HOST LISTS and KEYS

1 Tergum heavily sclerotised with long spine-like hairs and numerous small denticles between the hairs. SIPH stump-like, cauda knobbed. ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5

…..Sipha glyceriae

- Tergum not sclerotic, dorsal hairs not spine-like. SIPH tubular, cauda tongue- or finger-shaped. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5 …..2

2 SIPH dusky or dark and swollen on distal half. Dorsal cuticle with a reticulate pattern of bead-like spinules .....Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

- Without that combination of characters .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

Saintpaulia Gesneriaceae

Saintpaulia diplotricha Neomyzus circumflexus

S. ionantha Aphis aurantii, gossypii; [Idiopterus nephrelepidis];

Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus

Saintpaulia sp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Salacca Arecaceae

Salacca edulis Astegopteryx nipae; Cerataphis brasiliensis

Use key to apterae on Calamus.

Salicornia Amaranthaceae

Salicornia europaea [Sitobion alopecuri (as salicornii Richards)]

Salicornia sp. Aphis salsolae

Salix Willows Salicaceae

Over 120 aphid species feed on Salix, the main genera being Chaitophorus (50+ species), Pterocomma (12 species) and Cavariella (21 species),the latter having host alternation between Salix and Umbellifereae or Araliaceae. Although almost all willow-feeding aphids restrict themselves exclusively to the genus Salix there are no clear patterns of host specificity within the genus. Therefore, following the host plant list, the aphids are keyed for the genus as a whole; the three main groups noted above are taken out at couplets 17-18 and keyed separately in supplementary keys A, B and C respectively.

Host List:-

Salix abscondita Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus horii

S. acmophylla Bada, Bisu, Gadhbhains

Chaitophorus himalayensis, pakistanicus;

Pterocomma pilosum; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. acuminata Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, gomesi, niger, salicti, truncatus;

Pterocomma pilosus, konoi, salicis

S. acutifolia Long-leaved Violet Willow, Sharp-Leaf Willow

Aphis farinosa; Cavariella archangelicae, konoi;

Chaitophorus diversisetosus, niger, quinquemaculatus,

ramicola;

Pterocomma flocculosa, jacksoni, konoi, rufipes

S. aegyptiaca Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus ramicola, saliceti;

Pterocomma pilosum, salicis; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. alativica Pterocomma rufipes, salicis

S. alaxensis Pterocomma rufipes

S. alba Pil, Vitpil, White Willow

(incl. vars coerulea, sericea, Aphis aurantii, [craccivora], farinosa, gossypii, roumanica;

vitellina) Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica, archangelicae, konoi,

nipponica, pastinacae, salicicola, salicis, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, crinitus, gomesi, israeliticus, niger,

nigritus, [populeti], quinquemaculatus, ramicola,

salicti, truncatus, viminalis, viminicola, vitellinae,

vitellinae ssp. danubicus;

Neopterocomma asiphum; Phylloxerina capreae, salicis;

Plocamaphis amerinae, flocculosa ssp.brachysiphon;

Pterocomma bicolor, chaetosiphon, jacksoni, konoi,

pilosum, pilosum ssp. sarmaticum, [populeum],

ringdahli, rufipes, salicis, smithiae;

Stomaphis [graffii], longirostris; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. alpina Aphis farinosa; [Brachycaudus helichrysi]

S. amplexicaulis = A. purpurea ssp. amplexicaulis

S. amygdaloides Peachleaf Willow

Chaitophorus pusillus; Macrosiphum californicum;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. apennina Chaitophorus niger, quinquemaculatus, salicti, vitellinae

S. appendiculata Aphis farinosa; Cavariella [cicutae], intermedia;

Pterocomma konoi, pilosum, rufipes

S. arbuscula Aphis farinosa; Cavariella intermedia; Pterocomma rufipes

S. arbusculoides Aphis farinosa

S. arbutifolia Cavariella salicicola; [Pterocomma baicalense];

(= Chosenia arbutifolia) Tuberolachnus salignus

S. arctica Cavariella borealis

S. argophylla = S. exigua

S. argyracea Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica, pastinacae, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, niger, ramicola, salicti;

Pterocomma jacksoni, rufipes, xerophilae;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. atrocinerea = S. acuminata

S. aurita Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, intermedia,

konoi, pastinacae, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, niger, ramicola, salicti, truncatus;

Plocamaphis amerinae, flocculosa;

Pterocomma jacksoni, konoi, pilosum, rufipes, salicis;

S. babylonica Weeping Willow

Aphis aurantii, [craccivora], farinosa, gossypii, roumanica;

Cavariella aegopodii, [angelicae], archangelicae,

aquatica, aspidaphoides, biswasi, [cicutae],

indica, japonica, konoi, pastinacae, saliapterus,

salicicola, salicis, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, himalayensis,

horii ssp. beuthani, niger, pakistanicus,

populialbae, saliapterus, salijaponicus, saliniger,

truncatus, viminalis, vitellinae;

Lachnus longirostrum, salicis; Macrosiphum californicum;

[Myzus persicae]; Neopterocomma asiphum;

Phylloxerina salicis; Plocamaphis salijaponica;

[Pterochloroides persicae];

Pterocomma bicolor, konoi, pilosum, rufipes,

salicis, [salijaponica], sanguiceps;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. bakko (= S. caprea?) Aphis farinosa; Cavariella salicicola;

Chaitophorus matsumurai, saliniger; Prociphilus oriens

S. ×balfouri Chaitophorus capreae

S. bebbiana Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica;

Chaitophorus horii, lapponum, ramicola, saliapterus,

salicti;

Pterocomma konoi, rufipes, salicis, xerophilae

S. bicolor Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii

S. borealis Plocamaphis flocculosa [ssp. goernitzi];

Pterocomma salicis

S. brachypoda Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus niger

S. breviserrata Aphis farinosa; Cavariella theobaldi

S. caesia Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aquatica, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus salicti, truncatus;

Pterocomma pilosum, salicis; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. ×calodendron Chaitophorus horii ssp. beuthani

S. canariensis Aphis farinosa; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. cantabrica Chaitophorus niger

S. capensis Tuberolachnus salignus

S. caprea Goat Willow, Sallow

Aphis farinosa, roumanica;

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, intermedia,

konoi, nipponica, pastinacae, salicicola, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, [flavissimus], furcatus,

horii, horii ssp. beuthani, [leucomelas], niger,

quinquemaculatus, ramicola, salicti,

salijaponicus, truncatus, vitellinae;

[Lachnus distinguendus Dahlbom 1851];

Neopterocomma asiphum;

Pachypappa warshavensis; Phylloxerina capreae;

Plocamaphis flocculosa (incl. sspp. brachysiphon,

goernitzi);

Pterocomma [baicalense], jacksoni, konoi, pilosum,

[populeum], rufipes, salicis;

Stomaphis longirostris; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. capusii Cavariella aquatica

S. cardiophylla Aphis gossypii; Pterocomma rufipes

S. carmanica Pterocomma pilosum; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. caroliniana Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus longipes, minutus;

Phylloxerina sp.; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. caspica Aphis farinosa, [craccivora];

Chaitophorus diversisetosus ssp. austriacus,

quinquemaculatus, salicti, shaposhnikovi;

Pterocomma rufipes, xerophilae; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. chaenomeloides Aphis farinosa (incl. ssp. yanagicola);

Cavariella salicicola; Chaitophorus saliniger;

Phylloxerina capreae; Plocamaphis coreana;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. chinensis = S. babylonica

S. chlorostachya = S. rhamnifolia

S. ×chrysostela (?) Cavariella aegopodii

S. cinerea Grey Willow

Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, intermedia,

japonica, konoi, pastinacae, rutila, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, crinitus, gomesi,

horii ssp. beuthani, lapponum, niger, ramicola, salicti,

salijaponicus, truncatus, vitellinae;

Phylloxerina salicis;

Plocamaphis flocculosa (incl. sspp. brachysiphon, goernitzi);

Pterocomma jacksoni, konoi, pilosum, rufipes, salicis;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. ×coerulea see S. alba

S. cordata Chaitophorus nigrae, viminalis

S. crassijulis Plocamaphis coreana

S. cupularis Aspidophorodon cornuatus

S. cuspidata Cavariella pastinacae; Pterocomma rufipes

S. daphnoides Violet Willow

Aphis farinosa (incl. ssp. yanagicola);

Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica, archangelicae, [cicutae];

Chaitophorus capreae, salicti, vitellinae;

Phylloxerina daphnoides; Pterocomma konoi, pilosum;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. dasyclados see S. ×smithiana

S. decipiens Cavariella konoi; Pterocomma rufipes

S. denticulata = S. elegans

S. dependens Tuberolachnus salignus

S. ×dichroa Cavariella archangelicae

S. discolor American Pussy Willow

Chaitophorus pallipes, pusillus; Phylloxerina salicola;

Plocamaphis flocculosa; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. dodgeana (?) Thecabius populimonilis

S. drupifolia (?) Cavariella salicicola

S. dshugdshurica Chaitophorus saliapterus; Pterocomma rufipes

S. elaeagnos = S. incana

S. elegans [Aiceona longisetosa]; [Aphis punicae];

Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica, biswasi, japonica, nigrae,

salicicola;

Ericolophium dubium

S. ×elegantissima Chaitophorus niger; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. ×erdingeri Aphis farinosa

S. eriocarpa Cavariella salicicola;

Chaitophorus salijaponicus, saliniger;

[Pseudomegoura magnoliae]

S. eriophylla = S. psilostigma

S. ×erythroclados Aphis farinosa; Cavariella theobaldi;

Chaitophorus niger, vitellinae; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. excelsa Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae

S. exigua Sandbar Willow

Cavariella pustula;

Chaitophorus macrostachyae, viminalis;

Pterocomma sanguiceps

S. ×expectata Chaitophorus niger

S. flabellaris Chaitophorus himalayensis

S. fluviatilis (?) River Willow

Chaitophorus nigrae, populicola;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. fragilis Crack Willow

Aphis farinosa, [spiraecola];

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, [cicutae],

konoi, pastinacae, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus horii ssp. beuthani, niger,

quinquemaculatus, ramicola, salicti, truncatus,

vitellinae;

Lachnus longirostrum; [Myzus ornatus];

[Neomyzus circumflexus]; Neopterocomma asiphum;

Pemphigus saliciradicis; Phylloxerina salicis;

Plocamaphis amerinae, flocculosa ssp. goernitzi;

Pterocomma chaetosiphon, jacksoni, konoi,

pilosum, [populeum], rufipes, salicis, smithiae;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. fulvopubescens Cavariella ?aegopodii, japonica

S. fuscescens Pterocomma rufipes

S. gilgiana Aphis farinosa; Cavariella salicicola; Chaitophorus horii

S. glabra Aphis farinosa; Cavariella intermedia

S. glandulosa = S. chaenomeloides

S. glauca Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella archangelicae, intermedia, konoi;

Chaitophorus lapponum;

Pterocomma rufipes, salicis, smithiae

S. graciliglans Chaitophorus saliniger; Plocamaphis coreana

S. gracilistyla (incl. var. Aphis farinosa;

melanostachys) Cavariella archangelicae, konoi, nipponica, salicicola,

theobaldi;

Chaitophorus hokkaidensis, niger, saliniger;

Pterocomma rufipes, [salijaponica];

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. hallaisanensis Tuberolachnus salignus

S. hastata Aphis farinosa; [Plocamaphis sp.]; Pterocomma pilosum

S. herbacea Cavariella aegopodii; Pemphigus saliciradicis

S. hirsuta Tuberolachnus salignus

S. hultenii Aphis farinosa ssp. yanagicola

S. humboldtiana Cavariella aegopodii; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. humilis Phylloxerina salicola

S. iliensis Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii;

Chaitophorus capreae, niger, ramicola, vitellinae;

Pterocomma pilosum; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. incana (incl. S. elaeagnos) Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, horii ssp. beuthani, salicti,

similis;

Phylloxerina daphnoides;

Pterocomma konoi, pilosum, salicis;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. integra Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii, nipponica;

Chaitophorus matsumurai, saliapterus,

salijaponicus, saliniger

S. irrorata Cavariella archangelicae; Chaitophorus nigrae

S. kangensis Cavariella konoi, nipponica

S. kinuyanagi Cavariella nipponica;

Chaitophorus horii, saliapterus

S. kirilowiana Cavariella archangelicae;

Chaitophorus capreae, niger, ramicola;

Pterocomma rufipes, salicis; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. kochiana Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus vitellinae

S. koreensis Cavariella salicicola; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. koriyanagi Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, konoi, nipponica, salicicola;

Chaitophorus horii, saliapterus, salijaponicus;

Plocamaphis coreana; [Pterocomma salijaponica];

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. laevigata Cavariella pastinacae;

Chaitophorus macrostachyae, monelli, nigrae,

salicorticis;

Fullawaya saliciradicis; Macrosiphum californicum;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. lanata Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae;

Chaitophorus lapponum, truncatus;

Phylloxerina ?capreae;

Pterocomma konoi, groenlandicum, rufipes

S. lapponum [Acyrthosiphon brachysiphon]; Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica, archangelicae,

theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, horii ssp. beuthani,

lapponum;

Plocamaphis amerinae ssp. borealis;

Pterocomma pilosum, rufipes, salicis

S. lasiandra Pacific Willow

Cavariella konoi, pastinacae; Macrosiphm californicum;

Pterocomma ?populeum, smithiae;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. lasiolepis Arroyo Willow

Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii;

Chaitophorus horii ssp. beuthani, monelli, nigrae;

Macrosiphum californicum; Phylloxerina salicola;

Plocamaphis flocculosa; Pterocomma pilosum;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. laurina Chaitophorus niger

S. ledebouriana Chaitophorus capreae; Pterocomma konoi, rufipes, salicis

S. ×legionensis Chaitophorus niger

S. livida Cavariella aquatica; Chaitophorus niger, truncatus

S. longifolia Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii;

Chaitophorus abditus, nigrae, viminalis;

Fullawaya saliciradicis;

Pterocomma konoi, rufipes, salicis

S. longipes = S. caroliniana

S. lucida Shining Willow

Cavariella pastinacae, salicis; Chaitophorus viminalis;

Pterocomma rufipes, salicis

S. lutea Aphis farinosa; Macrosiphum californicum;

Pterocomma bicolor

S. macrolepis = S. arbutifolia

S. macropoda = S. bebbiana

S. macrostachya Chaitophorus crucis, macrostachyae;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. magnifica Aphis farinosa; Plocamaphis flocculosa

S. matsudana Aphis farinosa (incl. ssp. yanagicola);

(incl. var. tortuosa) [Aspidophorodon sinisalicis], Cavariella salicicola;

Chaitophorus truncatus;

[Pachpappa tortuosae (?vagrant sexupara)];

Pterocomma salicis; Stomaphis sinisalicis;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. medenii Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae

S. melanopsis Chaitophorus macrostachyae

S. melanostachys see S. gracilistyla

S. micans Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus vitellinae;

[Pterocomma populeum]

S. michelsonii Chaitophorus niger

S. miyabeana Cavariella salicicola; Chaitophorus saliniger

S. ×multidentata Aphis farinosa

S. multinervis = S. integra

S. myrsinifolia = S. nigricans

S. myrsinites Chaitophorus pentandrinus

S. myrtillifolia Aphis farinosa

S. myrtilloides Aphis farinosa; Pterocomma rufipes

S. neotricha Cavariella theobaldi; Chaitophorus niger, vitellinae;

Pterocomma konoi

S. niedzwieckii Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus niger

S. nigra Black Willow

Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, pastinacae, salicis;

Chaitophorus nigrae, viminalis, viminicola;

Pterocomma smithiae

S. nigricans Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aquatica, archangelicae, konoi,

pastinacae, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, lapponum, nigricantis,

salicti, truncatus, vitellinae;

Plocamaphis flocculosa [ssp. goernitzi];

Pterocomma pilosum, [populeum], rufipes, salicis

S. nipponica Cavariella salicicola; Chaitophorus saliniger

S. ×onusta Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii

S. parallelinervis Plocamaphis coreana; Pterocomma salicis

S. pedicellata Pterocomma pilosum; [Pterochloroides persicae];

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. pentandra Bay Willow, Sweet Willow

Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, [cicutae],

konoi, lapponum, pastinacae, salicicola, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, niger, pentandrinus,

quinquemaculatus, salicti, truncatus, vitellinae;

Pterocomma konoi, pilosum, rufipes, salicis

S. phylicifolia Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica, archangelicae,

intermedia, konoi, pastinacae, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus lapponum, nigricantis, ramicola,

salijaponicus ssp. stroyani, truncatus, vitellinae;

Pterocomma konoi, pilosum, rufipes, salicis

S. pierotii Chaitophorus saliniger; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. polaris Pemphigus saliciradicis; Sitobion calvulum

S. prolixa Aphis farinosa

S. pseudolasiogyne Cavariella salicicola; Chaitophorus saliciniger;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. pseudomedemii Aphis farinosa

S. ×pseudosalvifolia Chaitophorus capreae

S. pseudotangii Aspidophorodon salicis

S. psilostigma Cavariella sp.

S. purpurea (incl. sspp. Purple Osier

amplexicaulis, lambertiana) Aphis farinosa, gossypii, roumanica;

Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica, archangelicae, [cicutae],

konoi, pastinacae, rutila, salicicola, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, diversitosus ssp. austriacus, gomesi, horii ssp. beuthani, mordvilkoi, niger,

nigricantis, parvus, [purpureae], quinquemaculatus,

salicti, truncatus, vitellinae;

Plocamaphis amerinae;

Pterocomma italica, jacksoni, konoi, pilosum,

rufipes, salicis;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. pycnostachya Cavariella aquatica, pastinacae; Chaitophorus niger;

Pterocomma rufipes, xerophilae

S. pyrenaica Aphis farinosa

S. pyrolifolia Aphis farinosa; Cavariella theobaldi; Pterocomma konoi

S. repens Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, hypogaeus, mordvilkoi,

niger, parvus, ramicola, salicti, truncatus;

Neopterocomma verhoeveni;

Plocamaphis flocculosa ssp. brachysiphon,

flocculosa ssp. goernitzi;

Pterocomma jacksoni, konoi, pilosum, rufipes,

salicis

S. reticulata [Pemphigus groenlandicus]

S. retusa Cavariella aegopodii; Pterocomma rufipes

S. rhamnifolia Cavariella aegopodii

S. rockii [Aspidophorodon sinisalicis]

S. rorida Aphis farinosa (incl. ssp. yanagicola);

Cavariella aegopodii, konoi, nipponica, pastinacae,

salicicola;

Chaitophorus horii, lapponum, ramicola, saliapterus;

Pterocomma konoi, salicis; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. rossica = S. viminalis

S. rosmarinifolia Chaitophorus niger, truncatus

S. rotundifolia Pterocomma jacksoni

S. ×rubens Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus niger;

Pterocomma konoi; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. sachalinensis = S. udensis

S. salvifolia Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus gomesi

S. schwerinii Aphis farinosa; Cavariella intermedia, nipponica;

Chaitophorus horii, niger;

