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HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS (in alphabetical order) |
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Qua-Rey Qualea Vochysiaceae Qualea multiflora Aphis gossypii, spiraecola Use
key to polyphagous
aphids. Quamasia see Camassia Asparagaceae Quercus (including
Cyclobalanopsis) Oaks Fagaceae About 225 aphid species in more than 40 genera feed on oaks. Some species, notably of Hormaphidinae, seem restricted to subgenus Cyclobalanopsis, but within the main subgenus Euquercus there is no clear pattern of host specificity relating to the sections of the subgenus; e.g. the North American aphid species complexes within Myzocallis, subgenera Neomyzocallis and Lineomyzocallis, are thought to be mainly associated with red oaks (sect. Erythrobalanus), yet most species in these groups are also sometimes recorded from American white oaks (sect. Leucobalanus). There is therefore no alternative to keying all Quercus aphids together. A single key would be too long and cumbersome, so after the host list there is a master key to the aphid subfamilies associated with Quercus followed by keys to the species in each subfamily (the drepanosiphine genera being divided into two keys). Quercus acuta Japanese
Evergreen Oak, Aka-gashi [Indonipponaphis
fulvicola Sorin]; Nipponaphis distyliicola; Thoracaphis kashifoliae Q. acutissima Carruth,
Japanese Chestnut Oak, Kunugi Lachnus
quercihabitans, roboris, takahashii, tropicalis; [Metanipponaphis silvestrii]; Neothoracaphis quercicola; Nipponaphis
distyliicola; Phylloxera kunugi; Quadrartus
yoshinomiyai; Stomaphis japonica; paranaracola ssp. hemitrichus, [quercicola], radisectuae, stigmatus, yokoyamai Q. aegilops (?) Lachnus swirskii; (records
all applicable to Myzocallis
castanicola, glandulosa, komareki; Q. agrifolia California
Live Oak Quadrartus
agrifoliae; Stegophylla essigi; Q. alba American
White Oak Hoplochaitophorus quercicola; Lachnochaitophorus
querceus; walshii; Stegophylla quercicola, quercina, brevirostris, davisi; Stomaphis quercus; Thelaxes californica; Tuberculatus pallidus Q. aliena Galcham,
Korean Oak Greenidea nipponica; Lachnus tropicalis; Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum; Neothoracaphis yanonis; Phylloxera coccinea; Thelaxes dryophila; stigmatus, yokoyamai, [Tuberculatus sp. D of Yao 2011], [Tuberculatus sp. nr. quercicola (Lee et al.
2017) Q. aquifolioides Hybothoracaphis laevigata Q. arizonica Myzocallis
atropunctata; Neosymydobius
ajuscanus, neomexicanus, peregrinus; Tuberculatus
pallidus, spiculatus Q. asymmetrica Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum Q. ×atropatena = Q.×mannifera Q. baloot Greenidea nipponica; Hoplocallis microsetosus; Pseudothoracaphis
himachali; Serratocallis takahashii Q. bella Allotrichosiphum cyclobalanopsidis Q.
bicolor Swamp
White Oak Q. boissieri = Q. infectoria ssp. veneris Q. borealis = Q. rubra Q. brantii Manna
Oak, Brant’s Oak Thelaxes suberi; Tuberculatus maximus Q. bumelioides = Q. sapotifolia Q. calliprinos
(= Q. coccifera?) Prickly-leaved
Evergreen Oak Lachnus
roboris, swirskii; Q. canariensis Mirbeck's
Oak Myzocallis boerneri, komareki, mediterranea; Thelaxes
suberi; Tuberculatus africanus, annulatus, eggleri Q.
castanea Encino,
Mexican Oak Q. castaneifolia Chestnut-leaved Oak Thelaxes suberi; Tuberculatus annulatus, [pallidus] Q. catesbaei = Q. laevis Q. centralis = Q. laeta Q. cerris European
Turkey Oak komareki; Phylloxera coccinea, quercina, quercus; Stomaphis bratislavensis, quercus, wojciechowskii; Thelaxes dryophila, suberi; Tuberculatus
annulatus, borealis, eggleri, querceus Q. championii [Dermaphis sp., Hong Kong: Martin
& Lau 2011]; [?Neohormaphis sp., Martin &
Lau 2011 (alatae and immatures only)]; [Neothoracaphis sp., Martin &
Lau 2011]; Quernaphis
tuberculata Q. chenii Thelaxes dryophilabg Q. chrysolepis Canyon
Live Oak Q. cinerea = Q. incana Bartram Q. coccifera Holly
Oak, Kermes Oak Lachnus
iliciphilus, pallipes, roboris, swirskii; Q.
coccinea Scarlet
Oak multisetis, neoborealis, spinosa, walshii; Eutrichosiphum assamense, pasaniae, tattakanum Q. conferta = Q. frainetto Q. copeyensis Myzus ornatus Q. cornelius-mulleri Lachnus pallipesbg Q. costaricensis Aulacorthum solani Q. ×coutinhoi Phylloxera quercus; Tuberculatus
annulatus, eggleri Q. crassipes Mexicallis
spinifer; Q. crispula = Q. mongolica ssp. crispula Q. dalechampii Hoplocallis microsiphon; Myzocallis mediterranea; Phylloxera quercus; Tuberculatus eggleri Q. dealbata (invalid name) Allotrichosiphum
assamense; = Lithocarpus dealbatus tattakanum; Thoracaphis quercifoliae Q. dentata (incl. var. grandifolia) Daimyo Oak, Kashiwa Eutrichosiphum
shiicola; Lachnus tropicalis; [Mesocallis corylicola]; [Metanipponaphis cuspidatae]; Myzocallis castanicola; Neothoracaphis yanonis; Phylloxera glabra, querceti; Stomaphis japonicus; (Shinji 1941)], fuscotuberculatus, grisipunctatus, higuchii, indicus, japonicus, kashiwae, konaracola, macrotuberculatus, [naganoe Shinji 1941], neglectus, paiki, [quercicola], querciformosanus, stigmatus, yokoyamai Q. dilatata = Q. floribunda Q. donarium = Q. serrata Q. douglasii Blue
Oak Phylloxera stanfordiana; Stegophylla essigi; Tuberculatus annulatus, pallidus, quercifolii Q. dshorochensis = Q. petraea ssp. iberica Q. dumosa Myzocallis
atropunctata; Neosymydobius paucisetosus, romorosensis; Stegophylla essigi; Tuberculatus pallidus, passalus Q. durandii = Q. sinuata Q. durifolia Myzocallis durangoensis Q. edithiae Neothoracaphis
elongata/saramaoensis group
(Martin & Lau 2011) Q. emoryi Myzocallis
atropunctata, durangoensis; Neosymydobius butzei; Tuberculatus pallidus Q. engelmannii Myzocallis
punctata; Neosymydobius chrysolepis; Q. engleriana Myzocallis castanicola Q. fabri Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum; Kurisakia
querciphila; Lachnus tropicalis; Tuberculatus capitatus, radisectuae Q. faginea Hoplocallis
picta; Lachnus pallipes, roboris; Myzocallis
boerneri, castanicola; Phylloxera quercus; Thelaxes dryophila, suberi; Tuberculatus annulatus, eggleri Q. falcata
Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak Myzocallis
longirostris, longiunguis, multisetis; Phylloxera texana Q. farnetto = Q. frainetto Q. fenestrata = Lithocarpus fenestratus Q. floribunda Moru
Oak, Himalaya Oak [Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii]; Eutrichosiphum
assamense, [blackmani],
dubium, flavum, khasyanum,
pseudopasaniae, rameshi, russellae, tattakanum; Greenidea nipponica, [prunicola], quercicola; Lachnus acutihirsutus, tropicalis; Myzocallis [flooribundi Verma 1965 (nomen nudum)], pakistanica, polychaeta; [Schizoneuraphis himalayensis]; Q. formosana = Lithocarpus formosanus Q. frainetto Hungarian
or Italian Oak Myzocallis
castanicola, komareki,
mediterranea; Phylloxera
coccinea, quercus; Thelaxes suberi; Tuberculatus eggleri, etruscus Q. frutex Mexicallis
analiliae ssp. pumilus Q. fruticosa = Q. lusitanica Q.
gambelii (incl.
hybrids,
Gambel Oak Tuberculatus kiowanicus Q. garryana Oregon
White Oak Q. gemelliflora Eutrichosiphum glabrum Q. germana Thelaxes
dryophilabg Q. gilva
Ichii-gashi Indonipponaphis fulvicola; Lachnus [roboris], tropicalis; Metathoracaphis isensis; Neoreticulaphis nipponica; Quernaphis tuberculata Q. glabra = Lithocarpus glaber Q. glandulifera = Q. serrata Q. glauca (incl. var. amamiana)
Ara-kashi,
Barin, Japanese Oak Allotrichosiphum
kashicola; takahashii; tattakanum;
okajimai, pallidipes; Lachnus [siniquercus], sorini, tropicalis, [yunlongensis]; [Machilaphis pseudomachili]; [Metanipponaphis cuspidatae]; Neodermaphis
lineata, unebiensis; Tuberculatus stigmatus Q.
griffithii Cervaphis quercus; Eutrichosiphum khasyanum, tattakanum; Greenidea nipponica; Pseudothoracaphis himachali; Serratocallis takahashii; Tuberculatus
indicus, [margituberculatus],
nervatus, quercicola Q. grisea Neosymydobius ajuscanus, butzei Q. gunnisonii = Q. gambelii Q. havardii Phylloxera
tuberculifera Q. ×hispanica (“Leucombeana”) Tuberculatus annulatus, borealis, querceus Q. humilis Mill. = Q. pubescens Q. ilex
(incl. ssp. rotundifolia) Holly Oak, Holm
Oak Siculaphis
vittoriensis; Stomaphis quercus; Q.
ilicifolia Bear
Oak Q. imbricaria Shingle
Oak Q. incana Bartram Bluejack Oak Myzocallis
longiunguis, multisetis, spinosa; Q. incana Roxb. = Q. oblongata Q. indica = Castanopsis indica Q. infectoria (incl. ssp. veneris) Mountain Deciduous
Oak Phylloxera glabra (?), quercus; [Stegophylla sp.]; Thelaxes
suberi; Q.
ithaburensis Valonia
Oak, Tabor Oak Q. kelloggii California
Black Oak Stegophylla
essigi; Thelaxes californica; Q. kerrii Cervaphis quercus Q. laeta Neosymydobius
butzei Q. laevis American
Turkey Oak, Catesby Oak Q. lanuginosa
(Lam.) Thuill. = Q. pubescens Q. laurifolia Laurel
Red Oak spinosa; Q. leucotrichophora = Q. oblongata Q. liaotungensis [Lachnus siniquercus]; (= Q.
wutaishanica) Tuberculatus
capitatus, nigrosiphonaceus, querciformosanus; Wanyucallis amblyopappos Q. libani Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Tuberculatus
querceus Q.
lobata California
White Oak, Valley Oak Stegophylla
essigi; Thelaxes californica; Q. lusitanica Acanthochermes quercus; Lachnus
roboris; Myzocallis castanicola; Phylloxera quercus; Thelaxes
dryophila, suberi; Tuberculatus
moerickei, neglectus Q. lusitanica var. velutina = Q.
faginea Q. lyrata Swamp
White Oak Q. ×maccormickii Tuberculatus
indicus Q. macedonica = Q. trojana Q. macranthera Tuberculatus annulatus, maximus Q. macrocarpa Bur
Oak, Mossycup Oak punctata, tuberculata; Q. macrolepis Valonia
Oak (= Q. ithaburensis Hoplocallis microsiphon, picta; Thelaxes
suberi Q.×mannifera Myzocallis
komareki
Q.
margarettiae Sand
Post Oak Q. marilandica Blackjack
Oak Myzocallis
multisetis, punctata; Q. mexicana Mexicallis ?calvus, spinifer; Neosymydobius ajuscanus, butzei Q. michauxii Swamp
Chestnut Oak Q. microphylla Tuberculatus garciamartelli, leptosiphon, spiculatus Q. mirbeckii = Q. canariensis Q.
mongolica (incl.
ssp. Mongolian Oak, Japanese White Oak, Mizunara Lachnus
quercihabitans, [siniquercus],
tropicalis; grisipunctatus, higuchii, japonicus,
kashiwae, [margituberculata], [naganoe (Shinji, 1941)], nigrosiphonaceus,
paiki, [pappus], paranaracola, querceus, quercicola, querciformosanus,
stigmatus, yokoyamai Q. montana Eutrichosiphum pasaniae; Myzocallis punctata Q. morii Allothoracaphis piyananensis Q.
muehlenbergii Chinquapin
Oak Tuberculatus tuberculatus Q. miyagii Nipponaphis distyliicola Q. myrsinifolia
Bamboo-leaved
Oak, Shira-kashi Dermaphis coccidiformis; Greenidea kuwanai, nigra;
Mollitrichosiphum
glaucae, tenuicorpus; Neothoracaphis
elongata/saramaoensis group
(Martin & Lau 2011); Q. neglecta = Q. myrsinifolia Q. neomairei Lachnus roboris Q. nigra
Water
Oak Longistigma caryae; longiunguis, melanocera, meridionalis,
spinosus; Q. nubium = Q. sessilifolia Q. nuttallii = Q. texana Q. oblongata Ban
Oak garwhalense, khasyanum, pasaniae, tattakanum; Greenidea nipponica; Hoplocallis microsetosus; Lachnus
acutihirsutus, margallaensis; Pseudothoracaphis
himachali; Serratocallis
takahashii; Thoracaphis kumaoni Q. obtusiloba = Q. stellata Q. oleoides Myzocallis discolor Q. oocarpa Mexicallis panamensis Q. palustris Pin
Oak, Swamp Spanish Oak
Longistigma
caryae; walshii; Thelaxes dryophila Q. patelliformis = Q. asymmetrica Q. paucidentata = Q. sessilifolia Q.
peduncularis Neosymydobius
butzei 'var. papillata'; Q. pedunculata = Q. robur Q.
pedunculiflora see
Q. robur Q. persica = Q. brantii
Q. petraea (incl. subsp. Bergek,
Durmast Oak Hoplochaetaphis zachvatkini; Lachnus
pallipes, roboris; italica, quercus; Thelaxes
dryophila, suberi; querceus Q. phellos Willow
Oak Stegophylla
quercina ssp. acutirostris;
Q.
