceae

Scorpiurus muricatus Aphis craccivora; Myzus persicae

S. sulcatus = S. muricatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Scorzonera (including Podospermum) Asteraceae

Scorzonera albicaulis Aphis fabae

S. cana [Aphis medicaginis of Rusanova 1942 (= craccivora?)]

S. hirsuta Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus tragopogonis

S. hispanica Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus tragopogonis;

Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon

S. humilis Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus tragopogonis;

Uroleucon jaceae, scorzonerae

S. iliensis [Protaphis carthami]

S. laciniata Aphis fabae

S. parviflora Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus tragopogonis;

Protaphis aralensis

S. pubescens Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus tragopogonis

S. purpurea Aphis fabae; Protaphis scorzonerae

S. subaphylla Acyrthosiphon ghanii

S. tau-saghyz Brachycaudus tragopogonis; Brachyunguis tausaghyz;

Protaphis scorzonerae; Rectinasus buxtoni;

Smynthurodes betae; [Titanosiphon neoartemisiae]

S. tortuosissima Uroleucon tortuosissimae

Scorzonera spp. [Anuraphis controversus Rusanova (nomen nudum)];

Aphis spiraecola; [Paracletus cimiciformis];

[Uroleucon pilosellae]

Key to apterae on Scorzonera:-

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.3. Body and appendages densely hairy. SIPH absent …..2

- ANT PT/BASE at least 0.5. Body and appendages not densely hairy. SIPH present …..3

2 ANT V BASE and R IV+V both very long, respectively about 1.7 and 2.5 × width of head between antennal bases. ANT II similar in length to ANT I, much shorter than III

.….Rectinasus buxtoni

- ANT V BASE and R IV+V of normal length , both about 0.5 × width of head between antennal bases. ANT II about twice as long as ANT I, similar in length to III

..…Smynthurodes betae

3 ANT tubercles developed but often low, with smooth, broadly divergent inner faces. ANT III with 1-85 rhinaria …..4

- ANT tubercles either undeveloped, or steep-sided and scabrous or spiculose. ANT III without rhinaria, or with only 1-2 small ones near base …..8

4 SIPH pale or only dark at apices, and if with polygonal reticulation this is confined to distal 0.13-0.20 of length. ANT III with 1-11 rhinaria …..5

- SIPH dark, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.17-0.40 of length. ANT III with 7-85 rhinaria …..6

5 SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria on basal half. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-6.2 …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

- SIPH without distal polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 4-11 rhinaria in a row extending over 0.33-0.9 of length. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.5 …..Acyrthosiphon ghanii

6 Cauda pale. Dorsal abdomen without any pigmented sclerites. ANT III with 7-19 rhinaria

(-30 in alatiform apt.). SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.3-0.4

…..Uroleucon tortuosissimae*

- Cauda dark. Dorsal abdomen with pigmented scleroites at bases of hairs. ANT III with 16-54 rhinaria. SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.16-0.26 …..7

7 Tibiae mainly pale. Cauda with 10-17 hairs …..Uroleucon scorzonerae

- Tibiae entirely dark. Cauda with 22-28 hairs …..Uroleucon jaceae

8 Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation comprising broad spino-pleural cross-bands or paired patches on ABD TERG 1-7, and separate marginal sclerites. Spiracular apertures rounded. Cauda helmet-shaped, less than 0.8 × its basal width

…..Brachycaudus tragopogonis

- Dorsal abdomen pale or with a different pattern of sclerotisation. Spiracular apertures reniform. Cauda bluntly conical, tongue- or finger-shaped, 0.9-2.5 × its basal width …..9

9 ANT PT/BASE within range 0.6-1.3. (SIPH and cauda both very short) …..10

- ANT BASE more than 1.5 …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

10 SIPH pale, c. 0.5-0.6 × cauda, which bears 6-8 hairs …..Brachyunguis tausaghyz*

- SIPH dark, 0.65-c.1 × cauda, which bears 7-18 hairs …..11

11 SIPH 0.65-0.77 × cauda, which bears 16-18 hairs …..Protaphis aralensis*

- SIPH about equal in length to cauda, which bears 7-14 hairs …..Protaphis scorzonerae

Scorzoneroides Asteraceae

Scorzoneroides autumnalis Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, leontodontis,

nasturtii, spiraecola, [taraxacicola];

Aulacorthum palustre, solani; Hyperomyzus lactucae;

Myzus ascalonicus; Nasonovia ribisnigri;

Protaphis middletonii; Trama caudata, troglodytes;

Uroleucon cichorii, [grossum], hypochoeridis, leontodontis

Use key to apterae on Leontodon.