Pterocomma konoi, rufipes, salicis

S. scouleriana Aphis farinosa; Macrosiphum californicum;

Pterocomma salicis

S. ×sepulcralis Aphis farinosa

S. sericea see S. alba

S. sieboldiana Cavariella nipponica; Chaitophorus matsumurai, saliniger

S. silesiaca Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, rutila;

Chaitophorus capreae; Pachypappa warshavensis;

Pterocomma jacksoni, rufipes

S. sinopurpureae(?) [Pterocomma purpureae?]

S. sitchensis Sitka Willow

Aphis farinosa

Pterocomma smithiae

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. ×smithiana Aphis farinosa;

(incl. S. dasyclados) Chaitophorus capreae, horii ssp. beuthani,

[purpureae?], salicti;

Plocamaphis flocculosa ssp. macrosiphon;

Pterocomma konoi, rufipes, salicis;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. songarica Cavariella aegopodii, aquatica, salicicola;

Chaitophorus niger; [Pterocomma populeum]

S. ×stipularis Tuberolachnus salignus

S. subfragilis Cavariella salicicola

S. subopposita Cavariella aegopodii

S. taraikensis Aphis farinosa

S. tenuijulis Aphis farinosa;

Chaitophorus niger, quinquemaculatus, salicti, truncatus

S. tetrasperma Indian Willow, Jalmola

Cavariella aegopodii;

Chaitophorus himalayensis, pakistanicus;

Ericolophium dubium; Lachnus longirostrum, salicis;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. tianschanica Aphis farinosa; Chaitophorus niger, salicti;

Pterocomma salicis

S. ×tinctoria Cavariella archangelicae, pastinacae

S. triandra (incl. ssp. discolor) Almond-Leaved Willow

Aphis farinosa;

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, [cicutae], konoi,

pastinacae, salicicola, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus capreae, horii ssp. beuthani, niger,

nigricantis, quinquemaculatus, ramicola, salicti,

truncatus, vitellinae;

Macrosiphum californicum; Plocamaphis flocculosa;

Pterocomma chaetosiphon, jacksoni, konoi,

pilosum, [populeum], rufipes, salicis;

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. turanica Aphis farinosa; Cavariella aegopodii, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus lapponum, niger, ramicola, shaposhnikovi,

vitellinae;

Pterocomma pilosum; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. udensis [Acyrthosiphon kapustjanae]; Aphis farinosa, gossypii;

Aspidophorodon salicis;

Cavariella hidaensis, japonica, nipponica,

salicicola;

Chaitophorus horii, saliapterus; Prociphilus oriens;

Pterocomma konoi, rufipes, salicis

S. urbaniana Cavariella aquatica; [Pemphigus yanagi Shinji 1928]

S. viminalis Basket Willow, Common Osier

Aphis farinosa, roumanica; Aspidophorodon salicis;

Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, intermedia,

pastinacae, theobaldi;

Chaitophorus [brunealineata], capreae, gomesi, horii,

horii ssp. beuthani, morvilkoi, niger, parvus, ramicola,

salicti, truncatus, viminalis, vitellinae;

Phylloxerina capreae; Plocamaphis amerinae, flocculosa;

Pterocomma jacksoni, konoi, pilosum, [populeum],

rufipes, salicis;

Stomaphis longirostris; Tuberolachnus salignus

S. vitellina see S. alba

S. wallichiana [Macrosiphum stellariae];

Prociphilus (Neoparacletus) ghanii

S. warburgii Aphis aurantii, farinosa (incl. ssp. yanagicola), gossypii;

Cavariella araliae, salicicola;

[Chaitophorus aquasalignus Zhang, Qiao & Chen (in

G. Zhang 1999 - alata only)];

Tuberolachnus salignus

S. wardiana Cavariella archangelicae

S. wilhelmsiana Aphis farinosa; Cavariella theobaldi;

Chaitophorus niger, quinquemaculatus, salicti;

Pterocomma konoi, [populeum]

S. xerophila Pterocomma xerophilae

S. yezoalpina Tuberolachnus salignus

Salix spp. (unidentified) [Acyrthosiphon hamiense Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li 1999];

[Aleurodaphis blumeae]; [Aphis spiraecola]

Aspidophorodon harvensis, obtusus;

[Bituberculaphis inexpectata Rusanova 1943];

[Boernerina alni]; Brevicoryne fraterna;

Cavariella aspidaphoides, bhutanensis, cessana,

digitata, gilgiana, japonica, pustula, takahashii;

Chaitophorus [acupilus Zhang, Qiao & Chen (in G. Zhang 1999 - alata only)], [dabanchengus],

[dulciculus] eoessigi, israeliticus, knowltoni,

macgillivrayae, manaliensis, nigricentrus, nigritus,

pustulatus, remaudierei, saliciniger, shaposhnikovi,

[tumurensis Zhang in Zhang & Zhong 1985a (alata)];

[Elatobium salicifoliae]; [Eriosoma yangi, yangiparasitica];

Fullawaya bradleyi, braggii, bulbosa, terricola;

Lachnus [salicellis Fitch 1851], tatakaensis, yunlongensis;

[Lambersaphis pruinosa]; Longistigma xizangensis;

Paducia antennata, aterrima;

Plocamaphis [assetacea], martini;

Pterocomma [henanense], [salicicola (Uhler 1862)],

saliciphagum, salicis ssp. rohdendorfi, [tibetasalicis];

Stomaphis wojciechowskii

[Tranaphis syriaca Börner ex Bodenheimer 1937]

Main key to willow-feeding aphids (refers to apterous viviparae only except where otherwise stated):-

1 Body very small (BL less than 1.24 mm), pear-shaped, broadest anteriorly. Antenna 3-segmented. Spinal, pleural amd marginal wax pore plates on all thoracic and abdominal segments. (All morphs oviparous) .....2

- BL usually more than 1.25 mm. Antenna 5- or 6-segmented. Wax glands present or absent but never in a complete series on all segments. (Parthenogenetic females viviparous) .....3

2 R IV+V elongate, 5-6× its basal width and a little longer than antenna. Facets of wax pore plates polygonal with subdivisions (fig. 100A). Prothorax usually with a hair-bearing supplementary wax pore plate between the spinal and pleural wax pore plates on each side, sometimes fused with the spinal wax pore plate, which then appears to be extended laterally and includes 2 hairs .....Phylloxerina salicis

- R IV+V 2.5-3.5× its basal width and a little shorter than antenna. Facets of wax pore plates rounded (fig. 100B). Prothorax usually without a supplementary wax pore plate between the spinal and pleural wax pore plates

.....Phylloxerina capreae or daphnoidis or salicola*

3 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.7 .....4

- ANT PT/BASE more than 0.7 .....16

4 SIPH tubular, swollen on distal third. (ABD TERG 8 with a triangular supracaudal process similar to cauda. BL less than 2 mm) …..Cavariella gilgiana*

- SIPH either as large pores on broad hairy cones, or absent. (No supracaudal process, and BL usually much greater than 2 mm) …..5

5 SIPH present as large pores on broad pigmented cones with numerous hairs. Eyes multifaceted .....6

- SIPH absent. Eyes as triommatidia .....13

6 Rostrum much longer than body ....7

- Rostrum much shorter than body .....8

7 ANT VI a little shorter than ANT V. ANT III with 1-12 secondary rhinaria, and ANT IV with 4-10 .....Stomaphis longirostris

- ANT VI 1.4-1.6 × ANT V. ANT III with 0-2 secondary rhinaria and ANT IV with 1-5

.....Stomaphis wojciechowskii* or S. sinisalicis*

8 Abdomen with a large dark spinal tubercle .....Tuberolachnus salignus

- Abdomen without a spinal tubercle .....9

9 BL more than 5.5 mm. Alata with pterostigma elongate, curved around tip of forewing

.....Longistigma xizangensis*

- BL less than 5.5 mm. Alata (where known) with a short pterostigma .....10

10 Dorsal abdomen with transverse rows of large black circular sclerites., about 6 per tergite

.....Lachnus tatakensis

- Dorsal abdomen without tranverse rows of round black sclerites .....11

11 ANT III (of aptera) with 11-15 secondary rhinaria, IV with 4-8 and V with 0-2. R IV with 24-32 accessory hairs .....Lachnus yunlongensis*

- ANT III with 0-1 secondary rhinaria, IV with 0-4 and V with 0-1. R IV with about 10 accessory hairs .....12

12 R IV+V 0.42-0.51 × HT II .....Lachnus salicis

- R IV+V 0.61-0.68 × HT II .....Lachnus longirostrum

13 Hairs on antennae and legs long; e.g. those on ANT III longer than basal diameter of segment. Abdomen with only marginal wax pore plates ever well developed .....14

- Hairs on appendages short and sparse. Posterior abdominal tergites with well-developed spinal and pleural wax pore plates .....15

14 Body hairs short, hairs on antennae and legs very long and fine. R IV+V about as long as HT II. Marginal abdominal wax pore plates well developed. Anal plate forming

a ring around cauda .....Prociphilus oriens

- Hairs on body, legs and antennae of similar size, all with rather thick bases. R IV+V 1.4-1.5× HT II. Marginal abdominal wax pore plates poorly developed, possibly represented by small round membranous areas on each tergite. Anal plate wholly below cauda

.....Prociphilus ghanii

15 R IV+V acute, longer than HT II, which is without spinules and appears fused to HT I. Antenna 5-segmented, with PT shorter than its basal diameter

.....Pachypappa warshavensis

- R IV+V blunt, shorter than HT II which is spinulose and has a functional articulation with HT I. Antenna 6-segmented, with PT at least as long as its basal width