phillyraeoides Ubame-gashi
Kurisakia querciphila; Lachnus tropicalis; Myzocallis
punctata; Nipponaphis monzeni; Quadrartus agrifoliae; Tuberculatus pallidus, pilosus Q. pontica Lachnus roboris; Tuberculatus querceus, annulatus Q. prinus Chestnut
Oak Hoplochaitophorus
heterotrichus, quercicola; Stegophylla davisi, quercicola; Thelaxes californica Q. ×pseudoturneri = Q. ×hispanica Q. pubescens (incl. subsp. Downy Oak mediterranea, occidentalis; Thelaxes
dryophila, suberi; neglectus, pallescens, querceus Q. pungens × arizonica Hoplochaitophorus
dicksoni Q. pyrenaica Rebollo,
Pyrenean Oak Hoplocallis
picta; Lachnus pallipes, roboris; Phylloxera coccinea, quercus; Stomaphis quercus; Thelaxes dryophila, suberi; Tuberculatus annulatus, eggleri, remaudierei Q. robur
(incl. var. fastigiata, English Oak Diphyllaphis mordvilkoi; Foaiella
danesii; Lachnus [acutihirsutus], crassicornis, pallipes, roboris; [Macrosiphum euphorbiae]; Myzocallis
bella, boerneri, castanicola, komareki, taurica; Thelaxes
dryophila, suberi; moerickei, neglectus, pallescens, querceus Q. robur ×
petraea Myzocallis
castanicola; Tuberculatus neglectus Q.
rotundifolia see
Q. ilex Q. rubra Northern
Red Oak Diphyllaphis microtrema; [Eutrichosiphum davidi, pseudopasaniae]; Lachnochaitophorus querceus; [Mollitrichosiphum
nigriabdominalis, tenuicorpus]; granovskyi, longirostris,
longiunguis, multisetis, neoborealis, punctata,
spinosa, walshii; [Thelaxes dryophila]; Tuberculatus annulatus Q. rugosa Netleaf
Oak spinifer; Tuberculatus mexicanus, spiculatus, spiculatus ssp. rebecae Q. salicifolia Myzocallis spinosa Q. salicina Dermaphis coccidiformis; Greenidea
kuwanai, nigra; Nipponaphis
distyliicola Q. sapotifolia Myzocallis discolor, pepperi Q. × sargentii Lachnus roboris Q. semecarpifolia Eutrichosiphum [alnicola], khasyanum, pyri, tattakanum; Greenidea haldari; Lachnus tropicalis; Myzocallis
polychaeta; Neothoracaphis semicarpifolia; Serratocallis takahashii Q. serrata (incl. var. donarium) Ko-nara Diphyllaphis
konarae, quercus; [narafoliae], pasaniae,
pseudopasaniae, taoi, tapatii, quercifoliae, [symplocosis]; Kurisakia querciphila; Lachnus [roboris], tropicalis; Mollitrichosiphum
[montanum],
nigrofasciatum, tenuicorpus; Tuberculatus
capitatus, [fulviabdominalis (Shinji 1941)], [kuricola], [naganoe (Shinji, 1941)], nervatus, pilosulus, quercicola, stigmatus, yokoyamai Q. sessiliflora = Q. petraea Q. sessilifolia Lachnus sorini; Neothoracaphis elongata Q. shumardii Shumard
Red Oak melanocera, meridionalis, spinosa Q. sinuata Stegophylla quercifoliae Q. spinosa Neothoracaphis tarakoensis; Phylloxera quercus Q. stellata
Iron Oak, Post Oak Phylloxera
rileyi; Q. stellata var. margarettiae = Q. margarettiae Q.
stenophylloides
Taiwan-urajiro-gasi Q. suber Cork
Oak Myzocallis
boerneri, castanicola, komareki, mediterranea, [schreiberi]; Phylloxera quercina, quercus; Stomaphis quercus; Thelaxes dryophila, suberi; Tuberculatus
annulatus, eggleri Q. subsericea Eutrichosiphum
pasaniae Q. texana Myzocallis
discolor, frisoni; Neosymydobius memorialis; Stegophylla
quercicola Q. tomentella Tuberculatus pallidus Q. × trabutii Thelaxes
dryophila; Myzocallis occidentalis Q. trojana Macedonian Oak Lachnus roboris; Myzocallis boerneri, komareki; Thelaxes suberi
Q. turbinella Neosymydobius butzei, peregrinus; Tuberculatus pallidus Q. ×undulata Neosymydobius
acutipilosus Q. urbanii var. parvifolia Myzocallis durangoensis, longirostris ssp. tepehuaensis Q. valentina Cav. = Q. faginea Q. variabilis Abe-maki,
Gulcham, Korean Oak [Hoplocallis ruperti]; Kurisakia querciphila; Mollitrichosiphum
nigrofasciatum; kashiwae, [kuricola], pallidus, [pappus],[quercicola], querciformosanus, stigmatus Q.
velutina Black
Oak, Quercitron Oak walshii; Stegophylla quercian, quercina ssp. acutirostris; [Tuberculatus indicus, stigmatus] Q. vicilurbe (?) Hoplocallis microsiphon Q. virgiliana = Q. pubescens Q. virginiana Live
Oak Lachnus allegheniensis; Longistigma caryae; Myzocallis
discolor, melanocera, spinosa, Q. wislizeni
Interior Live Oak Stegophylla
essigi, quercicola Q. wutaishanica see Q. liaotungensis Quercus spp. (unidentified) Acanthochermes similiquercus; [Betacallis querciphaga]; Dermaphis
crematogastri; manipurense, mukerjii, [narafoliae], nasensis, [neoalnicola], querciphaga, raychaudhurii, russellae ssp. lijiangshanense, [simlaensis];
[hangnigra], kumaoni, [manii], mushana, querciphaga, sikkimensis; [Krikoanoecia circula Zhang & Qiao in G.-x. Zhang et al. 1996; al. vagrant sexupara of Eriosoma sp.?]; Mexicallis
brevituberculatus, longicaudus, panamensis; Microunguis
depressa; Neohormaphis calva, wuyiensis; Neothoracaphis sutepensis; Nipponaphis [minensis], querciphaga; Paranipponaphis
takaoensis; [Quernaphis chui]; [Reticulaphis sp. (?rotifera)]; Schizoneuraphis malayna; [Sitobion mesosphaeri]; Stomaphis [longirostris], [quercisucta]; Thoracaphis arboris, flavus; Tuberculatus cornutus Master key to the main groups of oak aphids:- 1 Body small, pear-shaped, broadest anteriorly. Antennae 3-segmented; those of aptera with 1 rhinarium, those of alata with 2 rhinaria. Forewing of alata without radial sector, and hindwing without oblique veins .....Phylloxeridae - KEY A - Body small or large, not broadest anteriorly. Antennae 2- to 6-segmented but only ever 2- or 3-segmented in aleyrodiform or coccidiform apterae; always with 2 primary rhinaria and, at least in alata, also with secondary rhinaria. Forewing of alata with a radial sector, and hindwing with 1-2 oblique veins .....2 2 Aptera aleyrodiform (or coccidiform),
with head, thorax and first abdominal segment fused (as prosoma), and reduced
antennae, legs and posterior abdominal segments. Alata with narrow annular
secondary rhinaria, and forewing with Cu1a and Cu1b
touching or united at their bases .....Hormaphidinae
- KEY B - Aptera of normal aphid form with
well-developed antennae and legs. Alata with round, oval or transversely
elongate secondary rhinaria and forewing with Cu1a and Cu1b
arising separately .....3 3 SIPH tubular, much longer than basal
width .....4 - SIPH broadly conical, truncate,
pore-like or absent .....5 4 SIPH with numerous hairs .....Greenideinae
- KEY C - SIPH without hairs …..go to key to polyphagous aphids 5 Large aphids. First tarsal segments with 9 or more ventral hairs. SIPH in form of large pores, often placed on broad conical bases clothed with numerous hairs .....Lachninae - KEY D - Small to medium-sized aphids. First tarsal segments with 2-7 ventral hairs. SIPH either truncate, small and pore-like, absent, or if on broad cones then with at most a single ring of hairs .....6 6 All adult viviparae alate .....Calaphidinae (part) - KEY E - Colonies including apterae only or both apterae and alatae .....Calaphidinae (part) + Thelaxinae + Phyllaphidinae- KEY F KEY A - Phylloxeridae on oaks The taxonomy of the oak phylloxerids has been little worked, so the key which follows is partial and tentative, and is intended to summarise the available knowledge rather than to enable reliable determination to species. It refers only to apterous females (not fundatrices after the first two couplets), and is based mainly on the available literature. 1 In galls on leaves, with only two
generations per year and no alatae; fundatrices produce sexuales. Immature
fundatrix bearing stellate processes with 4-11 pointed secondary projections
(fig. 90B);
processes of adult fundatrix small, digitiform …..2 - Free-living on stems, leaves or roots.
Stellate processes if present also in adult stage and with knob-like
secondary projections .....3 2 Primary rhinarium on ANT III protruding almost to level of apex of PT, so that antennae appears to be double-tipped (fig. 90A). Immature fundatrix bearing stellate processes with 6-11 pointed secondary projections. Adult fundatrix with ABD TERG 1-4 each bearing 4 dorsal tubercles, the spinal ones shorter than their basal widths, the lateral ones a little longer .....Acanthochermes quercus - Primary rhinarium may protrude but not nearly to level of apex of PT. Immature fundatrix bearing stellate processes with 4-5 pointed secondary projections. Adult fundatrix with ABD TERG 1-4 each bearing 6-10 dorsal tubercles, all longer than their basal widths .....Acanthochermes similiquercus 3
Body with short, stellate, dorsal
processes, bearing knob-like secondary projections (fig. 90C) .....Phylloxera stellata* - Dorsal processes if present simple,
although often bearing spicules or denticles .....4 4 Dorsal processes either undeveloped or if present
then very small, not or hardly as long as their basal widths .....5 - Dorsal processes evident, mostly
longer than their basal widths .....7 5 Tergum with minute sclerotic ridges appearing as short, disconnected, irregular lines. BL about 0.5 mm .....Phylloxera tuberculifera* - Tergum nearly smooth. BL 0.70-0.85 mm .....6 6 Primary rhinarium on ANT III subapical (i.e., PT developed; fig. 90D). ABD TERG 2-5 with spiracles .....Phylloxera glabra - Primary rhinarium on ANT III either absent or virtually apical (PT undeveloped). ABD TERG 2-5 without evident spiracles .....Phylloxera stanfordiana* 7 Dorsal processes constricted at extreme base, and bearing non-capitate, usually pointed, apical hairs (fig. 90E). (On roots) .....Foaiella danesii - Dorsal processes usually widened at
extreme base, and their apical hairs usually have expanded or capitate
apices. (On aerial parts) .....8 8
Longest dorsal processes on thorax
clavate; i.e., constricted centrally and with a swollen apex, or if short and
knob-like or almost cylindrical they are not much narrower at apex than at
base (e.g. figs
90F-H) .....Phylloxera
quercus group (coccinea, florentina, foae, ilicis, italicum, quercus) - Longest dorsal processes on thorax tapering, without a constriction, narrow distally; if cylindrical on distal part then much narrower near apex than at base (e.g. figs 90I-P) .....9 9 Spicules on dorsal processes very small
and arranged in spiral rows (figs 90I, J) .....10 - Spicules on dorsal processes larger
and not arranged in spiral rows .....11 10 Longest dorsal processes more than 3 × their basal width, with a short apical hair (fig. 90I). ANT III long and thin. Dorsal cuticle with numerous pits .....Phylloxera rileyi* - Longest dorsal processes less than 3 × their basal width, with apical hair long, 5-6 x its apical diameter (fig. 90J). ANT III rather stout, broadest on distal half. Dorsal cuticle finely reticulate .....Phylloxera reticulata* 11 Dorsal processes with broad bract-like spicules (figs 90K,L). Spinal processes with long apical hairs that are at least 4 × their apical diameter .....Phylloxera confusa* - Dorsal processes with narrower,
pointed or denticulate spicules, and with short apical hairs which are usually less than 3 × their
apical diameter (except when the processes are very short) .....12 12 All thoracic tergites and ABD TERG 1 with
pleural as well as marginal processses. Dorsal cuticle with nodulose
ornamentation. Spiracles present on ABD TERG 1-5 .....13 - Pleural processes absent from hind
margin of pronotum and from ABD TERG 1. Dorsal cuticle variously ornamented.
Abdominal spiracles present only on ABD TERG 1 .....14 13 BL 2.0-2.5 mm. Dorsal processes conical, all less than 2 × their basal diameters (fig. 90M) .....Phylloxera kunugi - BL 0.9-1.5 mm. Longest dorsal processes have attenuated, cylindrical apices and are more than 3 × longer than their basal diameters (fig. 90N) .....Phylloxera quercina 14 Rostrum short; when directed backwards not reaching to hind coxae. Longest dorsal processes shorter than HT II. Dorsal cuticle with minute, short ridges or wrinkles .....Phylloxera similans* - Rostrum reaching well beyond hind coxae. Longest dorsal processes usually longer than HT II; if a little shorter then the processes are pigmented and the dorsal cuticle is very rugose .....15 15 Thoracic and anterior abdominal tergites with very rugose, denticulate sculpturing. Dorsal processes pigmented, the longest usually no more than 2 × HT II and often much shorter (figs 90 O, P, as Moritziella corticalis) .....Phylloxera corticalis - Dorsal cuticle less rugose, variously
ornamented. Longest dorsal processes often more than 2 × HT II, degree of
pigmentation unknown .....16 16 Longest dorsal processes more than 0.8 × hind femora, which are rather stout. Tibiae without annular ridges .....Phylloxera querceti* - Longest dorsal processes less than 0.7 × hind femora, which are relatively slender. Tibiae with annular ridges .....Phylloxera davidsoni* KEY B - Hormaphidinae (Nipponaphidini) on oaks The taxonomy of Nipponaphidini on oaks is poorly understood, despite the revisionary work of Ghosh & Raychaudhuri (1973a,b). The primary host forms of most species, presumably forming galls on Distylium, are unknown; many have been collected infrequently or only once, and host plants are often not identified to species. Several species are recorded as feeding on other genera as well as Quercus, including other Fagaceae and especially Lauraceae (Litsea, Machilus), but some of these records may be due to errors of identification. Generic concepts within this group are especially problematic. The key to aleyrodiform apterae which follows is partial and simplified to include only the better-known or more easily recognised species, but should enable specimens to be placed in the right species-group. The systematic part of the book should be consulted for further information. 1 SIPH present as small pores or shallow cones on the posterior part of the "abdominal plate" (fused ABD TERG 2-7). At least hind tarsi always 2-segmented with claws .....2 - SIPH completely absent. Tarsi variably developed, reduced in some species .....14 2 Prosoma (head, thorax and first
abdominal segment) completely fused dorsally with abdominal plate (ABD TERG
2-7), leaving only ABD TERG 8 free .....3 - Prosoma showing at least partial
dorsal separation from abdominal plate, although the division may be
indistinct medially (e.g. fig. 91A) .....4 3 Dorsal cuticle without reticulate
sculpturing, ornamented with raised clusters of pustules (wax glands?).