Scrophularia Scrophulariaceae

Scrophularia aquatica Myzus persicae

S. buergeriana [Uroleucon gobonis]

S. canina Aphis craccivora, gossypii, verbasci;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. glabrata Aphis verbasci

S kiriloviana Aphis verbasci

S. lanceolata Macrosiphum euphorbiae,

[Macrosiphum sp. (Leonard 1974, 111)]

S. leporella Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. nodosa Aphis nasturtii;

[Hyalomyzus monardae (as Phorodon scrophulariae)]

S. scorodonia [Cryptomyzus galeopsidis]

S. vernalis Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

Uroleucon scrophulariae

Scrophularia sp. Aphis frangulae group

Key to apterae on Scrophularia:-

1 SIPH black with polygonal reticulation on about distal 0.2 of length. Cauda black. ANT III with 20-25 rhinaria …..Uroleucon scrophulariae

- SIPH pale or dark, if dark then without polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale or dark. ANT III with 0-10 rhinaria …..2

2 R IV+V 1.6-1.9 × HT II. Cauda short and dark with 8-12 hairs …..Aphis verbasci

- Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Scurrula Loranthaceae

Scurrula atropurpurea Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Greenidea rappardi;

Sinomegoura citricola

S. fusca Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Greenidea rappardi

S. korthalsii Tuberaphis loranthi

S. philippensis = S. atropurpurea

Scurrula sp. Tuberaphis scurrulae, takenouchii

Use key to apterae on Loranthus.

Scutellaria Lamiaceae

Scutellaria altissima Aphis fabae, frangulae

S. baicalensis Aphis gossypii

S. catharinae Cryptomyzus alatavicus

S. columnae [Aphis sp. (Italy; Cocuzza et al. 2014)]

S. cordifrons Aphis gossypii

S. discolor Myzus ornatus

S. drummondii [Protaphis middletonii]

S. galericulata [Aphis chloris of Wilson & Vickery 1918 (plant genus

given in error as Scrophularia?];

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. hastifolia Aulacorthum solani

S. indica Aphis odorikonis

S. lateriflora Pseudasiphonaphis corni

S. mesostegia Aphis frangulae ssp. beccabungae, gossypii;

Cryptomyzus alatavicus

S. multiglandulosa Aphis gossypii

S. regeliana Aphis gossypii

S. repens Aphis gossypii

S. scandens Aphis gossypii; [Brevicoryne brassicae]; Myzus ornatus

S. sieversii Aphis gossypii; Cryptomyzus alatavicus

S. transiliensis = S. sieversii

Scutellaria spp. [Aphis sp. (Davletshina 1964)];

Myzus sp. (India; BNMH collection, leg. K. Narayanan);

Neomyzus circumflexus

Key to apterae on Scutellaria:-

1 SIPH as very small, rimless cones, shorter than their basal widths. ABD TERG 1-7 all with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu), longer than SIPH. ANT hairs long and fine, 2-3 × BD III …..Pseudasiphonaphis corni

- Without that combination of characters …..2

2 Dorsal body hairs long and capitate. ANT III with 10-37 rhinaria

…..Cryptomyzus alatavicus

- Dorsal hairs not long and capitate. ANT III with 0-10 rhinaria …..3

3 Head spiculose with inner faces of ANT tubercles converging anteriorly. ANT shorter than BL, without secondary rhinaria and with PT/BASE 1.7-3.0. Small, oval aphids, BL less

than 2 mm. SIPH not clavate …..4

- Without that combination of characters …..5

4 Dorsal abdomen with intersegmental pattern of dark ornamentation. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.5. SIPH weakly S-shaped with a well-developed flange, of diameter c.1.5 × the minimum diameter subapically …..Myzus ornatus

- Dorsum without dark intersegmental markings. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.0. SIPH straight with flange of diameter only 1.1-1.2 × minimum subapical diameter …..Myzus sp., India