.....Pemphigus saliciradicis (= Thecabius populimonilis? – see text)

16 Body usually rather densely clothed with either long and fine, or thick, hairs; if hairs are rather short and sparse mid-dorsally then the antennae, legs and cauda are all densely hairy

.....17

- Body hairs sparse and usually rather short, at least dorsally .....18

17 Small to medium-sized (BL 1.5-2.6 mm). SIPH stump-shaped, usually with reticulate sculpturing (fig. 103). Cauda either knobbed, rounded or bluntly triangular, with 6-14 hairs

.....Chaitophorus spp. - KEY A

- Medium to large (BL 2.0-4.5 mm). SIPH almost cylindrical or swollen, usually without reticulate sculpturing (see fig. 106). Cauda either rounded or bluntly triangular with about 20-60 hairs, or tongue-shaped with a constriction and fewer hairs (in which case SIPH are dark and strongly swollen and antennae are 4-segmented)

.....Pterocomma and related genera - KEY B

18 ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly-directed supracaudal process bearing a pair of hairs near apex (fig. 107) .....Cavariella spp. - KEY C

- ABD TERG 8 without a supracaudal process .....19

19 Antennal tubercles with forwardly-directed processes on either side of well-developed median tubercle, and ANT I also with projecting inner face. Antenna 4- or 5-segmented. SIPH thin and flangeless, spoon-shaped, obliquely truncated at apex (fig. 101A) .....20

- Antennal tubercles developed or undeveloped, without processes. Antenna usually

6-segmented. SIPH not spoon-shaped, with a flange .....23

20 Marginal processes, each with a small apical hair, present on thoracic and abdominal tergites

.....21

- Marginal processes absent .....22

21 Processes on ANT tubercles very long, horn-shaped, more than 4 × basal diameter of ANT III. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.25 .....Aspidophorodon cornuatus*

- Processes on ANT tubercles short and cylindrical with blunt apices, less than 2 × basal diameter of ANT III. ANT PT/BASE less than 1 .....Aspidophorodon obtusus*

22 Processes on antennal tubercles not much longer than their basal widths, only slightly longer than median tubercle, which is bilobed (fig. 101B). Hairs on frontal processes, and on ABD TERG 8, blunt or pointed .....Aspidophorodon salicis

- Processes on antennal tubercles more than 2× longer than median tubercle, which is not bilobed (fig. 101C). Hairs on frontal processes and ABD TERG 8 slightly capitate

.....Aspidophorodon harvensis

23 SIPH usually dark .....24

- SIPH pale at least at base, if rather dark then with subapical polygonal reticulation .....25

24 ANT PT/BASE 3.5 or more. Cauda dark with 10-26 hairs. Stridulatory apparatus present (fig. 122) .....Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

- ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.2. Cauda paler than SIPH, with 4-9 hairs. No stridulatory apparatus

.....Aphis gossypii

25 ANT PT/BASE 0.75-0.90. SIPH short, swollen in middle .....Brevicoryne fraterna

- ANT PT/BASE 1.6-7.5. SIPH not swollen in middle .....26

26 Antennal tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. Cauda darker than SIPH.

ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.5 .....27

- Antennal tubercles moderately to well developed, with divergent inner faces, so that outline of front of head is U- or W-shaped. Cauda pale. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-7.5 .....29

27 ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles. R IV+V shorter than HT II and bearing 4-6 accessory hairs. SIPH with a slight inward curve and some rather indistinct subapical reticulation …..Sitobion calvulum

- At least ABD TERG 1 and 7 with well-developed marginal tubercles. R IV+V shorter or longer than HT II and bearing 2 accessory hairs. SIPH straight or with a slightly outward curve and no trace of subapical reticulation …..28

28 R IV+V 1.03-1.25× HT II. ABD TERG 2-6 each with 2-3 marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 2, or rarely 3-4, hairs .....Aphis farinosa

- R IV+V 0.93-1.07× HT II. ABD TERG 2-6 each with 5-11 marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 4-7 hairs .....Aphis roumanica

29 ANT PT/BASE 6.5-7.5 SIPH darkened distally with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation .....Macrosiphum californicum

- ANT PT/BASE 2.1-4.5 SIPH wholly pale with no distinct zone of polygonal reticulation

.....30

30 ANT III with 1-5 secondary rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.5 SIPH 1.00-1.32× cauda

.....Acyrthosiphon aurlandicum*

- ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.6 SIPH 2.5-3.5× cauda .....31

31 Antenna more than 0.75× BL, with ANT III longer than head width across (and including) eyes .....Ericolophium dubium

- Antenna less than 0.7× BL, with ANT III about 0.5 × head width across eyes

.....Cavariella hidaensis

KEY A- Chaitophorus spp. on Salix (apterous viviparae only, except where otherwise stated).

1 Cauda broadly rounded, less than 0.6× its basal width, without any trace of a constriction (fig. 102A) .....2

- Cauda either with a distinctly knobbed apex, or bluntly conical with or without a slight midway constriction; more than 0.6× its basal width in dorsal view (e.g. figs 102B-D) .....7

2 ANT BASE VI with 7-14 hairs. R IV with 11-20 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE usually less than 1 .....macrostachyae group

- ANT BASE VI with 2-5 hairs. R IV with 2-8 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE usually more than 1 .....3

3 Tergum ornamented with numerous small rounded nodules .....pustulatus

- Tergum with mainly imbricate and at least partly reticulate ornamentation .....4

4 Hind femora much darker than tergum. R IV with 6-8 accessory hairs. Dorsal pigmentation rather uniform with darker intersegmental markings .....utahensis

- Hind femora as pale as or paler than tergum. R IV with 2-4 accessory hairs. Dorsal pigmentation either pale or only regionally pigmented .....5

5 Tergum entirely pale. Hairs on ANT III mainly thick, stiff and blunt (fig. 102E). First tarsal segments with 5 hairs .....crucis

- Tergum regionally pigmented. Hairs on ANT III mostly long and fine-pointed (e.g. fig. 102F). First tarsal segments with 7 (or rarely 6) hairs .....6

6 Tergum dark laterally and usually with a distinct pale central area .....saliciniger

- Tergum paler laterally, with dark brown central area .....nigricentrus

7 ANT III with only 0-4 hairs, the longest of which are only 5-20 µm long (fig. 102G) .....8

- ANT III with 2-30 hairs, but if 4 or less then the longest are 30-100 µm long .....9

8 BL 1.8-2.1× maximum body width. ABD TERG 1-5 each with only 0-12 smaller accessory hairs between the long spinal, pleural and marginal pairs, and mostly forming a single row with them (fig. 103A) .....capreae

- Body narrower; BL 2.1-2.5× maximum body width. ABD TERG 1-5 each with 12-30 smaller accessory hairs, some in an additional row anterior to the large primary hairs (fig. 103B)

.....horii

9 Abdominal tergum membranous and mainly pale except for dusky scleroites at bases of spinal and pleural hairs, marginal sclerites and transverse bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8. Dorsal body hairs very long and pointed .....hypogaeus

- Abdominal tergum sclerotic, pale or pigmented, with usually at least ABD TERG 2-6 fused together. Dorsal body hairs variable .....10

10 Hind tibia slightly swollen ventrally near base, with a group of 2-17 small circular ?scent plaques (fig. 103C). Tergum dark, with nodulose ornamentation .....saliniger

- Hind tibia without a basal swollen part bearing ?scent plaques. Tergum pale or dark, ornamentation variable .....11

11 Cauda bluntly conical, often with an indentation or constriction partially delimiting a tongue-shaped or rounded apical part, but with the width at the constriction not usually less than 0.8× the maximum diameter of the apical part (e.g. figs 102C, D; examine several specimens)

.....12

- Cauda always with a distinct constriction or neck dividing it into a triangular basal part and a globular apical knob, with the width at the constriction less than 0.8× the maximal diameter of the knob (fig. 102B) .....20

12 ANT BASE VI with 2-4 hairs, but usually with 3 hairs (examine several specimens). Tergum ornamented with separate small nodules. (R IV+V 1.05-1.20× HT II; ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.2; dorsal body hairs long, 100-160 µm; dorsum pale in spring and early summer, with dark pleural bands in late summer) .....vitellinae

- ANT BASE VI with 2, or rarely 3, hairs. Tergum variously ornamented, and without the above characters in that combination .....13

13 Tergum pale. Dorsal body hairs mostly with furcate apices .....14

- Tergum usually dark, either totally or with a paler spinal region. Dorsal body hairs usually with pointed apices .....16

14 R IV+V less than 0.8× HT II .....monelli

- R IV+V at least 0.9× HT II .....15

15 ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.3, R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II .....shaposhnikovi

- ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.5, R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II .....furcatus

16 ABD TERG 1-6 all fused .....17

- ABD TERG 1 separate, 2-6 fused or separate .....18

17 SIPH unpigmented, with a clear surrounding area. ABD TERG 1-8 all with pale spinal areas

.....pallipes

- SIPH dusky, without any clear surrounding area (fig. 103D). ABD TERG 1-5 often with clear spinal areas in heavily pigmented specimens, but then ABD TERG 7 and 8 are always evenly pigmented .....nigrae group (part)

18 ABD TERG 2 separate from 3, and ABD TERG 3-6 often with separate or only partially fused bands. R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × HT II .....ramicola

- ABD TERG 2-6 usually wholly or partially fused; if separate in some specimens then R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II .....19