Antennae 3-segmented. Dorsal cephalic hairs are 37-45 μm, and hairs on
ABD TERG 8 are 40-49 μm …..Neohormaphis
spp. (calva, wuyiensis)
- Dorsal cuticle with irregular reticulation (less distinct posteriorly). Antennae 4-segmented (?). Dorsal cephalic hairs are 13-18 (-38?) μm, and hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 26-38 μm …..Lithoaphis quercisucta* 4 Dorsal cuticle of prosoma (head, thorax and first abdominal segment) densely and entirely ornamented with nodules or pustules .....5 - Dorsal cuticle of prosoma with at least some areas devoid of pustules (although the perpendicular marginal regions may be densely pustulate) .....9 5 Prosoma ornamented with blunt conical nodules, often longer than their basal widths (fig. 91A). Prosomal hairs very long and very fine .....Nipponaphis monzeni - Prosoma ornamented with low pustules, all or mostly shorter than their basal widths (fig. 91B). Prosomal hairs long or short .....6 6 Prosoma with, in addition to the
pustulate ornamentation, a series of paired spinal and marginal finger-like
tubercles. Posterior part of abdominal plate (i.e., ABD TERG 7) without
spinal hairs .....7 - Prosoma without tubercles. ABD TERG 7 with or without a pair of spinal hairs .....8 7 Spinal and marginal tubercles on prosoma are thick and finger-like, with broad bases. Prosomal hairs hardly longer than basal diameter of ANT III .....Indonipponaphis tuberculata* - Spinal and marginal tubercles very small. Prosomal hairs 2-3 × basal diameter of ANT III .....Indonipponaphis fulvicola* 8 Body box-like, very heavily sclerotised, black, prosoma with short
inconspicuous hairs. ABD TERG 7 with a pair of spinal hairs .....Nipponaphis
distyliicola/coreanus -
Body flattened, light to dark brown sclerotic, with fine lateral hairs
3.0-3.5 × the basal
diameter of ANT III. ABD TERG 7 without a pair of spinal hairs ....."Thoracaphis"
quercifoliae* 9 Antennae very short and unsegmented .....10 - Antennae reduced but 3-segmented (concealed beneath anterior margin of prosoma between eyes) .....11 10 Dorsal prosoma corrugated and reticulated,
but without pustules. Fore- and mid-legs reduced, concealed beneath body .....Microunguis
depressa* - Dorsal prosoma with paired groups of pustules. Fore- and
mid-legs not concealed beneath body .....Hybothoracaphis laevigata 11 Margins of prosoma densely pustulate. Prosomal hairs thick basally and arising from prominent, somewhat tuberculate bases .....Schizoneuraphis malayana/querciphaga* - Margins of prosoma palisade-like, or
with longitudinal polygonal reticulation. Prosomal hairs minute or fine,
without tuberculate bases .....12 12 Margins of prosoma with longitudinal double-walled polygonal reticulation. Prosomal hairs minute .....Thoracaphis kumaoni* - Margins of prosoma palisade-like.
Prosomal hairs long and fine .....13 13 Abdominal plate with 5-10 spinopleural hairs on each side of midline .....Thoracaphis arboris - Abdominal plate with only 1-2 spinopleural hairs on each side of midline .....Thoracaphis
kashifoliae 14 Prosoma completely fused with ABD TERG 2-7 .....15 - Prosoma at least showing partial (lateral) separation from ABD TERG 2-7 .....20 15 Body flattened. Dorsal cuticle pale, not or only lightly sclerotised. Marginal hairs not spine-like. Dorsum with 4 pairs of long blunt or capitate hairs, and 1 pair of similar hairs on ABD TERG 8 ....."Thoracaphis" flava - Body box-like. Dorsal cuticle brown-black, sclerotised. Marginal hairs, and 1-2 pairs on ABD TERG 8, spine-like .....16 16 Dorsal cuticle heavily sclerotised and corrugated, but not distinctly reticulate, with 5 pairs of spine-like spinopleural hairs, like the marginal hairs .....Parathoracaphis elongatus* - Dorsal cuticle either granular with indistinct reticulation or heavily sclerotised and strongly reticulate. Spinopleural hairs either long and fine, minute or absent .....17 17 Body almost circular. Dorsal cuticle granular with indistinct reticulation, each prosomal segment bearing a pair of fine spinopleural hairs 40-50 µm long. The 4 spine-like hairs on ABD TERG 8 in a single transverse row, close together and all directed backwards .....Parathoracaphis gooti - Body elongate oval. Dorsal cuticle
black, heavily sclerotised with strongly reticulate or convolute sculpturing,
and with minute, inconspicuous spinopleural hairs. Spine-like hairs on ABD
TERG 8 not close together, the more lateral pair not pointing backwards .....18 18 Dorsal cuticle convoluted. ABD TERG 7 with 1 thick spine-like marginal hair on each side, the spines anterior to it being smaller and apparently on ABD TERG 6 (fig. 91G) .....Parathoracaphis kayashimai - Dorsal cuticle strongly reticulate.
ABD TERG 7 with 2 thick spine-like marginal hairs of similar size, close together on each side
(e.g. fig. 91F)
.....19 19 Head with a pair of long, thick and spine-like frontal hairs, similar to the marginal hairs .....Parathoracaphis
spinapilosa - Head with the frontal hairs very short, fine and pointed .....Parathoracaphis setigera 20 Tarsi all 2-segmented, with claws .....21 - Tarsi reduced at least on fore and mid
legs; absent or one-segmented, often with rudimentary claws .....25 21 Entire prosoma, both dorsally and marginally, and also the abdominal plate, ornamented with flat polygonal pustules (fig. 91C). Prosomal hairs all short and inconspicuous .....Paranipponaphis
takaoensis - Dorsal cuticle smooth or with
different ornamentation. Prosomal hairs long or short .....22 22 Prosoma only separate laterally from abdominal plate, which bears 6 pairs of marginal hairs. Prosoma without evident sculpturing medially, except around muscle plates .....23 - Prosoma fully separated from abdominal plate, which is without marginal hairs. Medial area of prosoma with reticulate, convolute or mosaic sculpturing .....24 23 Prosoma with a posterior pair of spinopleural hairs. Abdominal plate with about 5 pairs of spino-pleural hairs as well as the marginal ones .....Metathoracaphis isensis* - Prosoma without posterior pair of spinopleural hairs. Abdominal plate with spinopleural hairs only on ABD TERG 7 (near posterior margin) .....Parathoracaphisella indica* 24 Prosoma and ABD TERG 8 with very long (100-150
µm) marginal hairs arising from tuberculate bases. ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs.
Entire dorsal cuticle with fine, irregular, mosaic-like sculpturing (fig. 91D) .....Allothoracaphis
piyananensis - Prosoma with marginal hairs absent or inconspicuous. ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. Dorsal cuticle with corrugated, convoluted sculpturing (fig. 91E), marginal areas of prosoma with reticulate sculpturing .....Pseudothoracaphis himachali 25 Dorsal cuticle of prosoma and abdominal
plate subdivided by clear, longitudinal sutures into medial and lateral
plates, which each carry characteristic ornamentation. Margins of body with
irregular lateral outgrowths of venter (e.g. fig. 91I) .....26 - Dorsal cuticle of prosoma and abdominal
plate not subdivided .....27 26 ABD TERG 8 with a large wax gland plate.
Vestigeal hind tarsus very small, shorter than its basal width and rounded at
apex …..Quadrartus agrifoliae - ABD TERG 8 without a wax plate. Vestigeal
hind tarsus triangular, as long as or longer than its basal width, pointed
and with a vestigeal claw at apex …..Quadrartus yoshinomayai 27 Prosoma usually unevenly and often asymmetrically sclerotised, with short marginal and spinal hairs …..Dermaphis coccidiformis* - Prosoma not unevenly sclerotised, with short or long hairs .....28 28 Prosoma with long marginal hairs, either
pointed or flattened and expanded distally, and often projecting around sides
of body (which in old adults is jet black and mostly opaque unless bleached
before mounting) .....29 - Prosoma if with marginal hairs then these are shorter, thick and blunt and do not project around sides of body .....31 29 Marginal prosomal hairs flattened and expanded distally, with toothed or serrate apices (fig. 48C) .....Reticulaphis distylii group - Marginal prosomal hairs with pointed
apices (fig.
91L) .....30 30 BL usually 1 mm or more. Eyes of 3 adjacent facets, on a slight or distinct protruberance. Dorsum convex …..Dermaphis spp. (crematogastri, japonensis, takahashii) - BL 0.7-0.9 mm. Eyes not protruberant, with one facet distinctly separated from the other two. Dorsum flattened …..Neodermaphis spp.* 31 Prosoma with very thick and blunt spinopleural and submarginal hairs. Prosoma and abdominal plate with pustulate ornamentation, the prosoma having smooth irregular lateral outgrowths (fig. 91J). Hind legs not projecting behind body .....Quernaphis tuberculata - Prosomal hairs absent or inconspicuous. Dorsal ornamentation mosaic-like or reticulate, or composed of small circular pore-like structures. Hind legs often projecting behind body .....32 32 Hind legs very short, not much longer than fore and middle legs, concealed beneath body. Marginal areas of prosoma with many small circular pore-like indentations …..Neoreticulaphis nipponica* - Hind legs distinctly longer than fore and middle legs, usually projecting behind body. Marginal areas of prosoma smooth, ridged or with mosaic-like or reticulate ornamentation …..33 33 Fore and mid legs without tarsi, hind legs with rudimentary tarsi. Dorsal prosoma with polygonal reticulate sculpturing, marginal areas smoother (fig. 91K) .....Neothoracaphis yanonis group (quercicola, semicarpifolia, tarakoensis, yanonis) - All legs with rudimentary (1-segmented) tarsi. Cuticle of prosoma mosaic-like, ridged, corrugated or nearly smooth .....34 34 Dorsal cuticle of prosoma with fine polygonal mosaic-like sculpturing, apparently extending into marginal areas .....Neothoracaphis garwhalensis* - Dorsal cuticle of prosoma ridged,
corrugated or nearly smooth .....35 35 Prosoma with a distinct spinal ridge, which has a number of variably-developed constrictions and may have transverse furrows .....36 - Spinal ridge absent or indistinct .....38 36 Prosoma distinctly corrugated over entire dorsal surface (except for narrow marginal area) .....Neothoracaphis querciphaga* - Prosomal cuticle without corrugations
or distinctly corrugated only submarginally .....37 37 Spinal ridge of prosoma without prominent constrictions .....Neothoracaphis elongata* - Spinal ridge of prosoma with 4 prominent constrictions .....
Neothoracaphis saramoensis* or N.
glaucae (“S-type”)* 38 Hind legs pale …..Neothoracaphis glaucae* (“L-type”)* - Hind legs dark …..Neothoracaphis sutepensis* KEY C - Greenideinae on oaks (apterous viviparae unless otherwise stated) Subtropical, oriental, evergreen
oak species are the hosts of numerous species of Greenideinae, but many of
the aphid species are described from single collections, with the host
unidentified to species. Since we first attempted to key the oak-feeding
Greenideinae there have been revisions of this group for India (Ghosh &
Agarwala 1993), Java (Noordam 1994) and Japan (Greenidea spp. only;
Sugimoto 2008) that have resolved some of the problems. The key has been
extensively revised in the light of this work, but many of the species
separations are still rather tentative, and further work may reveal more
synonymies. The rather cumbersome subgeneric classifications that have been
erected within the genera Eutrichosiphum and Mollitrichosiphum
are probably best ignored for general purposes. (bg indicates records from
exotic hosts in botanic gardens) 1 SIPH with short hairs. Body with very large, branched, hair-bearing processes (fig. 92A) .....Cervaphis quercus - SIPH with long hairs. Body without large
branched hair-bearing processes .....2 2 Cauda usually with an apical papilla (fig. 92B).