5 SIPH uniformly dark, not swollen. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)

…..6

- SIPH (if present) pale or dark, or with dusky/dark apices, if wholly dark then markedly swollen. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

6 Cauda black with 11-25 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7and 8 and dark markings anterior to SIPH …..Aphis fabae

- Cauda pale or dark with 5-12 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually without dark markings …..7

7 ANT usually 5-segmented, or with partial fusion of III and IV. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II

…..Aphis odorikonis

- ANT usually 6 segmented (sometimes 5-segmented in summer dwarfs). R IV+V 1.1-1.5 × HT II ….. Aphis lamiorum or A. frangulae (incl. ssp. beccabungae) or A. gossypii (see text)

Scutia Rhamnaceae

Scutia buxifolia Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Searsia Anacardiaceae

Searsia dentata Aphis gossypii

S. pyroides Aphis gossypii

Secale Poaceae

Secale africanum Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. cereale Anoecia corni, vagans; Diuraphis noxia;

Forda formicaria, marginata, pawlowae;

Laingia psammae;

Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae ssp. cerealium;

Neomyzus circumflexus;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, nymphaeae, oxyacanthae, padi;

Schizaphis graminum, hypersiphonata;

Sipha elegans, maydis;

Sitobion akebiae, avenae, fragariae, miscanthi;

Smynthurodes betae; Tetraneura ulmi

S. sylvestre Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis;

Rhopalosiphum maidis

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Sechium Cucurbitaceae

Sechium edule Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;

Aulacorthum solani, spinocaudatum;

Myzus persicae;

Pseudomegoura magnoliae, [nipponica]

Use key to aphids on Cucurbita.

Securigera Fabaceae

Securigera parviflora Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora

S. varia Acyrthosiphon caraganae, pisum;

Aphis coronillae, craccae, vineti; Therioaphis trifolii

Use key to apterae on Coronilla.

Securinega see Flueggea Phyllanthaceae

Securinega fluggeoides = Flueggea suffruticosa

S. fruticosa = Flueggea suffruticosa?

S. virosa = Flueggea virosa

Sedum Crassulaceae

Sedum acre Aphis sedi

S. aizoon Aphis sedi, sediradicis; Eriosoma moriokense

S. alboroseum = Hylotelephium erythrostictum

S. album Aphis sedi; Nasonovia dasyphylli

S. altissimum = S. sediforme

S. amplexicaule Aphis sedi

S. anacampseros Brachycaudus sedi

S. anglicum Aphis sedi; [Hyperomyzus lactucae];

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. annuum Aphis sedi

S. argutum = S. telephium

S. asiaticum = Rhodiola heterodonta

S. brevifolium Aphis sedi

S. bupleuroides = Rhodiola bupleuroides

S. caeruleum Aphis sedi

S. caucasicum = S. maximum ssp. ruprechtii

S. cepaea Aphis sedi

S. dasyphyllum Aphis sedi; Nasonovia dasyphylli

S. ewersii Aphis sedi

S. fabaria = S. telephium

S. forsterianum Aphis sedi

S. gracile Aphis sedi

S. hirsutum Smynthurodes betae

S. hispanicum Aphis sedi

S. hybridum Aphis sedi

S. iwarenge Aphis gossypii

S. japonicum Aphis sedi, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Myzus persicae

S. kamtschaticum Aphis [pomi], sedi; [Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae]

S. lanceolatum = Amerosedum lanceolatum

S. latifolium = S. maximum

S. maximowiczii Aphis sedi

S. maximum (incl. ssp. ruprechtii) Aphis fabae, sedi; [Sitobion avenae]

S. middendorfianum = Phedimus middendorfianus

S. ochroleucum Aphis sedi; Brachycaudus helichrysi

S. pallescens = Hylotelephium pallescens

S. paniculatum (?) Aphis fabae

S. polytrichoides Aphis sedi

S. purpureum = S. telephium

S. reflexum = S. rupestre

S. roseum = Rhodiola rosea

S. rupestre Aphis fabae, gossypii, sedi, solenella, [Aphis sp.

(Davletshina 1964)]