19 R IV with 3-6 accessory hairs (most commonly 4). First tarsal segments most commonly with 5 hairs .....parvus

- R IV with 2 accessory hairs. First tarsal segments most commonly with 7 hairs

.....mordvilkoi

20 ABD TERG 1 fused with 2-6 ......21

- ABD TERG 1 separate from 2-6 .....29

21 ABD TERG 1-6 with a pattern of reticulate imbrication, at least on pleural areas. Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly long and pointed (fig. 103D) .....nigrae group (part)

- Ornamentation of ABD TERG 1-6 not reticulate, usually consisting of separate small nodules or spicules, sometimes smooth. Dorsal abdominal hairs pointed or bifurcate .....22

22 R IV+V short, less than 1.5× its basal width, 0.6-0.8 × HT II .....23

- R IV+V more than 1.5× its basal width, 0.9-1.4 × HT II .....25

23 First tarsal segments with 6-7 hairs (rarely 5 on some tarsi). Body and appendages pale or variably pigmented .....viminalis (or purpureae)

- First tarsal segments mostly with 5 hairs, sometimes 6, rarely 7 on some tarsi. Body and appendages always pale ......24

24 Hairs on ANT VI BASE rather short, the longer of the two up to about 2 × basal diameter of ANT III. ABD TERG 7 and 8 each with a single row of hairs (except that medial hair is displaced anteriorly) .....pusillus

- Longest hair on ANT BASE VI 2.5 or more × basal diameter of ANT III. ABD TERG 7 and 8 each with two rows of hairs, the anterior row of each with at least 3 hairs

.....macgillivrayae*

25 Antennae 5-segmented, with ANT BASE V usually bearing only a single, short hair

.....minutus

- Antennae 6-segmented, ANT BASE VI with 2-3 hairs .....26

26 R IV+V 0.90-0.95 × HT II, and always with only 2 accessory hairs. Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly with bifurcate apices .....eoessigi

- R IV+V 1.0-1.4 × HT II, with 2-15 accessory hairs. Dorsal abdominal hairs with either bifurcate or pointed apices .....27

27 All femora dark. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II, with 3-15 accessory hairs. Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly with bifurcate apices .....longipes

- Either all femora pale, or fore femora paler than mid and hind femora. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II, with 2-4 accessory hairs. Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly with pointed apices .....28

28 Mid and hind femora very dark. ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.2 .....viminicola

- Mid and hind femora pale or dusky. ANT PT/BASE 2.2-2.8 .....hokkaidensis

29 First tarsal segments usually with 6-7 hairs (but occasionally 5 on some or even all tarsi of some specimens) .....30

- First tarsal segments normally with 5, or occasionally 6, hairs .....39

30 ANT VI BASE with 3-4 hairs which have blunt or expanded apices. R IV+V 1.05-1.20 × HT II, with R IV bearing 5-7 accessory hairs .....vitellinae ssp. danubicus

- ANT VI BASE with 2-3 hairs with pointed apices. R IV+V 0.60-1.05× HT II, with R IV bearing 2-6 accessory hairs .....31

31 SIPH dark, at least apically .....32

- SIPH pale, even when tergum is dark .....34

32 R IV with 4-6 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE 3.0-3.8 .....himalayensis

- R IV with 2-3 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.3 .....33

33 Spinal hairs with blunt or expanded apices, shorter than marginal hairs on same tergites. SIPH reticulated on distal half only. Tergum rather pale or with dark brown pleural longitudinal stripes .....diversisetosus

- Spinal hairs long and pointed and similar in length to marginal hairs. SIPH almost wholly reticulated. Tergum with transverse bars, usually fused between ABD TERG 3-6

.....remaudierei*

34 Longest hair on ANT BASE VI (or V if antenna 5-segmented) more than 1.5 × maximum diameter of segment .....35

- Longest hair on ANT BASE VI less than 1.5 × maximum diameter of segment .....36

35 ANT PT/BASE 3.4-3.7. Spinopleural abdominal hairs long and fine-pointed. R IV with 4-6 accessory hairs .....manaliensis

- ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.0. Spinopleural abdominal hairs thick with abruptly pointed, blunt or bifid apices (fig. 103E), only marginal hairs sometimes long and fine-pointed. R IV with 2-4 accessory hairs .....pentandrinus

36 ABD TERG 1-5 with longest spino-pleural hairs 2-4× basal diameter of ANT III .....37

- ABD TERG 1-5 with longest spino-pleural hairs 4-8× basal diameter of ANT III .....38

37 ANT V with 1-3 hairs. R IV with 2 accessory hairs. (Alata with secondary rhinaria on ANT III-V) .....saliapterus

- ANT V with 3-6 hairs. R IV with 2-4 accessory hairs. (Alata with secondary rhinaria only on ANT III) .....quinquemaculatus

38 Antennae wholly pale except for duskiness around primary rhinaria. (Alata with broad transverse dark bars on ABD TERG 3-8, often fused into a solid patch on ABD TERG 3-6)

.....nigricantis

- ANT I and most of ANT V and VI darker than ANT III. (Alata with separate, narrow, often broken transverse bars on ABD TERG 3-8) .....truncatus

39 R IV+V with 3-6 (usually 4) accessory hairs .....40

- R IV+V with 2, or rarely 3-4, accessory hairs .....41

40 R IV+V 0.7-1.0× HT II. Legs, or at least the femora, pigmented .....lapponum

- R IV+V 1.1-1.6× HT II. Legs except tarsi wholly pale .....salicti

41 Antennae and legs except tarsi wholly pale, contrasting with blackish-brown tergum; at most, ANT VI BASE and hind femora slightly dusky .....nigritus

- Tergum pale or dark; if very dark, then at least ANT VI BASE and hind femora are also dark

.....42

42 Dorsal abdominal hairs all fine-pointed .....43

- Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly with either abruptly acute, blunt, expanded or bifurcate apices

.....45

43 Tergum pale .....israeliticus

- Tergum dark .....44

44 ANT V with only 1 hair in most specimens. SIPH completely or partially included in dorsal shield, without a clear ring at base (fig. 104A) .....salijaponicus

- ANT V with 1-4 hairs. SIPH usually with a broad, clear basal ring separating them from dorsal shield (fig. 104B) .....niger

45 Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly with either abruptly acute, blunt, or narrowly or minutely bifid apices .....46

- Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly with distinctly expanded, bifurcate or fan-shaped apices, often as broad apically as at base .....48

46 Tergum dark. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.3 .....stroyani

- Tergum pale. ANT PT/BASE 1.2-2.8 .....47

47 R IV+V 0.11-0.13 mm, 1.1-1.4 × HT II .....gomesi

- R IV+V 0.09-0.11 mm, 0.8-1.0 × HT II .....pakistanicus

48 ANT PT/BASE 1.3-2.0; R IV+V 1.1-1.5 × HT II .....49

- ANT PT/BASE 2.6-4.0; R IV+V 0.8-1.2 × HT II .....50

49 Antennae 6-segmented. ANT V usually with 1 hair, and VI BASE with 1-2 short hairs, the longest not or hardly exceeding basal diameter of ANT III .....crinitus*

- Antennae usually 5-segmented; penultimate segment (IV or V) with 1-4 hairs, and ANT V (or VI) BASE with 2 hairs, the longest 1.7-2.5 × basal diameter of ANT III .....similis*

50 ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.0; R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II .....longiunguis

- ANT PT/BASE 2.6-3.0; R IV+V 1.05-1.11 × HT II .....matsumurai

KEY B- Pterocomma and related genera on Salix (can be applied to both apterous and alate viviparous females).

1 Antennae 4-segmented. SIPH blackish, large and strongly inflated, with distal imbrication (fig. 106A). Cauda clearly longer than its basal width, with a midlength constriction, and bearing 5-14 hairs .....Paducia antennata

- Antennae 6-segmented. SIPH pale or dark, rather small, variably shaped. Cauda shorter or longer than its basal width, rounded or bluntly triangular, with 20-60 hairs .....2

2 SIPH present or absent, if present then rounded at apex, completely lacking a flange (e.g. figs 106B-F) .....3

- SIPH truncate apically, usually with at least a small flange (figs 106I-P) .....17

3 SIPH very short, conical with a broad base (e.g. fig. 106B). Dorsal hairs rather

sparse and mostly shorter than basal diameter of ANT III .....4

- SIPH either longer than their basal width, with a constricted base (e.g. fig. 106C), vestigeal or absent. Dorsal hairs all longer than basal diameter of ANT III .....5

4 ANT PT/BASE more than 1. R IV with 16-20 accessory hairs. Cauda a little shorter than

its basal width .....Neopterocomma asiphum

- ANT PT/BASE less than 1. R IV with 7-10 accessory hairs. Cauda a little longer than

its basal width .....Neopterocomma verhoeveni

5 Empodial hairs short, less than half of length of claws (fig. 105A). Mid-dorsal abdominal hairs rather sparse, mostly shorter than the distances between their bases .....6

- Empodial hairs long, much more than half of length of claws (fig. 105B). Mid-dorsal abdominal hairs dense and longer than the distances between their bases .....12

6 SIPH up to about 0.5 × HT II (e.g. fig. 106C). Dark markings only on ABD TERG 1 and 2, or absent. Abdominal marginal tubercles present or absent .....7

- SIPH about as long as HT II or longer (e.g. fig. 106E, F). Abdomen with paired dark patches on ABD TERG 2-5. Abdominal marginal tubercles present .....9

7 Hairs on ANT III mostly shorter than basal diameter of segment. R IV+V shorter than SIPH, and bearing only 2-3 accessory hairs .....Plocamaphis coreana

- Hairs on ANT III mostly much longer than basal diameter of segment. R IV+V longer than SIPH and bearing 4-6 accessory hairs .....8

8 Abdomen with small marginal tubercles on most tergites .....Plocamaphis amerinae

- Abdomen usually without any marginal tubercles .....Plocamaphis martini

9 SIPH less than 1.25 × HT II .....10

- SIPH more than 1.25 × HT II .....11

10 SIPH (fig. 106E) usually more than 1.1 × HT II. Hairs on ANT III mostly about 1.5 × basal diameter of segment or shorter, rarely a few hairs up to 2 or more × basal diameter of segment .....Plocamaphis flocculosa s. str.