SIPH always with some pale reticulation, at least at base (and often snapped
off at base in preserved specimens). Body often brown, broadly pear-shaped
and rather flat (genus Greenidea) .....3 -
Cauda always without an apical
papilla. SIPH usually without any reticulation. Body
broadly pear-shaped, oval or elongate .....16 3 SIPH with pale reticulation extending
over most of length (subgenus Greenidea) .....4 -
SIPH reticulated only at base
(subgenus Trichosiphum) ......6 4 ANT III reticulated over most of length except at extreme base, and also distinctly imbricated distally .....5 - ANT III not reticulated nor imbricated .....Greenidea quercifoliae/ (mushana) 5 R
IV+V 1.7-2.0 × HT II .....Greenidea
ayyari* -
R IV+V 2.7-3.2 × HT II .....Greenidea querciphaga 6 Tibiae with striate imbrication over
most of their lengths .....7 - Tibiae smooth .....9 7 R IV+V 2.0-3.0 × HT II .....Greenidea quercicola (or pallidipes?) -
R IV+V 1.3-1.9 × HT II .....8 8 Ventral abdomen evenly spinulose. Legs
dark .....Greenidea
okajimai - Ventral abdomen without spinules. Legs pale .....Greenidea myricae 9 SIPH more than 0.4 × BL. Longest and thickest hairs on antennae, legs and SIPH mostly arising from brown spots or patches. (R IV+V 2.38-2.63 × HT II) .....Greenidea isensis* - SIPH less than 0.4 × BL. Hairs on
appendages not arising from brown spots. R IV+V 1.5-2.8 × HT II .....10 10 SIPH short and stout, 0.33-0.47 mm long and 2.5-3.3 × their maximum width (e.g. fig. 92D) .....11 - SIPH cigar-shaped, 0.31-1.20 mm long and 3.4-7.1 × their maximum width (e.g. figs 92E, F) .....13 11 Mid-ventral area of abdomen spinulose .....Greenidea
sikkimensis* - Mid-ventral area of abdomen without
spinules .....12 12 R IV+V 1.6-1.9 × HT II .....Greenidea kumaoni* - R IV+V 2.1-2.3 × HT II .....Greenidea haldari 13 Ventral abdomen smooth, or only locally
and weakly spinulose, the spinules much smaller than hair sockets .....14 - Ventral abdomen strongly spinulose,
each spinule about as long as the diameter of the sockets of the ventral
hairs .....15 14 Tibiae dark brown on basal half and pale brown on distal half. Cauda with 5-9 hairs .....Greenidea kuwanai -
Tibiae pale brown, dark at
apex. Cauda with 8-14 hairs .....Greenidea
prinicola 15 Tibiae pale brown .....Greenidea
nipponica - Tibiae dark brown .....Greenidea
nigra 16
Hind tibia with a series of narrow
(stridulatory?) transverse ridges spaced out on basal 0.5-0.9 of length
(e.g. fig. 57D;
genus Mollitrichosiphum) .....17 -
Hind tibia without transverse
ridges (but often imbricated distally) .....23 17
Hind tibia with over 50 transverse,
very narrow ridges extending over about 0.9 of its length. Antenna 5- or
6-segmented. Dorsum pale .....Mollitrichosiphum
niitakaensis - Hind tibia with only 14-30
transverse ridges on basal 0.5-0.6. Antenna 6-segmented. Dorsum pale or
dark .....18 18 Body elongate. BL more than 2 × maximum
width of abdomen .....19 - Body broader, pear-shaped. BL less
than 2 × maximum width of abdomen .....21 19 Dorsal abdomen with a central dark
patch extending spinopleurally over ABD TERG 2-5. SIPH 0.45-0.57 × BL .....
Mollitrichosiphum nigriabdominalis* - Dorsal abdomen without a central
dark patch. SIPH 0.56-0.80 × BL .....20 20 R IV 7.5-8.0 × longer than R V .....Mollitrichosiphum godavariense* - R IV 4.2-5.3 × longer than R V .....Mollitrichosiphum
tenuicorpus 21 R IV+V 2.2-2.6 × HT II ..... Mollitrichosiphum luchuanum -
R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II .....22 22 R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II .....Mollitrichosiphum
nigrofasciatum -
R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II ......Mollitrichosiphum
glaucae 23
Longest hairs on antennae and dorsum
distinctly capitate (fig. 92C) .....24 -
Hairs on antennae and dorsum with
pointed, blunt, expanded or bifurcate apices, but never capitate .....26 24 Body pear-shaped. SIPH about 0.28 × BL. Antennae 5-segmented .....Allotrichosiphum assamense -
Body elongate. SIPH more
than 0.5 × BL. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented .....25 25 R IV+V more than 3 × HT II, with 10-16 accessory hairs .....Allotrichosiphum cyclobalanopsidis - R IV+V less than 2.5 × HT II, with
7-10 accessory hairs .....Allotrichosiphum
kashicola 26
Abdominal tergum with numerous
spinules densely scattered or in irregular rows over entire surface .....27 -
Abdominal tergum at least with
medial area devoid of spinules .....33 27 Abdominal tergum with densely scattered spinules which are much longer than their basal diameters (fig. 92H). SIPH only about 0.16-0.19 × BL. R IV+V 2.6-3.2 × HT II .....Eutrichosiphum davidi -
Abdominal tergum with small spinules,
hardly longer than their basal diameters, in numerous irregular rows (fig.
92I). SIPH 0.23-0.42 × BL. R IV+V 1.5-3.5 × HT II .....28 28 Dorsum pale. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. SIPH pale at base, black distally, 0.40-0.55 × BL .....Eutrichosiphum shiicola -
Dorsum pale or dark. R IV+V 1.8-3.5
× HT II. SIPH uniformly dark and 0.22-0.35 × BL (e.g. fig. 92G) .....29 29 Antennae 5- or 6-segmented, with ANT
PT/BASE 1.5-2.4. R IV+V 2.6-3.5 × HT II .....30 - Antennae 5-segmented, with ANT
PT/BASE 1.1-1.9. R IV+V 1.8-2.6 × HT II .....31 30 ANT III of aptera not longer than ANT VI (BASE + PT) and bearing 13-18 hairs, with long hairs only on anterior side .....Eutrichosiphum dubium -
ANT III of aptera 1.1-1.5 × ANT
VI and bearing 32-53 hairs, with long hairs on both anterior and posterior
sides (fig.
92J) .....Eutrichosiphum
heterotrichum 31 Dorsal abdominal hairs all have acute apices .....Eutrichosiphum arunachali* -
Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly have
blunt or furcate apices .....32 32
Dorsum brown-black, R IV+V 1.8-2.6 ×
HT II .....Eutrichosiphum
pasaniae - Dorsum mainly pale, sometimes dark at margins. R IV+V 2.2-2.9 × HT II .....Eutrichosiphum pseudopasaniae 33
R IV+V 1.0-1.5 × HT II. Antennae
5-segmented .....34 - R IV+V 1.6-3.8 × HT II. Antennae 5-
or 6-segmented .....35 34 SIPH 0.20-0.25 × BL. R IV+V 1.07-1.35 × HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs of various lengths, with acute apices, the longest more than 2 × basal diameter of ANT III .....Eutrichosiphum tapatii* - SIPH 0.40-0.45 × BL. R IV+V 1.32-1.48 × HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs thick with blunt apices, those on anterior tergites less than 2 × basal diameter of ANT III .....Eutrichosiphum manipurense* 35 SIPH barrel-shaped, only 0.15-0.20 ×
BL. ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.2 .....36 - SIPH 0.21-0.57 × BL. ANT PT/BASE
1.0-2.3 .....37 36 Body elongate, pale. SIPH pale. R IV+V
2.36-2.90 × HT II .....Eutrichosiphum
flavum - Body pear-shaped, dark. SIPH black. R IV+V 2.90-3.70× HT II .....Eutrichosiphum mukerjii* 37 R IV+V 3.0-3.8 × HT II; if about 3.0 then ANT PT/BASE is more than 1.4 .....38 - R IV+V 1.6-3.0 × HT II; if about 3.0 then ANT PT/BASE is less than 1.4 .....40 38 Antennae 5-segmented. SIPH 0.39-0.57 ×
BL .....Eutrichosiphum
quercifoliae -
Antennae 6-segmented. SIPH
0.21-0.28 × BL .....39 39 ANT III with 17-19 hairs, mostly more than 2 × basal diameter of segment. ABD TERG 7 with 15-18 hairs .....Eutrichosiphum russellae* - ANT III with 9-10 hairs, of which only 2-3 are more than 2 × basal diameter of segment. ABD TERG 7 with 10 or fewer hairs .....Eutrichosiphum rameshi* 40 Head at least partially spinulose
dorsally .....41 - Head without spinules on dorsal
surface .....43 41 ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.2 .....Eutrichosiphum raychaudhurii* - ANT PT/ BASE 1.0-1.3 .....42 42 ANT 5-segmented. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. SIPH 0.44-0.51 × BL. Dorsal abdomen with spinules anteriolaterally .....Eutrichosiphum jugeshwari* - ANT 5- or (more usually) 6-segmented. R IV+V 2.5-3.0 × HT II. SIPH 0.23-0.31 × BL. Dorsal abdomen without spinules .....Eutrichosiphum khasyanum 43 SIPH pale basally and dark apically, 0.37-0.46 × BL. Antennae 5-segmented .....Eutrichosiphum glabrum* - SIPH pale or dark, 0.22-0.38 × BL.
Antennae 5- or 6-segmented .....44 44 Dorsal abdomen with a dark brown central patch on ABD TERG 3-5, irregular in outline and not extending to lateral regions. SIPH 0.32-0.36 × BL .....Eutrichosiphum querciphaga* - Dorsal abdomen without a dark
central patch; if dark then the pigmentation is vaguely defined and extends
into lateral regions. SIPH 0.22-0.38 × BL .....45 45 Antennae almost always 6-segmented.
Dorsal abdomen usually with vaguely defined dark pleuro-lateral pigmentation
and paler spinal region .....Eutrichosiphum
tattakanum - Antennae 5-segmented. Dorsal abdomen
either more uniformly pale brown, or with a clearly defined oval pale
central area encircled by a broad, brown-black margin .....46 46 Dorsal
abdomen with an extensive, clearly defined oval pale central
area encircled by a broad, brown-black margin. SIPH uniformly black ..... Eutrichosiphum
nasensis* - Dorsal abdomen more uniformly pigmented, pale brown. SIPH pale
or dark .....47 47 SIPH dark, especially towards apices. Dorsal hairs all with acute, blunt or slightly expanded apices, none of them furcate. R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm long ..... Eutrichosiphum pyri* - SIPH pale. Dorsal hairs include some with furcate apices. R IV+V 0.23-0.30 mm long .....Eutrichosiphum assamense
1 Rostrum much longer than body .....2 -
Rostrum shorter than body .....5 2
ABD TERG 1-7 all with large paired
dark spinal patches, often consisting of clusters of small sclerites .....3 - ABD TERG 3-5 usually without paired dark spinal
patches, and ABD TERG 1, 2 and/or 6 either without patches of with small
clusters of sclerites .....4 3 Total antennal length 0.37 × BL or less. HT II less than 2.85 × longer than HT I, and less than 1.31 × longer than second segment of mid tarsus (MT II) …..Stomaphis wojciechowskii* - Total antennal length more than 0.37 ×
BL. HT II more than 2.85 × longer than
HT I, and more than 1.31 × longer than second segment of mid tarsus (MT II) …..Stomaphis
quercus 4 ABD TERG 1-7 all without spinal sclerites. HT II elongate, more than 1.55 × longer than second segment of mid tarsus. ANT VI (incl. PT) about as long as ANT V .....Stomaphis bratislavensis - At least ABD TERG 7 with paired spinal patches, which are often present at least as small clusters of sclerites on some other tergites. HT II less than 1.45 × longer than second segment of mid tarsus. ANT VI distinctly longer than ANT V .....Stomaphis japonica 5
BL more than 5 mm. Forewings of
alata not maculate .....6 -
BL almost always less than 5 mm.
Forewings of alata (if known) maculate .....8 6
Forewing of alata with a normal,
blunt pterostigma .....Lachnus
quercihabitans -
Forewing of alata with an elongate
pterostigma that curves around tip of wing .....7 7
HT II 1.8-2.3 × HT I .....Longistigma
caryae - HT II about 2.6 × HT I .....Longistigma xizangensis* 8 SIPH pores on very flat cones, hardly
raised above level of dorsum, with a broad, flange and little or no
pigmentation (fig.
93A). Appendages and entire body, dorsally as well as ventrally, clothed
in a dense pile of hairs; those on ABD TERG 1-5 with bases less than
20µm apart .....Lachnus
crassicornis -
SIPH pores on conical bases that
are usually large, pigmented and clearly demarcated, but sometimes small and
pale. Hairs numerous, but not forming a dense pile; hair bases more than 20µm
apart, at least on dorsum .....9 9
R IV+V 1.15-1.43 × HT II. Mesosternum with a pair of
prominent pigmented mammariform processes .....Lachnus
takahashii - R IV+V 0.65-1.29 × HT II (if more than 1.15 × then
mesosternum is without mammariform processes) .....10 10 R IV+V 0.65-0.82 × HT II, but if 0.78-0.82 × HT II then R IV+V is less than 0.2 mm long .....11 - R IV+V
0.78-1.29 × HT II; if less
than 0.85 × HT II then R IV+V is more
than 0.2 mm long .....13 11
Maximal basal diameter of SIPH cone
0.3-0.7 mm. R IV+V 0.65-0.70 × HT II. ANT/PT BASE 0.5 or more. Longest hairs
on ABD TERG 1-3 more than 1.5 × basal diameter of ANT III. Dorsal abdomen
without a conical process .....Lachnus
allegheniensis -
Maximal basal diameter of SIPH cone
0.16-0.24 mm. R IV+V 0.74-0.85 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE a little less than
0.5. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 all shorter than basal diameter of ANT III.
Dorsal abdomen with or without a pale conical median process .....12 12
Dorsal abdomen with a small pale
conical median process. Dorsal cuticle with reticulate ornamentation .....Lachnus
acutihirsutus - Dorsal abdomen without a conical process. Dorsal cuticle smooth .....Lachnus margallaensis 13
Hind tibia with some of more distal
hairs on ventral side very long and fine-pointed, at least 2-3 × longer than
neighbouring short hairs (as in fig. 93D) .....14 - Hind tibia with hairs on ventral side often longer and finer distally, but not with some hairs 2-3 × longer than others .....16 14
Dorsal body hairs short (less than 30 µm), with blunt or capitate apices, arising from large,
ring-like bases .....Lachnus
pseudonudus -
Dorsal body hairs long and
fine-pointed (more than 35 µm), with pointed apices .....15 15
Hind tibiae with proximal half mainly dark except at base, and distal
part somewhat paler except near apex. ANT VI
0.14-0.19 mm long (BASE 0.103-0.138 mm, PT 0.035-0.058 mm).
Mesosternal processes absent .....Lachnus
pallipes - Hind tibiae with basal half paler and distal part uniformly dark brown.
ANT VI 0.21-0.25 mm long (BASE 0.14-0.17 mm, PT 0.07-0.08 mm). Mesosternum
with a pair of small, flat processes .....Lachnus
chosoni* 16 SIPH cones small and pale (basal diameter 0.09-0.13 mm). Hairs on
ABD TERG 1-6 all short and blunt, maximally about 10 µm .....Lachnus
tuatayae -
SIPH cones usually large (basal
diameter more than 0.3 mm) and well-pigmented. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6
variable, but the longest always more than 20 µm .....17 17 Abdomen bearing a large rounded tubercle on ABD TERG 4, its base about as broad as that of SIPH cones (and another much smaller and flatter tubercle on ABD TERG 5) …..Lachnus sorini - Abdomen without a large tubercle on
ABD TERG 4 …..18 18
ANT PT/BASE (0.35-)0.45-0.60 (rarely less than 0.45). Mesosternal processes
mammariform (fig.