S. sediforme Aphis sedi; [Dysaphis foeniculus]; Myzus persicae

S. selskianum = Phedimus selskianus

S. sempervivoides = Rosularia sempervivoides

S. sieboldii Myzus persicae

S. spectabile = Hylotelephium spectabile

S. spurium Aphis sedi; [Brachycaudus cardui];

Smynthurodes betae; [Tetraneura ulmi]

S. stoloniferum Aphis sedi

S. telephium Aphis fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, sedi, smirnovi;

[Macrosiphum hellebori]

S. telephium ssp. maximum = S. maximum

S. tenuifolium = S. amplexicaule

S. villosum [Myzus icelandicus]

Sedum spp. Aphis acrita; [Brevicoryne brassicae];

Myzus [certus], ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus;

Eriosoma ulmi

Key to apterae on Sedum (and Sempervivum):-

1 ANT less than 0.33 × BL, with PT short and stumpy …..2

- ANT at least 0.4 × BL, with longer PT …..3

2 SIPH present as large pores with partially sclerotised rims, ringed with hairs. Body and appendages sparsely hairy.Wax glands present, each consisting of a central facet surrounded by a ring of smaller facets …..Eriosoma sp. (moriokense, ulmi)

- SIPH absent. Body and appendages densely hairy. No discrete wax glands

…..Smynthurodes betae

3 Cauda very broadly rounded, much broader than long. SIPH stump-like, shorter than basal widths …..Brachycaudus sedi

- Cauda helmet-shaped, tongue- or finger-shaped. SIPH tubular, longer than their basal widths

…..4

4 Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width. Spiracular apertures large and rounded …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

- Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, distinctly longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures usually reniform …..5

5 ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)

…..6

- ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu …..12

6 R IV+V c. 0.8 × HT II. (Al. with sec. rhin.distributed ANT III 32-40, IV 8-15, V 0-2)

…..Aphis acrita*

- R IV+V 0.9-1.7 × HT II. (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed III 3-25, IV 0-2 (-10), V 0-1) …..7

7 ABD TERG 2-4 or 2-6 as well as 1 and 7 with well-developed, hemispherical or conical MTu …..8

- ABD TERG 2-4 only sporadically with small papilliform MTu …..9

8 R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II, with (2-) 3-4 accessory hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.2-1.8 × BD III …..Aphis sediradicis*

- R IV+V c. 1.2 × HT II, with 2 accessory hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III c.0.5 × BD III

…..Aphis smirnovi*

9 SIPH pale with dark apices …..Aphis nasturtii

- SIPH entirely dark …..10

10 Cauda black with 11-24 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and some dark markings anterior to SIPH. Femora with many fine hairs longer than trochantro-femoral suture …..Aphis fabae

- Cauda pale or dark with 4-8 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with or without dusky cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH. Femoral hairs all much shorter than trochantro-femoral suture …..11

11 ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.3. SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda, which bears 4-6 hairs and is usually rather dark, only a little paler than SIPH …..Aphis sedi

- ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2. SIPH 1.3-2.5 × cauda, which bears 4-8 hairs and is usually pale/dusky, markedly paler than SIPH …..Aphis gossypii

12 Thoracic spiracular apertures much larger than abdominal ones . ANT III usually with numerous secondary rhinaria, and often some also on IV, or IV and V …..13

- Thoracic spiracular apertures similar in size to abdominal ones. ANT III with or without a few (1-10) rhinaria on basal part, none on IV or V

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4

13 Cauda usually with 7 hairs, rarely 6, 8 or 9. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4 (usually more than 8.4). ANT III with 5-36 rhinaria, IV and V with 0. SIPH without imbrication. Dorsal abdomen with paired intersegmental markings …..Nasonovia ribisnigri

- Cauda almost always with 5 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 3.6-8.4. Sec. rhin. distributed ANT III 10-42, IV 0-21, V 0-4. SIPH with some imbrication. Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation, fused between tergites to form a large dark patch …..Nasonovia dasyphylli

Selaginella Selaginellaceae

Selaginella sp. Pentalonia nigronervosa

Selenicereus Cactaceae

Selenicereus grandiflorus Aphis craccivora, gossypii

Selenipedium see Phragmipedium Orchidaceae

Selenipedium vittatum = Phragmipedium vittatum

Selinum Apiaceae

Selinum carvifolia Aphis fabae, selini; Aulacorthum solani;