- SIPH (fig. 106F) less than 1.1 × HT II. Hairs on ANT III mostly more than 2× basal diameter of segment .....Plocamaphis flocculosa ssp. brachysiphon

11 SIPH 1.25-1.5 × HT II. ANT III with 12-14 secondary rhinaria

.....Plocamaphis flocculosa ssp. goernitzi

- SIPH more than 1.5 × HT II. ANT III with 15-18 secondary rhinaria

.....Plocamaphis flocculosa ssp. macrosiphon

12 Marginal tubercles on prothorax bulbous, with a narrow neck (fig. 105C). Abdominal marginal tubercles either similar or tubercular with height greater than basal diameter

.....Fullawaya bulbosa*

- Prothoracic and abdominal marginal tubercles broad and low .....13

13 SIPH absent, or present only as vestigeal, misshapen tubercles without apical pores .....14

- SIPH present, complete with an apical pore, even if very small (e.g. fig. 106G, H) .....15

14 Hairs on ANT III maximally 1.5 × basal diameter of segment .....Fullawaya saliciradicis

- Hairs on ANT III maximally 2 or more × basal diameter of segment

.....Fullawaya bradleyi (part)

15 SIPH (fig. 106H) very small, less than 0.5 × HT II .....Fullawaya braggii

- SIPH more than 0.5 × HT II (fig. 106G) .....16

16 Rostrum long, extending beyond 5th abdominal segment; R IV with 12-13 hairs

.....Fullawaya terricola

- Rostrum not reaching 5th abdominal segment; R IV with 15-23 hairs

.....Fullawaya bradleyi (part)

17 SIPH cylindrical or slightly tapering, bearing 1-4 hairs on basal half (fig. 106I). ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5, with PT very thick, only a little narrower than BASE VI, and bearing many long hairs (fig. 105E) .....Pterocomma chaetosiphon

- SIPH swollen or cylindrical, without hairs. ANT PT/BASE more or less than 1.5, with PT much narrower than BASE and bearing a few short hairs .....18

18 ANT II with 8-20 hairs. SIPH slightly to markedly swollen .....19

- ANT II with 3-7 hairs. SIPH swollen or cylindrical .....21

19 ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.0; R IV+V 0.65-0.90 × HT II. SIPH strongly swollen, to more than 1.5 × their basal width (fig. 106J) .....Pterocomma salicis

- ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.9 (only below 1.0 in spring); R IV+V 0.85-1.30 × HT II. SIPH slightly to moderately swollen, up to 1.5 × basal width .....20

20 SIPH moderately swollen, with maximal swelling distal to midlength, and with imbrication reduced on swollen part, the imbrication throughout showing no trace of spinules (fig. 106K). ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.3 in spring and 1.25-1.65 in summer/ autumn

.....Pterocomma jacksoni

- SIPH slightly swollen, with maximal swelling at or proximal to midlength, and with rather evenly distributed spinulose imbriaction (fig. 106L). ANT PT/BASE 1.2-1.8 in spring and 1.5-1.9 in summer/autumn .....Pterocomma italica

21 SIPH short and stout, with maximal swelling near base (fig. 84A). ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.2

.....Pterocomma smithiae

- SIPH cylindrical or swollen distally. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-2.2 .....22

22 ANT BASE VI with 5-10 long hairs exceeding diameter of segment, plus 2-4 short hairs

.....23

- ANT BASE VI with only 1-3 long hairs, plus 2-4 short hairs .....26

23 SIPH (fig. 106M) a little shorter than HT II .....Pterocomma sanguiceps

- SIPH (fig. 106N) longer than HT II .....24

24 Prothorax and ABD TERG 1-7 without marginal tubercles (MTu), or rarely with 1-2 small ones. ABD TERG 7 with 10-20 spinopleural hairs (i.e. not including marginal hairs)

.....Pterocomma pilosum

- Prothorax and ABD TERG 1-7 usually all with MTu, rarely missing from some segments. ABD TERG 7 with 10-34 spinopleural hairs .....25

25 MTu usually large, up to 2 × diameter of abdominal spiracles. ABD TERG 7 with 13-34 spinopleural hairs .....Pterocomma konoi

- MTu small, slightly smaller than spiracular apertures. ABD TERG 7 with 10-18 spinopleural hairs .....Pterocomma saliciphagum*

26 Prothoracic and abdominal marginal tubercles small (not much larger than a hair-base) or absent. SIPH 0.23-0.31 mm .....Pterocomma groenlandicum

- Marginal tubercles present and well developed on prothorax and most of ABD TERG 1-7; variably shaped but often conical and broad-based, much larger than adjacent hair-bases. SIPH 0.16-0.54 mm .....27

27 SIPH shorter than or similar in length to HT II .....Pterocomma xerophilae*

- SIPH 1.3-2.4 × HT II .....28

28 Longest hairs on ANT III 85-115 µm, 2.2-3.3 × basal diameter of segment. SIPH usually markedly swollen distally, up to 1.5-1.9 × their basal diameter (fig. 106O). Alata with 12-26 secondary rhinaria on ANT III .....Pterocomma bicolor

- Longest hairs on ANT III 120-150 µm, 3-4 × basal diameter of segment. SIPH almost cylindrical or swollen to not more than 1.5 × their basal diameter (e.g. fig. 106P). Alata with usually 25-30 secondary rhinaria on ANT III .....Pterocomma rufipes

KEY C- Apterae viviparae (except fundatrices) of Cavariella spp. on Salix

1 Tergum and SIPH blackish; antennae and legs also mainly dark .....nigra

- Tergum sclerotic but usually pale, if rather pigmented then antennae, legs and SIPH are mainly pale .....2

2 SIPH cylindrical or tapering, not all swollen (e.g. figs 108A, B) .....3

- SIPH clavate or at least slightly swollen (fig.s 108C-J) .....4

3 ANT PT/BASE 1.25-1.45. Process on ABD TERG 8 conical with 2 short hairs placed well below apex, plus 1-3 very small hairs more basad (fig. 107A). SIPH strongly imbricated over entire length (fig. 108A) .....digitata

- ANT PT/BASE more than 2.0 Process on ABD TERG 8 quadrate, with 2 apical hairs and none more basad (fig.107B). SIPH weakly imbricated, often almost smooth on basal half (fig.108B) .....theobaldi

4 SIPH completely flangeless, rounded apically, with small terminal aperture (e.g. fig. 108H) (subgenus Cavaraiellia) .....5

- SIPH with at least a small flange, and a normal terminal aperture .....6

5 SIPH 0.95-1.5 × cauda, which has 9-15 hairs .....aquatica

- SIPH c.1.8 × cauda, which has 4-5 hairs .....cessana*

6 ANT PT/BASE more than 2.4 SIPH long, clavate, smooth or weakly imbricated (fig. 108C), process on ABD TERG 8 quadrate .....pastinacae

- ANT PT/BASE less than 2.4. SIPH variable .....7

7 R IV+V more than 1.3 × HT II .....8

- R IV+V less than 1.3 × HT II .....11

8 ANT PT/BASE less than 1.0 .....nipponica

- ANT PT/BASE more than 1.2 .....9

9 Process on ABD TERG 8 short and broad, much shorter than cauda (fig. 107D). SIPH swollen over entire length, without a narrower central section (fig. 108E). Tergum often pigmented, ornamented with angular pustules .....japonica

- Process on ABD TERG 8 long, woth distal part finger-like, as long as or longer than cauda. SIPH slightly clavate (i.e. with a narrow central section: fig. 108D). Tergum pale, ornamented with rounded pits .....10

10 Process on ABD TERG 8 very long and broad-based, with tip extending beyond cauda (fig. 107C) …..araliae

- Process on ABD TERG 8 as long as or a little longer than cauda …..biswasi

11 SIPH short and thick, swollen over most of length, less than 4 × their maximum width (fig. 108F) .....salicicola

- SIPH slightly to moderately swollen distally, with narrower basal section; more than 4 × longer than maximum width of swollen part (figs 108G-J) .....12

12 ANT PT/BASE more than 1.4 .....13

- ANT PT/BASE less than 1.4 .....14

13 SIPH longer than head width across (and including) eyes. Process on ABD TERG 8 at least 1.6 × maximum width of swollen part of SIPH. (Alata with a complete black band on ABD TERG 6 and with 0-19 secondary rhinaria on ANT IV) .....archangelicae

- SIPH equal to or a little shorter than head width across eyes. Process on ABD TERG 8 (fig. 107E) less than 1.5 × maximum width of swollen part of SIPH. (Alata with a pair of roundish dark marks on ABD TERG 6 and with 2-8 secondary rhinaria on ANT IV) .....konoi

14 R IV with 1-2 accessory hairs in most specimens .....15

- R IV without any accessory hairs in most specimens .....19

15 ANT PT/BASE less than 1.0 .....16

- ANT PT/BASE more than 1.0 .....17

16 R IV+V more than 1.15 × HT II. (Alata with 14-32 secondary rhinaria on ANT III and 2-6 on IV) .....intermedia

- R IV+V less than 1.15 × HT II. (Alata with 5-9 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 0 on IV)