93B) .....Lachnus
tropicalis -
ANT PT/BASE 0.19-0.45(-0.50)
(rarely more than 0.45). Mesosternal processes papilliform or horn-like (fig.
93C) .....19 19 ANT PT shorter than diameter of primary rhinarium on VI (fig. 93E).
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 mostly thick, blunt and less than 30 µm long .....Lachnus
swirskii - ANT PT longer than diameter of primary rhinarium on VI (fig. 93F). Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 variable but mostly pointed, and mostly more than 30 µm long .....Lachnus roboris (or iliciphilus) KEY E - Calaphidinae on oaks (alate viviparae only) Aphids of the subfamily Calaphidinae which exist only as alatae in their parthenogenetic phase comprise mainly two large genera, Tuberculatus and Myzocallis. Within both these genera there are some distinct subgeneric groupings, which are referred to in the key, although when the world fauna is considered there are several species in each case that do not fit clearly into these groups and are placed in monotypic subgenera. The key has been extensively revised since Blackman & Eastop (1994) following the work of Quednau (1999). 1 Dorsal abdomen with one or more tergites
bearing paired or bifurcate hair-bearing spinal processes, which may be
conical or finger-like, or merely low hair-bearing bosses which in a few
species are only slightly raised above surface. Marginal hairs also often on
processes. Forewings not maculate, except in one species that has dark
marginal processes (genus Tuberculatus) .....2 - Dorsal abdomen with spinal hairs not
raised above surface (except in two species which have maculate forewings,
and marginal processes absent or weakly developed) .....50 2 Dorsal abdomen with one large black bifurcate spinal process on ABD TERG 3 (fig. 94A) .....Tuberculatus
querceus - Dorsal abdomen with more than one pair of spinal processes, usually separated basally .....3 3 Tibiae with a conspicuous jet black spot
at their bases (i.e. on their “knees”) (subgenus Pacificallis) .....4 - Tibiae pale or variably pigmented but
without a well-defined jet black basal spot .....11 4 Forewing with Cu1b thickly
bordered with fuscous, the width of this vein plus borders at its
halfway point being 0.05-0.07 mm .....Tuberculatus
maureri - Forewing with the Cu1b itself
often thicker and darker than other veins but not bordered and not
more than 0.035 mm wide at its halfway point .....5 5 Spinal hairs on pronotum less than 10µm long. Spinal processes absent from thorax or at most developed as tubercular hair-bases shorter than their basal diameters .....Tuberculatus
passalus - Spinal hairs on pronotum more than
10µm long. Spinal processes developed on pronotum and mesonotum, with at
least those on mesonotum as long as their basal diameters and often
finger-like .....6 6
Pronotum with only 1 evident
(posterior) pair of spinal processes (although the anterior
prothoracic spinal hairs may have slightly raised bases) .....7 -
Pronotum with 2 pairs of evident
spinal processes, both pairs longer than their basal diameters .....9 7 Head with 6-13 dorsal hairs between the eyes. Pronotum with anterior marginal hairs. Embryos with marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 duplicated .....Tuberculatus californicus -
Head with 4 dorsal hairs between
eyes. Prothorax with no anterior marginal hairs. Embryos with marginal hairs
on ABD TERG 1-4 single .....8 8 ANT BASE VI with 1 hair. In embryos and immatures most of the dorsal hairs are strongly capitate, and usually not on sclerites ......Tuberculatus
columbiae - ANT BASE VI with 2 hairs. In embryos and immatures most of their dorsal hairs are rod- or spear-shaped with blunt or pointed apices, and those of the immatures usually arise from pigmented sclerites .....Tuberculatus chrysolepidis 9
Antennae often longer than body. ANT
III with 6-14 secondary rhinaria. ABD TERG 1-4 with spinal processes all of
similar size .....Tuberculatus
kiowanicus -
Antennae 0.7-0.9 × BL. ANT III with
2-7 (-9) secondary rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 2 with spinal processes about
twice as tall as those on more posterior tergites .....10 10
R IV+V 0.12-0.13 mm with usually 2
pairs of lateral accessory hairs as well as some ventral hairs. Front of head
usually with 3 pairs of hairs, and these are often slightly but distinctly
capitate .....Tuberculatus
quercifolii -
R IV+V 0.095-0.11 mm with 1 pair of
lateral accessory hairs as well as some ventral ones. Head with 2 pairs of
hairs that are blunt but not capitate .....Tuberculatus
pallidus 11 Immatures with spiculate dorsal hairs (fig. 94B; spicules also discernible on the longest dorsal hairs of embryos within adult alata). First tarsal segments all with 5 ventral hairs (and often 2 dorsal ones) (subgenus Toltecallis) .....12 -
Dorsal hairs of immatures and
embryos without spicules. First tarsal segments with 5-7 ventral hairs ....15 12 First tarsal segments without dorsal
hairs. Spinal and marginal processes very low, hardly raised above dorsal
surface …..Tuberculatus
leptosiphon - First tarsal segments each with a pair
of dorsal hairs. Spinal and/or marginal tubercles variably developed,
tubercular to finger-like …..13 13 ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5, and PT more than 1.6 × R IV+V. ANT II pigmented. (ABD TERG 1-4 with spinal processes) .....Tuberculatus mexicanus - ANT PT/BASE less than 1.3, and PT less than 1.4 × R IV+V. ANT II pale. (ABD TERG 1-2 or 1-4 with spinal processes) .....14 14 R IV+V 0.09-0.10 mm. ABD TERG 1-2 (and also mesosternum) with spinal processes; height of those on mesosternum is 0.3-0.5 × HT II .....Tuberculatus garciamartelli - R IV+V 0.11-0.16 mm. Mesosternum, ABD TERG 1-4, and often 6 also, with spinal processes; those on mesosternum 0.7-1.1 × HT II .....Tuberculatus spiculatus* 15 Frontal hairs mostly shorter than, and hairs on ANT III less than 0.5×, basal diameter of ANT III (subgenus Tuberculoides) .....16 - Frontal hairs usually 2 or more × basal diameter
of ANT III, and hairs on ANT III more than 0.5× basal diameter of ANT III
(and sometimes much longer) .....26 16 ABD TERG 1-4 each with a pair of pale spinal
processes (e.g. fig.
94C; although those on 4 may be small) .....17 -
Only ABD TERG 1-3 with spinal
processes (fig. 94D) .....20 17
R IV+V 0.13-0.19 mm, 1.15-1.50 × HT
II, with 3 pairs of lateral accessory hairs (as well as 3-6 ventral
ones) .....Tuberculatus
remaudierei - R IV+V 0.08-0.12 mm, 0.80-1.05 × HT II, with 2 pairs of lateral accessory hairs (and 3-5 ventral ones) .....18 18
Spinal hairs of embryos (seen through
abdominal cuticle of alate vivipara) all similar in length to the long
marginal hairs on the same tergites (fig. 95A) .....Tuberculatus
eggleri -
Spinal hairs on at least ABD TERG
2-3 of embryos only half as long as marginal hairs on same segments or
shorter .....19 19
Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG
1-6 all about 5-8 µm long, thin, with blunt apices; marginal hairs 15-45 µm
long, with those on at least ABD TERG 2-3 not overlapping those of next
tergite (fig.95B)
.....Tuberculatus
borealis - Embryos
with distinctly capitate spinal hairs, those on ABD TERG 1 being 6-10 µm
long, increasing in size on more posterior tergites to 26-75 µm on ABD TERG
6; marginal hairs 26-75 µm long, all except those on ABD TERG 1 overlapping
those on next tergite (fig. 95C) .....Tuberculatus eggleri (early season form) 20
Spinal hairs of embryos mostly
very long and overlapping between segments ......21 -
Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 of
embryos all very short (less than 5 µm) ......23 21 ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.8. R IV+V 1.20-1.35 × HT II and bearing 12-15 accessory hairs .....Tuberculatus etruscus -
ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.8. R IV+V
0.90-1.15 × HT II and bearing 7-10 accessory hairs .....22 22
BL 1.3-2.3 mm. ANT PT/BASE
1.42-1.78 .....Tuberculatus
inferus -
BL 2.0-3.1 mm. ANT PT/BASE
0.88-1.39 .....Tuberculatus
maximus 23
SIPH almost completely pale. ANT
PT/BASE 0.85-0.95. ANT III usually with dusky section about one third from
base (use hand lens) .....Tuberculatus
albosiphonatus - SIPH dark on apical third or more. ANT PT/BASE 0.87-1.53, but if less than 0.95 then ANT III is pale except for black distal section .....24 24
ANT PT/BASE 0.87-1.14. ANT III pale
except for black distal section. ABD TERG 2-5 of embryos with marginal hairs
8-13 µm long, like the spinal hairs on same segments; usually only ABD TERG 8
with long capitate hairs (fig. 95D) .....Tuberculatus
annulatus -
ANT PT/BASE 0.95-1.53, but if
less than 1.14 then ANT III usually has a dusky section around the most
distal secondary rhinarium. Embryos with marginal hairs on ABD TERG 2-5
always much longer than spinal hairs on those segments, and at least ABD TERG
7 as well as 8 with long capitate hairs (e.g. fig. 95E) …..25 25
ANT PT/BASE 0.95-1.13. ANT III usually
with a dusky central section. SIPH a little shorter than R IV+V .....Tuberculatus
moerickei - ANT PT/BASE 1.14-1.53. ANT III pale except for black distal section. SIPH a little longer than R IV+V .....Tuberculatus neglectus 26
Thorax of mounted specimens pale
(pronotum sometimes marginally dark, or with dark scutellum). Mesonotum
without spinal processes .....27 -
At least mesothorax usually dark
brown dorsally and/or ventrally or with a dark brown dorsal patch, but if
pale then mesonotum has a pair of long spinal processes .....38 27 Pronotum without spinal processes, or
rarely with the posterior spinal hairs on slightly raised bases. Spinal
processes on ABD TERG 1 and 2 not more than 2 × longer than their basal
widths …..28 - Pronotum usually with at least one
pair of spinal processes; if with none, then processes on ABD TERG 1-2 are
2.5-3.5 × longer than their basal widths .....29 28 Spinal processes at least on ABD TERG 3 much longer than their basal widths; those on ABD TERG 3 usually have dark apices. Forewing veins ending in dark triangles. Femora with dark subapical spots. SIPH dark distally …..Tuberculatus (Tuberculoides) pallescens - Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 low, hardly longer than their basal widths, and usually pale. Forewing veins not ending in dark triangles. SIPH pale .....Tuberculatus
(Orientuberculoides) kashiwae 29
Pronotum only with a single
(posterior) pair of (sometimes very small) spinal processes. Hairs on ANT III
not deeply pigmented. Base of ANT VI with 1 hair .....30 -
Pronotum with 2 pairs of spinal
processes. Longest 1-3 hairs on ANT III often capitate and markedly
pigmented, the sockets around the hair-bases also being pigmented. Similar
hairs often present on ANT I and II and on front of head. Base of ANT VI with
1-2 hairs .....36 30 Head with 3 pairs of long capitate dorsal hairs anterior to the lateral ocelli .....Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides)
querciformosanus - Front of head with only 2 pairs of long capitate hairs anterior to the lateral ocelli, plus one much shorter pair .....31 31 Pterostigma with a dark inner margin.
One or more of spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 entirely black or dark, and
often with pigment extending between bases. SIPH with at least distal half
black. Femora with distal brown mottling or a subapical dark smudge …..32 - Pterostigma pale or with weakly
pigmented inner margin. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 pale or only dusky
on distal part. SIPH pale or dark only on distal third or less. Femora
without a subapical dark smudge …..33 32
Spinal processes on ABD TERG 3 wholly
pigmented and often with pigment extending between their bases, but those on
ABD TERG 1 and 2 are paler. Marginal abdominal processes each with 2-3 hairs .....Tuberculatus
(Orientuberculoides) konaracola - Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 all dark, or those on ABD TERG 1 darkest. Marginal abdominal processes each with 3-4 (-5) hairs .....Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides)
fuscotuberculatus 33 Embryos with all spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-6 short, less than half of length of marginal hairs on same segments (only about 0.2 × longer than marginal hairs in paranaracola s. str.; 0.3-0.5 × longer with capitate apices in ssp. hemitrichus) .....Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides)
paranaracola -
Embryos with spinal hairs on
ABD TERG 2-6 long, comparable in length to marginal hairs on
same segments .....34 34 Hairs
on inner side of ANT III (opposite rhinaria) short, thin and cylindrical or
club-shaped, only up to about 0.6 × basal diameter of segment, and not on
raised bases. (ANT III with 3-6 rhinaria, confined to basal
0.3-0.5 of segment even in spring populations. (Forewing with Cu1a ,
Cu1b and media all of similar thickness and degree of pigmentation) .....Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) higuchii -
Hairs on inner side of ANT III
capitate, 0.75-1.50 × basal diameter of segment, with raised bases .....35 35 R IV+V shorter than (c. 0.8 ×) HT II.
Longest hairs on ANT III 0.75-1.2 × basal diameter of segment. ANT III in
spring alatae with 4-10 secondary rhinaria extending over 0.5-0.9 of segment,
only in midsummer alatae confined to basal 0.3 of segment and 2-4 in number.
Cu1a and especially Cu1b of forewing thicker and
darker than distal branches of media (use hand lens) .....Tuberculatus
(Orientuberculoides) yokoyamai - R
IV+V longer than (1.1-1.2) × HT II. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.3-1.7 × basal
diameter of segment. ANT III with 4-7 rhinaria restricted to basal 0.5
of segment even in spring populations. Cu1a , Cu1b and
media of forewing all of similar thickness and pigmentation .....Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) paiki 36 Forewing veins including media with
diffuse fuscous bordering over whole length. Base of ANT VI with 1 hair.
Spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 1-3 pigmented and with dark sclerites between
their bases …..
Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) nervatus - Forewing veins unbordered except
sometimes for Cu1b and basal part of Cu1a. Base of ANT
VI usually with 2 hairs. Only spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 3 pigmented …..37 37 Front of head, ANT I-III and dorsal thorax all with strongly capitate hairs. Dorsal hairs on basal half of hind tibia rather stiff, about 1.0-1.3 × diameter of tibia, with blunt or slightly capitate hairs. Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-6 very thickly capitate .....Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) capitatus - Front
of head, ANT I-III and dorsal thorax with acute, blunt and/or slightly
capitate hairs. Dorsal hairs on basal half of hind tibia thin with very fine
apices, up to 2 × diameter of tibia. Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD
TERG 2-6 blunt or only slightly capitate .....Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) fangi 38 Longest hair on ANT II 2 or more × longer
than longest hair on ANT III. Secondary rhinaria with ciliate rims. Pronotum
without any spinal processes .....39 -
Longest hair on ANT II usually
similar in length to or shorter than longest hair on ANT III, or not more
than 1.5 × longer. Secondary rhinaria with or without ciliation. Pronotum
with or without spinal processes .....40 39 Forewings maculate. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-4 pigmented, and shorter, pale spinal processes also present on more posterior tergites. SIPH pale or only dark basally .....Tuberculatus maculipennis - Forewings not maculate. Abdomen with 2 pairs of dark spinal processes (very long and basally joined on ABD TERG 3). SIPH wholly dark .....Tuberculatus cornutus 40 Forewing membrane densely covered with scales and often with scattered hairs. Head and thorax dark or mottled with pigment .....41 -
Forewing membrane not or only
weakly scaly and without hairs. Head and thorax mainly pale, sometimes
darker on margins ......45 41
Membrane of forewing without
hairs. Head uniformly dark sclerotic. Mesonotum with reticulate sculpturing.
Thorax without spinal processes. ABD TERG 1-3 with low wart-like spinal
processes …..42 - Membrane of forewing with scattered
hairs. Head mottled with dark pigment. Mesonotum smooth or weakly nodulose.
Pronotum and sometimes also mesonotum with wart-like or finger-like
processes. Spinal processes on at least ABD TERG 2 and 3 well-developed,
longer than their basal widths …..43 42 Forewings
with veins narrowly bordered and ending in dark triangles. Pterostigma with
dark inner border and a small dark spot at base. Pronotum with 4-5 posterior
spinal hairs …..Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) nigrosiphonaceus* - Forewings with at least media and Cu1a unbordered and without dark triangles at ends of veins. Pterostigma weakly pigmented without dark spot at base. Pronotum with 2-3 posterior spinal hairs …..Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) acuminatus 43 Forewings with Cu1a and
Cu1b and unbranched base of media fuscous-bordered, but distal
branches of media unbordered. Hairs on inner side of ANT III stiff and with
blunt or capitate apices. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 short; those
on 3 not much longer than their basal diameters .....Tuberculatus
(Acanthocallis) grisipunctatus* -
All forewing veins evenly
bordered with fuscous over their entire length. Hairs on inner side of ANT
III long, wavy and finely pointed. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3,
especially those on 3, much larger and darker than those on 4-5 …..44 44 R
IV+V longer than HT II. ANT I with (4-)6-10 hairs. ANT III with 4-9 secondary
rhinaria. ANT VI (including PT) 0.7-1.1 × ANT IV. Caudal knob oval, longer
than wide .....Tuberculatus
(Acanthocallis) macrotuberculatus - R IV+V shorter than HT II. ANT I with 3-5 hairs. ANT III with 3-6 secondary rhinaria. ANT VI (including PT) 1.1-1.6 × ANT IV. Caudal knob rounded, about as long as wide ….. Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) quercicola 45
Pronotum with 2 pairs of (pale)
spinal processes .....46 -
Pronotum without spinal
processes .....49 46 Forewings with all veins evenly fuscous-bordered. First tarsal segments with 5 ventral hairs …..Tuberculatus (Acanthotuberculatus) radisectuae - Forewings with diffuse bordering at
bases of veins, but distal parts at least of media and Cu1a
unbordered. First tarsal segments usually with 6 ventral hairs …..47 47 Frontal hairs strongly capitate. Dorsal
hairs on femora and on basal half of hind tibia all stiff and distinctly
capitate .....Tuberculatus
(Acanthotuberculatus) japonicus -
Frontal hairs with finely pointed,
acute or rounded apices, sometimes slightly capitate. Dorsal hairs on femora
pointed, and many of those on basal half of hind tibia fine and pointed (a
few may be blunt or slightly capitate) .....48 48 Frontal hairs and those on dorsal side of tibiae with finely pointed apices. Longest hairs on inner side of ANT III pointed, longer than those on ANT I and II ….. Tuberculatus (Acanthotuberculatus) pilosulus* - Frontal hairs with blunt or slightly capitate apices, and on dorsal side of tibiae with acute apices. Longest hairs on inner side of ANT III usually not longer than those on ANT I and II …..Tuberculatus (Acanthotuberculatus) indicus 49 Forewing veins with broad fuscous borders. Hind tibia mainly pale. ANT III with 12-24 secondary rhinaria. Front of head slightly convex .....Tuberculatus (Nippotuberculatus) pilosus - Forewing veins not bordered. Hind legs entirely black, in sharp contrast to other legs. ANT III with 3-8 secondary rhinaria. Front of head between antennae concave .....Tuberculatus (Arakawana) stigmatus 50 ABD TERG 1-6 each with only 1 pair of
spinal hairs, pleural hairs being absent. (Mesonotal lobes smooth, wings
hyaline, tibiae not marked with black) …..Apulicallis
trojanae - ABD TERG 1-6 each with 2 or more pairs of spinal hairs, often in paired clusters, and pleural hairs present or absent; if with only a single pair on some tergites then mesonotum is nodulose and forewings are maculate or have dark triangles at ends of veins …..51 51 Head and prothorax with a median
longitudinal pale stripe extending backward from the median ocellus between
bands of pigment. Pronotum with anterior and posterior spinal and marginal
clusters of small hairs. Abdomen with paired dark spinal sclerites that are
fused posteriorly across midline, on ABD TERG 1-7 (fig. 96A) or
on 1-2 only. ANT PT/BASE 0.50-0.95 (genus Hoplocallis) .....52 -
Head and prothorax pale or
variously pigmented but never with a pale median longitudinal stripe.
Pronotal hairs not in clusters, and anteriolateral ones often absent. Abdomen
either without sclerites or with paired sclerites not usually fused across
the midline, at least on anterior tergites. ANT PT/BASE 0.95-3.50 (genus Myzocallis) .....55 52
R IV+V stiletto-shaped, more than 1.7
× HT II. Abdomen with dark sclerites only on ABD TERG 1 and 2, and with
segmental clusters of pleural hairs .....Hoplocallis
microsetosus -
R IV+V less than 1.6 × HT II.
Abdomen usually with dark sclerites on ABD TERG 1-7 (fused across midline at
least on 1-5). ABD TERG 1-5 without pleural hairs .....53 53
SIPH small, c.0.04 mm long,
0.2-0.3 × R IV+V and about 0.5 × as long as knob of cauda. R IV+V
stiletto-shaped, 1.30-1.65 × HT II .....Hoplocallis
microsiphon -
SIPH 0.07-0.10 mm long,
0.50-0.85 × R IV+V, about as long as knob of cauda. R IV+V obtuse, 1.00-1.55
× HT II .....54 54 R IV+V 1.25-1.55 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 0.5-0.8. ANT III with 2-4 secondary rhinaria .....Hoplocallis picta - R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-0.95. ANT III with 3-5 secondary rhinaria .....Hoplocallis ruperti 55
Forewings with pigmentation thickly
bordering all veins, or extending between veins (sometimes not so evident in
spring populations where it may be reduced to triangles at ends of veins, but
in such cases the mesonotal lobes are always nodulose) .....56 -
Forewings without pigmentation
along or between veins, except along costal margin, and sometimes RS
and/or Cu1b (sometimes with narrow bordering of other veins or
with veins ending in dark triangles, but then the mesonotal lobes are smooth) .....60 56
SIPH dark, on large dark sclerites,
with or without spicules .....57 -
SIPH pale, with spiculose
ornamentation .....59 57 SIPH (and basal sclerite) smooth. Mesonotal lobes smooth. Forewings with RS almost indiscernible. Head and pronotum very dark with a very narrow pale medial stripe .....Myzocallis (Californicallis) agrifolicola - SIPH (and basal sclerites) with rows
of spicules. Mesonotal lobes nodulose. Forewings with RS distinct.
Head and pronotum if dark then without a medial stripe .....58 58 ANT III with 4-12 rhinaria distributed over most of its length. HT I with 4-5 ventral hairs. Posterior margin of pronotum denticulate in middle. Embryo with spinal and marginal hairs of ABD TERG 1 about half as long as those on other segments …..Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) discolor - ANT III with 3-6 rhinaria confined to basal 0.4 of its length. HT I with 6 (rarely 5, 7 or 8) ventral hairs. Posterior margin of pronotum not denticulate in middle. Embryo with spinal and marginal hairs of ABD TERG 1 not much shorter than those on other segments …..Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) pseudodiscolor 59
ABD TERG 1 and 2 with paired spinal
processes, low (c. 0.75 × basal width) in spring populations, but in summer
they are conical or finger-like, sometimes pigmented, with those on ABD TERG
1 largest (up to 0.14 mm), usually with a single apical hair. Clypeus
produced anteriorly …..Myzocallis
(Neomyzocallis) tuberculata - ABD TERG 1 and 2 with or without small
paired wart-like spinal processes not more than 0.5 × their basal widths.
Clypeus normal …..Myzocallis
(Neomyzocallis) punctata 60 Head and pronotum with a distinct dark, median longitudinal stripe (fig. 35E) .....Myzocallis (Agrioaphis) castanicola -
Head and pronotum variously
pigmented but not with a dark median stripe .....61 61
Costal margin of forewing with a
usually continuous band of pigment extending beyond pterostigma to tip of
wing (fig. 96D).
Thorax rather pale except that the lateral margins of the pronotum, have
conspicuous dark longitudinal stripes, continuing on the mesonotum to the
base of the forewing. (Spring generations can however almost entirely lack
pigmentation, except for dusky patches at tips of RS and apical branch of media) (subgenus
Lineomyzocallis) .....62 - Costal margin of forewing without a continuous
line of pigment. Thorax variously pigmented but without contrasting dark
marginal stripes .....79 62
Hairs on ANT III finely pointed,
maximally 30-40 μm long, up to 2 × basal diameter of segment .....Myzocallis
(Lineomyzocallis) spinosa - Hairs on ANT III with acute, blunt or
slightly capitate apices, 10-25 μm long, rarely longer than basal
diameter of segment .....63 63 ANT PT/BASE 3.2-4.5, with ANT BASE VI
measuring less than 0.15 mm. Immatures with long, pointed dorsal hairs .....Myzocallis
(Lineomyzocallis) elliotti - ANT PT/BASE 1.0-3.5, with ANT BASE VI more than 0.16 mm. Immatures with at least some of dorsal hairs capitate .....64 64
Fore tibiae very dark or black,
usually for most of their lengths, distinctly darker than and usually
contrasting with mid and hind tibiae, although often paler at base (and
sometimes only very dark distally in spring populations). Antennae longer or
shorter than body (distinctly longer than body in the species with least
contrast between fore tibiae and mid/hind tibiae) .....65 - All tibiae similarly pigmented. Antennae
not longer than body .....72 65
Antennae distinctly longer than body,
with ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.5. Mid and hind tibiae often almost as dark as fore
tibiae .....Myzocallis
(Lineomyzocallis) longiunguis -
Antennae not distinctly longer than
body, ANT PT/BASE 1.0-2.8. Mid and hind tibiae much paler than fore tibiae .....66 66 Fore
femur with pigment dorsally and ventrally, at least on distal 0.3-0.5 .....Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) exultans -
Fore femur unpigmented except
sometimes at apex .....67 67
R IV+V 0.95-1.35 × HT II …..68 - R IV+V 0.62-0.92 × HT II …..70 68 HT
I with 3 ventral hairs. Knob of cauda with a short rounded dorsal process.
Pronotum with (2-) 3-5 posterio-lateral hairs on each side. ANT PT/BASE
1.1-1.6 .....Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) multisetis -
HT I with 4-5 ventral hairs. Knob
of cauda without a dorsal process. Pronotum usually with 2 posterio-lateral
hairs on each side. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-2.8 .....69 69 ANT
PT/BASE 2.0-2.8. R IV+V 0.08-0.11 mm long. Summer populations often have very
little pronotal marginal pigment, but dark marginal processes on ABD TERG 3
and 4 ….. Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) longirostris s.
str. - ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.6. R IV+V
0.12-0.14 mm long. Marginal processes on ABD TERG 3 and 4 pale …..
Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) longirostris ssp. tepehuanensis 70 ABD TERG 2-4 with marginal processes
black. Immature alatae with dark spinal and marginal sclerites …..
Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) atropunctata - ABD TERG 2-4 with marginal processes
unpigmented (except in some late-season alatae). Immature alatae
usually without dark sclerotisation …..71 71 Apices of fore femora pale. Immature alatae with each of ABD TERG 1-5 having 1-2 pairs of spinal hairs and 1 pair of pleural hairs, in spring as well as summer populations; the spinal hairs being mostly shorter than the distances between their bases. Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 short, their ends not touching …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis)walshii - Apices of fore femora sometimes with some pigment. Immature alatae with each of ABD TERG 1-5 having 2-5 pairs of spinal hairs, and usually more than 1 pair of pleural hairs (more in spring populations); the spinal hairs being mostly shorter than the distances between their bases.. Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 longer, their ends mostly touching or overlapping …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) ephemerata 72 Pronotum with 1 marginal hair on each
side and without anterior pleural hairs. Antennae as long as or longer than
body. Femora pale or only dark at apices .....73 - Pronotum with 2 (or 3) marginal hairs on each side and with 2 (rarely 1 on one side) anterior pleural hairs. Antennae shorter than body. Hind femora pigmented over distal 0.3 or more of length .....75 73 ANT IV and V uniformly dark. Immature alatae with 2 dorsal longitudinal rows of dark spots .....Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) frisoni -
ANT IV and V pale basally shading to
dark distally. Immature alatae with (ssp. iturbide) or without dorsal
pigmentation .....74 74 Head with a conspicuous black spot
immediately posterior to eye. ANT III with small hairs on inner side
(opposite rhinaria) capitate. Immature alatae with dorsal longitudinal rows
of dark spots …..Myzocallis
(Lineomyzocallis) pepperi ssp. iturbide - Head spot behind eye absent or indistinct. ANT III with small hairs on inner side pointed. Immature alatae without dorsal pigmentation …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) pepperi s. str. 75
Hind femora with dark pigmentation
only on about distal 0.3 of length .....76 - Hind femur with dark pigmentation over at
least half of length .....77 76 ANT III-VI pale except at apices of segments. Lobes of anal plate longer than their basal width, and cauda with an elongate "neck" (fig. 96C) .....Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) granovskyi - ANT III-VI dark except at base of III. Cauda and anal plate normal for genus, i.e. lobes of anal plate shorter than their basal width, and constricted part of cauda not elongated .....Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) durangoensis 77 Prothoracic dark marginal stripes 0.16-0.18 mm wide, with pale area between them longer than wide. ANT I and II often dark. ANT III-V usually pale except apically. Immature alatae with 5 pairs of large contrasting black dorsal patches .....Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) bella - Prothoracic dark marginal stripes 0.09-0.14 mm wide, with pale area between them at least as wide as long (e.g. fig. 96E). ANT I and II are usually pale, never darker than base of III. ANT III-V either pale or dark. Immature alatae with dorsal pigmentation variable or absent …..78 78 ANT I and II pale or dusky, and ANT III-VI usually blackish throughout, sometimes paler at base of III. HT I with 4 (-5) ventral hairs. Immature alatae (and oviparae) without a dark spot adjacent to posterior margin of eye, even in individuals with dark dorsal sclerites .....Myzocallis
(Lineomyzocallis) melanocera - ANT I and II always pale, ANT III-VI
pale or slightly dusky with only apices of III-V blackish. HT I with 5 (-6)
ventral hairs. Immature alatae ( and oviparae) with a small dark spot
adjacent to posterior margin of eye …..
Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) neoborealis 79
PT 1.5 or more × ANT III; ANT PT/BASE
2.5-3.0. ANT III with 1-3 (usually 2) secondary rhinaria near base .....Myzocallis
(Paramyzocallis) tenochca -
PT shorter than ANT III; ANT
PT/BASE 1.2-2.5. ANT III with 2-12 (rarely 2) secondary rhinaria .....80 80 Radial sector dark, with a black spot at base ..... Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) punctata (pale
form) -
Radial sector very pale,
especially at base .....81 81 Pterostigma of normal length, i.e. its
length measured from proximal end of black patch is 3.8-4.7 × its maximum
width (fig.
96H). Primary rhinarium on ANT VI similar in size to that on V. Dorsal
abdomen with paired spinal sclerites variably developed but with hairs
arising from them rarely exceeding 40 μm in length .....82 -
Pterostigma short, trapezoid,
its length 2.5-3.8 × its maximum width (fig. 96I;
subgenus Pasekia). ABD TERG 1-7 usually with a well-developed series
of spinal sclerites, that often bear hairs 50-60 μm long, similar to
those of immature stages .....84 82
R IV+V stiletto-shaped, 0.15-0.22 mm
long, 1.6-2.0 × HT II .....Myzocallis
occidentalis -
R IV+V 0.10-0.16 mm long,
0.8-1.5 × HT II .....83 83
R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II, with 4-7
accessory hairs .....Myzocallis
schreiberi - R IV+V 0.84-1.25 × HT II (usually
less than 1.2 in summer populations), with 4-12 accessory hairs .....Myzocallis
boerneri 84 ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.2. (Spinal sclerites on ABD TERG 1-5 oval, with longest hairs 28-50 µm long, having blunt or slightly capitate apices; fig. 96G) .....Myzocallis (Pasekia) cocciferina -
ANT PT/BASE 1.2-2.1. (Spinal
sclerites on ABD TERG 1-5 and the hairs upon them of various shapes and
forms, but if longest hairs are more than 40 µm long then they usually have
strongly expanded or capitate apices) .....85 85
Longest hairs on vertex very long,
about 2.5 × basal diameter of ANT III, and those on ANT III about
equal to basal diameter of ANT III or a little longer, and distinctly
capitate. Primary rhinarium on ANT IV not ciliated, elongate,
41-50 µm long. ANT III with 8-12 secondary rhinaria .....Myzocallis
(Pasekia) persica -
Longest hairs on vertex 0.5-1.2
× basal diameter of ANT III, and those on ANT III about 0.5 × that diameter.
Primary rhinarium on ANT IV ciliated, less than 40 µm long. ANT III with 2-8
secondary rhinaria .....86 86
Empodial hairs setiform. Spinal
hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 mostly pointed, and all less than 40 µm long. Sclerites
on ABD TERG 4 and 5 often fused intersegmentally to form a pair of large dark
patches .....Myzocallis
(Pasekia) taurica -
Empodial hairs spatulate.
Longest spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 often more than 40 µm long, with
expanded or capitate apices. Sclerites on ABD TERG 4 and 5 never fused
intersegmentally .....87 87 Hairs on vertex arising from pigmented sclerites (pale in spring forms). ABD TERG 1-5 each with a pair of oval to quadrate sclerites that have a dark margin around a large pale central area (fig. 96F). Primary rhinarium on ANT VI 26-33 µm long .....Myzocallis (Pasekia) komareki - Vertex without pigmented sclerites at hair-bases, but with paired longitudinal bands of brown pigment running through lateral ocelli (indistinct in spring forms). Paired spinal sclerites on ABD TERG 1-5 oval or irregular in shape, often paler in centre but without a clearly defined dark margin. Primary rhinarium on ANT VI 19-25 µm long .....Myzocallis (Pasekia) mediterranea KEY F
- Calaphidinae and Thelaxinae with apterous viviparae on oaks 1
Eyes of 3 facets. Antennae
5-segmented. Dorsal hairs fine if long, or short and thick .....2 -
Eyes multifaceted. Antennae 4- to
6-segmented; if 4- or 5-segmented then dorsal hairs very long and thick .....6 2
Cauda rounded. Dorsal hairs all long
and fine .....Kurisakia
querciphila - Cauda knobbed. Many dorsal hairs short, thick and spine-like, dagger-like or club-shaped .....3 3
ABD TERG 5 with 12-25 short, blunt,
club-shaped hairs (fig. 97A).
Head and pronotum with 50-67 and mesonotum with 30-53 hairs .....Thelaxes
valtadorosi -
ABD TERG 5 with 8-14 pointed,
spine-like (fig. 97B) or dagger-like (fig. 97C) hairs. Head and pronotum with
20-26 hairs, mesonotum with 13-28
.....4 4 R V less than 0.25× R IV and less than 2 × ANT PT. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 usually less than 24 µm long, spine-like (fig. 97B). (Alata with 4-7 secondary rhinaria on ANT III) .....Thelaxes dryophila -
R V more than 0.25× R IV and 2
or more × ANT PT. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 mostly more than 25 µm long,
thick and dagger-like (fig. 97C). (Alata with 0-5 secondary rhinaria on ANT
III) .....5 5 ABD TERG 1-5 each with a single hair on
each side, which is thick and dagger-like. Knob of cauda as long as or longer
than broad .....Thelaxes
suberi - ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with 2 or more dagger-like
marginal hairs on each side (except in summer dwarfs). Knob of cauda slightly
broader than long .....Thelaxes
californica 6 Dorsal hairs mostly conspicuously
bifurcate, resembling fishes' tails (fig. 97D).
Cauda tongue-shaped .....Siculaphis
vittoriensis -
Dorsal hairs not bifurcate.
Cauda tongue-shaped or knobbed .....7 7
At least some of dorsal hairs thick
and spine-like, rod-shaped or capitate, arising from raised sclerites or
elongate processes, or with tuberculate bases .....8 -
Dorsal hairs all thin and
setaceous, sometimes with expanded apices but not arising from tuberculate
bases .....22 8
Antennae 4- or 5-segmented .....9 -
Antennae 6-segmented .....17 9 Spinal hairs on thorax and ABD TERG
1-6 are all minute (only 3-5 μm long) .....10 - Long spinal hairs present on at
least some segments, arising from large tubercular processes, similar to the
marginal hairs .....11 10 Dorsal cuticle strongly and densely nodulose. Front of head with 2 long finger-like forwardly-directed hair-bearing processes. ABD TERG 1-4 each with 2-3 pairs of marginal hairs arising from large backwardly directed processes. ANT PT/BASE 1.25-1.9 .....Mexicallis areolatus - Dorsal
cuticle wrinkled and only locally and very weakly nodulose. Front of head
without finger-like processes. ABD TERG 1-4 each with a single pair of
marginal hairs arising from tuberculate bases not much longer than their basal
diameters. ANT PT/BASE less than 1.0 .....Mexicallis brevituberculatus 11
ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.7. Dorsal hairs on
head and pronotum less than 20 µm long. Dorsal cuticle with faint nodulose
sculpturing .....Mexicallis
calvus -
ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.4. Dorsal hairs
on head and pronotum longer than 25 µm. Dorsal cuticle spiculose or wrinkled .....12 12 Dorsal hairs all capitate. Antennae 4-segmented with 0-1 hairs on ANT III .....Mexicallis panamensis* - Only the shortest dorsal hairs are
capitate. Antennae 4- or 5-segmented with 2 hairs on the penultimate segment …..13 13 Cauda elongate, with knob 1.3-1.4 × its maximum width. SIPH short (0.03-0.04 mm), about as long as their apical diameters. Metanotum without spinal hairs …..Mexicallis longicaudus - Cauda short with knob about as long
as wide. SIPH often longer. Metanotum with spinal hairs …..14 14 Dorsal cuticle not spiculose. Antennae always 4-segmented, with ANT III 4-7× SIPH. SIPH 0.027-0.044 mm long, less than 2 × their minimum diameter. Base of last antennal segment without a hair .....Mexicallis spinifer - Dorsal cuticle spiculose. Antennae of 4 or 5 segments, with ANT III only 2-3× SIPH. SIPH 0.046-0.166 mm long, 2-6 × their
minimum diameter. Base of last antennal segment with 1 hair .....15 15 Antennae 4-segmented, less than 0.4 × BL. Spinal processes shorter than 55 μm, and marginal processes are merely tubercular hair-bases shorter than 20 μm. SIPH 0.048-0.060 mm long …..Mexicallis analiliae ssp. pumilus - Antennae 4- or 5-segmented,
0.45-0.55 × BL. Spinal processes 70-200 μm, and marginal processes
25-100 μm. SIPH 0.067-0.166 mm long …..16 16 Marginal processes large, sausage-shaped, at least 40-50 μm long. R IV+V 0.83-1.30 × SIPH and 1.3-1.9 × HT II. All dorsal hairs smooth or nearly smooth …..Mexicallis analiliae ssp. caulifer - Marginal processes less than 25 μm long. R IV+V 0.60-0.77 × SIPH and 1.1-1.3 × HT II. Largest dorsal hairs are densely spiculose …..Mexicallis analiliae s. str. 17 Cauda triangular but with a membranous
bladder-like, hairless apex. Anal plate moderately indented with a T-shaped
sclerite at the base of the cleft …..Wanyucallis
amblyopappos - Cauda tongue-shaped or knobbed. Anal plate without a T-shaped sclerite …..18 18 Cauda tongue-shaped, without a constriction,
anal plate only weakly indented. Dorsal spine-like hairs bearing many minute
spinules .....Serratocallis
takahashii - Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. Dorsal spine-like hairs not bearing minute spicules .....19 19 R IV+V longer than HT II, with rather
pointed apex and bearing 6 accessory hairs. Pronotum with a single marginal
hair on each side .....Hoplochaitophorus
dicksoni - R IV+V shorter than HT II, with
obtuse apex and bearing 8-15 accessory hairs. Pronotum with a group of
marginal hairs on each side .....20 20
Spine-like dorsal hairs outnumbered by
fine hairs with finely-pointed apices (fig. 97E);
sometimes spine-like hairs are few in number, or even absent in
weakly-pigmented midsummer individuals. Longest hairs on ANT III long and
fine, at least 2 × basal diameter of segment .....Hoplochaitophorus
heterotrichus -
Most dorsal body hairs spine-like
and on tuberculate bases (e.g. fig.97F). Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-1.25
× basal diameter of segment .....21 21 SIPH flared apically and almost as long as R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.65 .....Hoplochaitophorus quercicola - SIPH small, not much widened apically, about 0.5 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.6 .....Hoplochaitophorus spiniferus 22
Anal plate bilobed, cauda with or
without a constriction. Wax pore plates not evident. ANT II as short as or
shorter than ANT I .....23 -
Anal plate entire, cauda broadly rounded.
Wax pore plates evident. ANT II much longer than ANT I .....43 23
ANT PT/BASE 1.0 or less .....24 - ANT PT/BASE more than 1.2 .....39 24 Many of dorsal body hairs very long, up to or exceeding length of ANT III. Cauda knobbed .....Hoplochaetaphis zachvatkini - Dorsal body hairs all very much shorter than ANT III. Cauda with or without a constriction .....25 25
Antennae densely hairy; ANT VI BASE
with 7-15 hairs. (Alata with forewing veins thickly bordered with fuscous) .....26 -
Antennae sparsely hairy; ANT VI
BASE with 1-3 hairs. (Alata with forewing veins not or only weakly bordered) .....27 26 Alata with 4-8 (most commonly 5 or 6) secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and wing veins with borders not more than 0.10 mm across, the pigment of veins Cu1a and media not coalescing at their bases. Sclerotic cross-bands on ABD TERG 5 and 6 each with 14-35 spino-pleural hairs. Aptera with an almost complete shield from mesonotum to ABD TERG 7 .....Lachnochaitophorus querceus -
Alata with 6-11 (most commonly
8 or 9) secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and wing veins with borders up to 0.15
mm across, the pigment of veins Cu1a and media coalescing at their bases.
Sclerotic cross-bands on ABD TERG 5 and 6 each with 2-20 spino-pleural hairs.
Aptera with mutually separate cross-bands on ABD TERG 1-7 .....Lachnochaitophorus
obscurus 27
Mid femora, hind femora and hind
tibiae mainly dark (hind tibiae sometimes with a pale middle or distal
section) .....28 -
Mid femora, hind femora and tibiae
mainly pale .....36 28
ABD TERG 8 with more than 20 hairs.
Apex of hind femur smooth .....29 -
ABD TERG 8 with less than 16 hairs.