.....pustula

17 R IV+V less than 0.95 × HT II .....indica*

- R IV+V more than 0.95 × HT II .....18

18 SIPH rather thick, 4.3-4.9 × longer than maximum width of swollen distal half

..... bhutanensis

- SIPH 5.5-6.8 × longer than maximum width of swollen distal half .....hendersoni

19 Distal part of SIPH swollen to more than 1.6 × minimum diameter of proximal part (fig. 108I) .....salicis

- Distal part of SIPH much less swollen, rarely more than 1.5 × minimum diameter of proximal part (e.g. fig. 108J) .....20

20 Process on ABD TERG 8 very large and cowl-like, extending over tip of cauda, tapering almost to a point from a very broad base, and bearing 3-5 additional short hairs besides the 2 hairs near the apex (fig. 107I). SIPH 2.4-2.7 × cauda, which is short and flask-shaped

.....aspidaphoides

- Process on ABD TERG 8 usually smaller, if extending beyond tip of cauda then the distal part of the process is finger-like, with a rounded apex, with only the 2 hairs near the apex. SIPH 1.6-2.6 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped .....21

21 SIPH dusky, 1.6-1.9 × cauda. Process on ABD TERG 8 short, about 0.5 × cauda or less, never broad-based (fig. 107F) .....borealis

- SIPH (e.g. fig. 108J) 1.9-2.6 × cauda. Process on ABD TERG 8 more than 0.5 × cauda, and often extending finger-like from a broad base .....22

22 Cauda with 4 hairs, rarely with 5 in which case all are lateral. Process on ABD TERG 8 often extending beyond tip of cauda (fig. 107G). (Alata with 5-9 secondary rhinaria on ANT IV and 3-4 on V) .....rutila

- Cauda almost always with 5 hairs, 4 on the sides and 1 dorsad. Process on ABD TERG 8 rarely extending beyond tip of cauda (fig. 107H). (Alata with 0-2 secondary rhinaria on ANT IV and none on V .....aegopodii

Salpichroa Solanaceae

Salpichroa origanifolia Aphis spiraecola; Myzus persicae

S. rhomboidea = S. origanifolia

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Salsola (including Caroxylon) Amaranthaceae

Salsola arborescens = S. arbuscula

S. arbuscula Aphis salsolae; Brachyunguis harmalae, salsolacerarum

S. baryosma Brachyunguis harmalae

S. collina Aphis salsolae; Chaitaphis tenuicauda; [Schizaphis rufula]

S. dendroides Aphis craccivora; Brachyunguis salsolacearum

S. ericoides Brachyunguis salsolacearum

S. iberica = S. kali

S. kali (incl. ssp. tragus Aphis craccivora, fabae, salsolae;

= Kali tragus) Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae;

[Schizaphis rufula]

S. kali ssp. ruthenica Aphis craccivora; Asiphonaphis utahensis;

[Bipersona torticauda]

S. komarovii Clypeoaphis suaedae

S. lanata Brachyunguis salsolacearum; Chaitaphis ?tenuicauda

S. orientalis Aphis craccivora

S. pestifer = S. kali ssp. ruthenica

S. richteri Aphis craccivora;

Brachyunguis berezhkovi, harmalae, salsolacearum

S. rigida = S. orientalis

S. ruthenica = S. kali ssp. ruthenica

S. soda Aphis craccivora, salsolae

S. tragus = S. kali ssp. tragus

Salsola spp. Chaitaphis shaposhnikovi; Clypeoaphis stavropolensis;

Dysaphis ubsanurensis

Key to apterae on Salsola:-

1 Dorsal hairs with expanded, often furcate apices (e.g. Fig.36a). Cauda long and thin, 4-5 × longer than its middle width (e.g. Fig.36c) …..2

- Dorsal hairs blunt or pointed. Cauda less than 3 × its middle width …..3

2 Longest hairs on front of head 1.0-1.2 × ANT BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.1

…..Chaitaphis shaposhnikovi*

- Longest hairs on front of head 1.7-2.0 × ANT BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.45-1.8

…..Chaitaphis tenuicauda

3 ANT PT/BASE 1.4-3.0. SIPH 1.1-2.5 × cauda. Clypeus normal …..4

- ANT PT/BASE 0.5-c.1.2. SIPH 0.4-0.9 × cauda. Clypeus globose or hemispherical …..6

4 Cauda shorter than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and on ABD TERG 7-8 …..Dysaphis ubsanurensis

- Cauda longer than its basal width. STu never on head and absent or sporadically present on ABD TERG 7-8 …..5

5 Dorsal abdomen with an extensive black sclerotic shield

…..Aphis craccivora or A. salsolae

- Dorsal abdomen without a black sclerotic shield …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

6 Clypeus weakly sclerotised, pale or dusky. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. HT I with 2 hairs (no sense peg). Well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7. ANT PT/BASE 0.5-0.7. Cauda conical, less than 2 × longer than its basal width …..7

- Clypeus strongly sclerotised, dark (e.g.Fig.36d). R IV+V with 4 or more accessory hairs. HT I with 3 hairs. MTu absent, or small and indistinct. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-c.1.2. Cauda finger-like, more than 2 × its basal width …..9

7 SIPH c. 0.4 × cauda which bears c.10 hairs …..Brachyunguis berezhkovi*

- SIPH 0.5-0.7 × cauda which bears 6-8 hairs …..8

8 SIPH cylindrical, slightly constricted basally. Clypeus globose

…..Brachyunguis salsolacearum*

- SIPH conical, broader at base (Fig.36h). Clypeus hemispherical …..Brachyunguis harmalae

9 SIPH adpressed to abdomen. ANT PT/BASE c.1.2. R IV+V with c.8 accessory hairs

…..Clypeoaphis (?) stavropolensis*

- SIPH not adpressd to abdomen. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.0. R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs

…..Clypeoaphis suedae

Salvia (including Ramona) Lamiaceae

Salvia aegyptiaca Myzus persicae

S. aethiopis Aphis fabae, salviae

S. africana-caerulea Aphis gossypii

S. africana-lutea Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus

S. apiana Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus, persicae

S. arborescens Eucarazzia elegans

S. aspera Aphis gossypii

S. aurea = S. africana-lutea

S. austriaca Aphis salviae; Aulacorthum solani

S. azurea Hyalomyzus collinsoniae; Myzus ornatus

S. ceratophylloides = S. pratensis

S. coccinea Acyrthosiphon bidenticola; Aphis gossypii, spiraecola;

Macrosiphum salviae; Myzus ornatus

S. cubensis Macrosiphum salviae

S. deserta Aphis salviae

S. dorrii Aulacorthum solani

S. dumetorum Aphis salviae; Macropodaphis rechingeri (as kulundensis)

S. elegans Aphis gossypii

S. farinacea Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. fruticosa Aphis verticillatae

S. glandulifera Acyrthosiphum malvae group

S. glutinosa Acyrthosiphum malvae group; Chaetosiphon heterotrichum;

Ovatomyzus boraginacearum

S. grandiflora (?) [Aphis sp. (Bozhko 1976a)]

S. greggii Myzus persicae

S. hierosolymitana Ovatomyzus boraginacearum

S. horminoides = S. verbenacea

S. horminum = S. viridis

S. japonica Chaetosiphon hirticorne

S. leucantha Aphis gossypii; Cryptaphis salviae;

[Greenidea anonae, kumaoni]; Myzus persicae

S. longistyla Eucarazzia elegans

S. lyrata Aulacorthum solani

S. mellifera Eucarazzia elegans; Macrosiphum salviae

S. micrantha = S. serotina

S. microphylla Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus

S. misella Macrosiphum [mesosphaeri], salviae

S. moorcroftiana [Protrama longitarsus ssp. sclerodensis]

S. moschata = S. tortuosa

S. nemorosa Aphis craccivora, gossypii, salviae;

( incl. ssp. sylvestris) Macrosiphum euphorbiae

S. nigrescens (?) Aphis aurantii, spiraecola

S. nilotica Sitobion colei

S. nipponica Myzus siegesbeckiae

S. nutans Aphis gossypii, salviae

S. occidentalis Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Macrosiphum salviae

S. officinalis Aphis craccivora, fabae, passeriniana, salviae;

Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;

Eucarazzia elegans; Myzus ornatus

S. polystachya Aphis gossypii

S. pratensis Aphis fabae, passeriniana, salviae; Aulacorthum solani;

Eucarazzia elegans

S. pseudosylvestris = S. nemorosa ssp. sylvestris

S. rectiflora = S. longistyla

S. rhytidea Klimaszewskia salviae

S. rutilans = S. elegans

S. satureja (?Satureja sp.) Eucarazzia elegans

S. scapiformis Aphis gossypii

S. sclarea Aphis [althaeae ssp. afghanica], craccivora, fabae, salviae;

Klimaszewskia salviae

S. serotina Aphis gossypii, spiraecola;

Macrosiphum [mesosphaeri], salviae

S. splendens Aphis egomae, fabae, gossypii, passeriniana, salviae;

Aulacorthum [prasinum], solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Eucarazzia elegans; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus

S. stachyoides Aphis ramona

S. stepposa = S. dumetorum

S. tomentosa Aulacorthum solani

S. tortuosa Aphis solanella

S. verbenaca Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, salviae, verticillatae;

Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Eucarazzia elegans; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

Ovatomyzus boraginacearum

S. verticillata Aphis fabae, nasturtii, passeriniana, salviae, verticillatae;

Aulacorthum solani; [Cryptomyzus ribis]

S. virgata Aphis salviae

S. viridis Eucarazzia elegans; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus persicae

Salvia spp. Aphis [narzikulovi], raji, [umbrella];

[Bituberculata inexpecta Rusanova (nomen dubium)];

[Brachycaudus cerasicola]

Key to apterae on Salvia:-

1 Fore femora greatly enlarged, about twice as thick as mid femora, and fore tibiae with strengthened bases. Dorsum adorned with numerous mammariform or quadrate processes, each bearing a wax gland and 1-3 hairs. Cauda knobbed .....Macropodaphis rechingeri

- Fore femora not enlarged. Dorsum without such processes. Cauda not knobbed …..2

2 SIPH strongly swollen, with maximum diameter of swollen part more than 2 × minimum diameter of stem (Fig.48a). SIPH 5.4-8.2 × cauda …..Eucarazzia elegans

- SIPH not swollen or less swollen, and less than 4.5 × cauda …..3

3 Dorsal cuticle of head with nodules or spicules, at least marginally. If ANT tubercles are well developed then they have scabrous and steep-sided or gibbous inner faces …..4

- Dorsal cuticle of head more-or-less smooth, without nodules or spicules (although their may be some spicules ventrally). If ANT tubercles are well developed then their inner faces are smooth and slightly to markedly divergent …..9

4 Hairs on ANT III and dorsal abdomen mostly thick and more than 20 μm long, with slightly to distinctly expanded apices (e.g. Fig.48b); those on ANT III 0.6-3.0 × BD III, …..5

- Hairs on ANT III and dorsum very short, 5-10 μm, less than 0.5 × BD III …..7

5 ANT tubercles weakly developed. ANT PT/BASE c.2.5-2.7. SIPH c.1.5 × cauda

…..Cryptaphis salviae*

- ANT tubercles well developed. ANT PT/BASE c.4-6. SIPH 2.3-3.1 × cauda …..6

6 Hairs on ANT III 2-3 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE c.4. SIPH 2.3-2.6 × cauda

…..Chaetosiphon hirticorne

- Hairs on ANT III not longer than BD III. ANT PT/BASE 4.8-5.9. SIPH 2.7-3.1 × cauda

…..Chaetosiphon heterotrichum

7 Head posterioventrally with a pair of scabrous tubercles placed on either side of clypeus (Fig.48c). SIPH dusky to dark, evidently clavate (Fig.48d). (Al. with dark-bordered forewing veins and sec. rhin. distributed III 42-65, IV 18-42, V 1-9)

…..Hyalomyzus collinsoniae

- Head without posterioventral tubercles. SIPH pale or dusky, tapering/cylindrical or clavate. (Al. with forewing veins not dark-bordered and sec. rhin. distributed III 6-28, IV 0-10, V 0-3)

…..8

8 SIPH 3-4 × cauda, cylindrical/tapering, coarsely imbricated (Fig.48e). Cauda often basally constricted, with 4 hairs. (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed III c.26-28, IV c.9-10, V 1-3)

…..Myzus siegesbeckiae

- SIPH 1.8-2.7 × cauda, cylindrical/tapering or clavate, coarsely or normally imbricated. Cauda not basally constricted, with 4-8 hairs (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed III 4-28, IV 0-8, V 0) …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5

9 ANT tubercles well developed, extending forward well beyond middle part of head in dorsal view, with inner faces slightly to broadly divergent. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..10

- ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, not or hardly projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view (if at all developed then ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu)

…..16

10 Longest hairs on ANT III 8-20 μm, 0.2-0.6 × BD III …..11

- Longest hairs on ANT III 22-36 μm, 0.6-1.2 × BD III …..14

11 Tergum with extensive dark sclerotisation. SIPH entirely black with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation …..Sitobion colei

- Tergum pale. SIPH pale at least basally, with or without some subapical polygonal reticulation …..12

12 ANT dark beyond base of III, and SIPH dark distally, with 1-2 rows of subapical polygonal reticulation …..Acyrthosiphon bidenticola

- ANT and SIPH pale, SIPH without any polygonal reticulation …..13

13 ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. ANT tubercles with inner faces broadly divergent. Cauda tapering, broadest at base and bearing 7-12 hairs …..Acyrthosiphon malvae group

- ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles slightly divergent, rounded at inner apices. Cauda constricted basally and usually bearing 5 hairs …..Ovatomyzus boraginacearum

14 R IV+V with c.25-30 accessory hairs. Tibial apices and tarsi densely clothed with long hairs (Fig.48f). First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. (ANT III of al. with 40-50 rhinaria)

…..Klimaszewskia salviae

- R IV+V with 7-10 accessory hairs. Tibial apices and tarsi not densely hairy. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. (ANT III of al. with 12-21 rhinaria) …..15

15 Hind tibiae and SIPH entirely or mainly dark, femora dark distally. R IV+V 1.25-1.55 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with or without a dark central patch …..Macrosiphum salviae

- Hind tibiae and SIPH pale or dark only distally, femora entirely pale. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen never with a dark patch …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

16 Cauda helmet-shaped, with 4-8 hairs. SIPH with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..17

- Cauda triangular or tongue-shaped, with 4-28 hairs. SIPH without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform. ABD TERG 1, and usually also 7, with MTu …..18

17 Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda

......Brachycaudus cardui

- Dorsal abdomen without a black shield. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda ......Brachycaudus helichrysi

18 Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation on ABD TERG 1-6, with pale polygonal reticulation …..19

- ABD TERG 1-6 pale or with only small scattered dark sclerites …..20

19 R IV+V 0.87-1.18 × HT II (rarely more than 1.1 ×) …..Aphis craccivora

- R IV+V 1.1-1.42 × HT II (usually at least 1.13 ×) …..Aphis salviae

20 R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm, 2.0-2.2 × HT II. Marginal abdominal hairs 78-103 μm long, 3-4 × ANT BD III. MTu present on ABD TERG 1 but often absent from ABD TERG 7

…..Aphis raji

- Without that combination of characters .….21

21 R IV+V with 5-7 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-1.8. SIPH pale, or dark only at apices

…..Aphis ramona

- R IV+V with 2 (-3) accessory hairs, and other characters not in that combination …..22

22 R IV+V 1.54-2.16 × HT II, which is very short …..Aphis passeriniana

- R IV+V less than 1.5 × HT II …..23

23 SIPH long and almost cylindrical on distal half, with coarse imbrication; 6.8-9.0 × longer than their midlength diameter (Fig.48g). Cauda pale or dusky …..Aphis verticillatae

- SIPH pale or dark, tapering, with normal imbrication, and rarely more than 6.5 × longer than their midlength diameter, unless SIPH and cauda are both black .....24

24 ANT 5-segmented. (SIPH dark, cauda pale) .....Aphis egomae*

- ANT 6-segmented (except sometimes in summer dwarfs)

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 25

Salvinia Salviniaceae

Salvinia adnata Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

S. auriculata Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;

Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

S. molesta = S. adnata

S. natans Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Key to apterae on Salvinia:-

1 Dorsum with extensive dark markings, including a horseshoe-shaped abdominal patch. SIPH tapering/cylindrical, not at all swollen distally …..Neomyzus circumflexus

- Dorsum without any extensive dark markings. SIPH slightly to moderately swollen distally

…..2

2 Head spiculose, with ANT tubercles well-developed, their inner faces apically convergent. Dorsal cuticle without spicules arranged in polygons …..Myzus persicae

- Head smooth, with ANT tubercles weakly developed. Dorsal cuticle ornamented with spicules arranged in polygons …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

(or try key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium)

Sambucus Elders Adoxaceae

Sambucus australis Aphis sambuci

S. buergeriana = S. racemosa ssp. sieboldiana

S. caerulea Blue Elder

Macrosiphum stanleyi; Myzus persicae

S. callicarpa Pacific Red Elder

Macrosiphum stanleyi

S. canadensis American Elder

Aphis sambuci, spiraecola;

Myzus persicae; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

S. coreana Aphis horii, sambuci; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

S. ebulus Aphis sambuci

S. javanica Aphis fabae, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Myzus [cerasi], ornatus, persicae

S. melanocarpa Macrosiphum stanleyi

S. mexicana Myzus persicae

S. microbotrys Macrosiphum stanleyi

S. miquelii = S. racemosa ssp. sieboldiana

S. nigra European Black Elder

Aphis craccivora, sambuci;

Myzus ornatus, persicae

S. pubens Scarlet Elder

Macrosiphum stanleyi

S. racemosa European Red Elder

Aphis sambuci; Aulacorthum solani;

Macrosiphum stanleyi; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

S. racemosa ssp. sieboldiana Aphis horii, sambuci; Pseudomegoura magnoliae;

[Rhopalosiphoninus hydrangeae]

S. sibirica Aphis sambuci; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

S. sieboldiana = S. racemosa ssp. sieboldiana

S. thunbergiana Aphis sambuci

Sambucus sp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Key to elder aphids (apterae viviparae only):-

1 Large pale aphid (BL more than 3 mm). SIPH long and pale, more than 3× cauda, with distal swelling and a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation .....Macrosiphum stanleyi

- BL usually less than 3 mm, if more then body at least partly pigmented. SIPH if pale then less than 3× cauda and/or without subapical reticulation .....2

2 Abdomen with marginal tubercles only on ABD TERG 1 and 7, or with any marginal tubercles on other tergites small and absent. SIPH pale or dark, but if dark and tapering then less than 2× cauda .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

- ABD TERG 1-4 (or 1-5) and 7 with large domed marginal tubercles placed between the dark marginal (prespiracular) sclerites. SIPH dark, tapering, 2.2-4.0× cauda which is short, dark and blunt .....3

3 Hairs on ANT III long and very fine, the longest 1.7-2.1× basal diameter of segment

.....Aphis horii