Apex of hind femur spiculose .....33 29 ANT III-VI almost entirely dark, except for base of III and PT ….. Neosymydobius neomexicanus* - ANT III-V pale with only distal
parts or apices of segments dark …..30 30 ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. ABD TERG 1-5 with transverse bars and long fine hairs (more than 50 µm). R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs .....Neosymydobius albasiphus -
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4. ABD TERG
1-5 without transverse bars, but with small sclerites at bases of the short
or very short dorsal hairs (8-38 µm). R IV+V with 8-11 accessory hairs …..31 31 Hairs on ANT III long , erect and pointed with wavy apices, not shorter on basal part, where they are 1.3-1.5 × basal diameter of segment. Femoral hairs with wavy apices, maximally 45 µm, and marginal hairs are 40-63 µm …..Neosymydobius rumoresensis* - Hairs on ANT III pointed, blunt or weakly capitate, often inclined or adpressed, usually shorter on basal part. Femoral hairs blunt, 15-25 µm, and marginal hairs are 10-25 µm …..32 32 Hind tibiae almost entirely dark. Base of
ANT VI with 10-20 hairs. Longest hairs on distal part of ANT III are 1.5-2 ×
basal diameter of segment, distinctly longer than those on basal part .....Neosymydobius
agrifoliae - Hind tibiae with pale middle sections. Base of ANT VI with 1-7 hairs. Longest hairs on distal part of ANT III are not longer than basal diameter of segment, only a little longer than those on basal part .....Neosymydobius paucisetosus 33 Abdomen with spinal and pleural hairs in groups, 25-40 per tergite, with some hairs not on the transverse sclerites. ANT I with 4-7 hairs …..Neosymydobius peregrinus* - Abdomen with spinal and pleural
hairs in transverse rows on the transverse sclerites, at most 10 per tergite.
ANT I with 3-4 hairs …..34 34 Hairs on ANT III erect, pointed, 38-45 µm long, 1.25-1.5 × basal diameter of segment. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 thin with pointed apices .....Neosymydobius acutipilosus* - Hairs on ANT III often rather blunt,
at most 25 µm long, not longer than basal diameter of segment. Hairs on ABD
TERG 1-6 blunt or with incrassate apices …..35 35 Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 pointed, blunt or very slightly capitate. Hairs on ANT III pointed, blunt or weakly capitate, 19-25 µm, more than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment .....Neosymydobius chrysolepis - Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 thick and flared
apically. Hairs on ANT III blunt, 8-19 µm, at most 0.5 × basal diameter of
segment .....Neosymydobius
butzei 36
ABD TERG 1-7 each with 1-3
(usually 2) marginal hairs on each side .....37 -
ABD TERG 1-7 each with 3-7 marginal
hairs on each side .....38 37
Marginal tubercles present on all
tergites (10-12 on pronotum, 1-4 on other segments). ANT PT/BASE less than
0.6. ABD TERG 1-6 with broad but only lightly pigmented transverse bands
each bearing 12-16 hairs .....Neosymydobius
ajuscanus - Marginal tubercles absent or rarely present. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.6. ABD TERG 1-6 with well-pigmented transverse bands bearing only 6 hairs (2 spinal, 4 marginal) .....Neosymydobius mimicus 38 Hairs on ANT III long and fine, 2-3 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.8 .....Neosymydobius quercihabitus - Hairs on ANT III shorter than BD III. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.8 .....Neosymydobius luteus 39
Dorsal abdominal hairs very short,
pointed. Marginal tubercles present on all tergites (5-10 on pronotum, 0-5 on
other segments) .....Neosymydobius
memorialis -
Dorsal abdominal hairs long
with blunt, swollen, capitate or flared apices. Marginal tubercles absent .....40 40 Cauda not knobbed, but swollen dorsally into a membranous, hemispherical bladder with a sclerotic, hair-bearing plate on the underside (fig. 97G) .....Myzocallis (Globulicaudaphis)
pakistanica - Cauda knobbed .....41 41 Spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 very numerous (more than 30 per segment), 15-55 µm long. Longest hairs on ANT III strongly capitate, longer than basal diameter of segment .....Myzocallis (Neodryomyzus) polychaeta -
ABD TERG 1-6 each with 8-14
spinopleural hairs 15-140 µm long. Longest hairs on ANT III blunt or weakly
capitate, shorter than basal diameter of segment .....42 42
Antennae banded, tibiae mainly pale.
ABD TERG 1-7 with dark spinal sclerites, not fused between segments.
ANT PT/BASE 1.4-1.7. (Fore wing of alata unpigmented except for small dark
spots on the pterostigma and at base of Cu1b) .....Myzocallis glandulosa - Antennae and tibiae mainly dark. Dorsal abdomen with a black spinal patch restricted to ABD TERG 3-5, fused between segments. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.0. (Alata with entire costal margin of forewing pigmented round to tip) .....Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) meridionalis 43
SIPH pores small to minute (usually
less than 25 µm in diameter), not surrounded by a ring of hairs .....44 - SIPH pores larger (usually more than 25 µm in diameter), with an encircling ring of hairs .....48 44
SIPH pore much larger than (4-6 ×
diameter of) nearest wax pores. Fore femur 4-5 × its maximum width. R IV+V
with convex sides, somewhat pointed apically but not stiletto-shaped (e.g. fig. 98A) .....45 -
SIPH pore only 1-2 × diameter of
nearest wax pores. Fore femur 2.5-3.5 × its maximum width R IV+V with slightly
concave sides, either blunt apically or stiletto-shaped .....46 45 ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 0.2 or less ....Diphyllaphis mordvilkoi - ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.3 .....Diphyllaphis quercus 46 ABD TERG 8 with 8-10 hairs, cauda with 2 hairs. R IV+V blunt apically (fig. 98C), with primary (subapical) hairs not displaced proximally (all on distal third) .....Diphyllaphis microtrema -
ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs, cauda with
3-4 hairs. R IV+V pointed or stiletto-shaped (fig. 98B), with primary hairs
displaced proximally .....47 47 ANT II shorter than ANT III. R IV+V shorter than HT II. ABD TERG 6-8 fused .....Diphyllaphis konarae - ANT II as long as or longer than ANT III. R IV+V longer than HT II. ABD TERG 6-8 with separate sclerites .....Diphyllaphis alba 48
Vertex of head with all wax pore
elements ring-shaped and double-contoured. First tarsal segments with 3-4
hairs, and second tarsal segments with 1-2 hairs at about midlength. Embryos
with 5-segmented antennae .....49 - Vertex of head with wax pore elements in form of cribriform discs, in addition to minute ring-shaped pores. First tarsal segments mostly with 2 hairs, and second tarsal segments often without hairs other than the subapical ones. Embryos with 4-segmented antennae .....50 49
R IV+V 0.087-0.095 mm long, obtuse,
with somewhat convex sides. (Ovipara with 20-40 scent glands on hind tibiae) .....Stegophylla
quercina s. str. -
R IV+V 0.102-0.129 mm long, acute,
tapering, almost stiletto-shaped. (Ovipara with 5-21 scent glands on hind
tibiae) .....Stegophylla
quercina ssp. acutirostris 50
ANT II c. 3.0-3.5 × as long as its
midlength width. R IV with 2 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 1-5 often with
submarginal or duplicated marginal hairs .....51 -
ANT II at most 2.75 × as long as
its midlength width. R IV usually without any accessory hairs. ABD TERG 1-5
with 1 pair each of spinal, pleural and marginal hairs .....52 51
R IV+V 0.110-0.121 mm long, 0.93-1.05
× HT II. Second tarsal segments (in apt.) with 2 mediolateral hairs …..Stegophylla mugnozae -
R IV+V 0.132-0.148 mm long,
1.16-1.32 × HT II. Second tarsal segments (in apt.) only with subapical hairs …..Stegophylla
quercifoliae 52
R IV+V 0.064-0.083 mm long, 0.57-0.90
× HT II and 0.9-1.1 × ANT II …..53 -
R IV+V (0.80-) 0.087-0.114 mm long,
0.80-1.13 × HT II and 1.4-1.6 × ANT II …..54 53 Tarsi with empodial hairs. R IV+V
0.068-0.083 mm long, 0.75-0.90 × HT II. R IV sometimes with 1-2 accessory
hairs .....Stegophylla
davisi -
Tarsi (of adult viviparae) without
empodial hairs. R IV+V 0.064-0.076 mm long, 0.57-0.83 × HT II. R IV without
accessory hairs .....Stegophylla
brevirostris 54
R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II .....Stegophylla
quercicola -
R IV+V (0.9-) 1.0-1.13 × HT II .....Stegophylla
essigi Quillaja Rosaceae Quillaja
saponaria Aphis craccivora, marthae Key to apterae on Quillaja:- (Both
species have variably developed but usually extensive black dorsal
sclerotisation.) -
Hairs on ABD TERG 8 short, 15-25
µm, shorter than basal diameter of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.8
× its basal diameter. Cauda with 4-9 hairs .....Aphis craccivora - Hairs on ABD TERG 8 long, 45-70 µm, 1.5-1.8 × basal diameter
of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.1 × its basal diameter. Cauda with
9-14 hairs .....Aphis marthae R Rabdosia see Isodon Lamiaceae Racomitrium (including Niphotrichum) Grimmiaceae Racomitrium canescens [Nurudea meitanensis]
= Niphotrichum canescens R.
lanuginosum Pseudacaudella rubida Racomitrium
sp. Myzodium modestum; [Prociphilus xylostei] (or
use key to apterae of moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum) Radermachera Bignoniaceae Radermachera
sp. Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae Use
key to polyphagous
aphids. Radicula see
Rorippa Brassicaceae (Radicula armoracia see Armoracia lapathifolia) Radiola Linaceae Radiola
linoides Aphis fabae Ramischia see Orthilia Ericaceae Ramona see Salvia Lamiaceae Randia Rubiaceae Randia aculeata Aphis spiraecola; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii R. dasycarpa = Catunaregam tomentosa R. mitis =
R. aculeata R. sinensis Aphis (Toxoptera)
aurantii R. spinosa = Catunaregam spinosa Randia spp. [Eutrichosiphum
subinoyi]; [Greenidea himansui (described
from vagrant alata?)]; Taiwanaphis randiae - ANT PT/BASE about
1.0 SIPH short, dark, conical, much shorter than their basal width.
Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. ANT III of alata with 32-46
transversely oval secondary rhinaria, not in a row .....Taiwanaphis
randiae - ANT PT/BASE more
than 2.0 SIPH tubular. Cauda tongue-shaped, anal plate entire.
ANT III of alata with 2-17 roundish secondary rhinaria in a single row .....go to key to polyphagous aphids Ranunculus (including Batrachium, Beckwithia) Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris Acyrthosiphon sp.
near malvae (Switzerland, BMNH (incl.
ssp. strigulosus, var. stevenii)
collection, leg. W. Meier); Aphis fabae, gossypii,
nasturtii, spiraecola; [Aploneura lentisci]; Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis ranunculi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, ranunculi; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; Thecabius affinis; Tubaphis ranunculina R. angustifolius see
R. pyrenaeus R. aquatilis Macrosiphum
euphorbiae; Myzus
ornatus; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae R. arvensis Aphis
fabae; Aulacorthum
solani; Dysaphis ranunculi; Myzus persicae; Sitobion miscanthi; Thecabius
affinis R. asiaticus Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae R. auricomus Macrosiphum ranunculi; Thecabius affinis R. biternatus Aulacorthum solani R. borealis [Macrosiphum chukotense] R. bulbosus (incl. ssp. aleae) Aphis fabae, nasturtii,
spiraecola; Aulacorthum
solani; Dysaphis
ranunuculi; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Protrama [radicis], ranunculi; Rhopalosiphum padi; Thecabius affinis, populiconduplifolius R. californicus Thecabius affinis R. cassubicus Macrosiphum ranunculi R. cortusifolius Aphis fabae, solanella; Aulacorthum solani R. diffusus Aulacorthum solani R. flammula (incl. var. ovalis) Aphis fabae, nasturtii; Macrosiphum
euphorbiae; Thecabius affinis R. fluitans Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae R. glaber Thecabius
affinis R. glacialis (=Beckwithia glacialis) [Nasonovia
brevipes] R. gramineus Macrosiphum euphorbiae R. grandis Cavariella
japonica, nipponica, salicicola; Miyazakia
ranunculi; Thecabius
affinis; Tubaphis
ranunculina;
Sitobion akebiae R. hirtellus Thecabius affinis R. japonicus = R. grandis R. lanuginosus Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum ranunculi R. lingua Aphis
nasturtii, triglochinis; Thecabius affinis R. lyallii Aulacorthum solani R. montanus Thecabius affinis R. multifidus Aulacorthum solani R. muricatus Dysaphis ranunculi; Thecabius affinis R. nemorosus = D. serpens ssp. nemorosus R. polyanthemos Dysaphis ranunculi; Tubaphis ranunculina R. propinquus Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Tubaphis ranunculina] R. pyrenaeus (incl. ssp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae angustifolius) R. quelpaertensis Thecabius affinis R. recurvatus Neomyzus circumflexus R. repens Aphis nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Dysaphis [annulata], ranunculi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, stellariae; Myzus ascalonicus,
ornatus; Protrama [radicis], ranunuculi; Thecabius affinis; Tubaphis ranunculina R. rupestris = R. spicatus R. sardous Aulacorthum
solani; Dysaphis
ranunculi; Thecabius affinis R. sceleratus (incl. ssp. Aphis nasturtii; [Lipaphis erysimi]; . reptabundus) Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus
ornatus; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; Thecabius affinis R. serbicus Aphis fabae R. serpens ssp. nemorosus Dysaphis ranunculi R. silerifolius Thecabius affinis; Tubaphis ranunculina R. spicatus Aphis fabae R. stevenii = R. propinquus R. subcorymbosus Tubaphis ranunculina R. sundaicus Neomyzus circumflexus R. ternatus Thecabius
populiconduplifolius R. trichophyllus Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae R. velutinus Protrama ranunculi; Tubaphis ranunculina R. vernyi = R. silerifolius Ranunculus spp. Abstrusomyzus phloxae; [Aleurodaphis blumeae]; Aphis montanicola; Macrosiphum centranthi]; Nasonovia ranunculi; Protaphis middletonii; [Thecabius
orientalis ssp. minensis]; Tubaphis clematophila Key
to apterae on Ranunculus:- 1 HT II greatly elongated,
0.5-0.65 × hind tibia. SIPH as pores on dark sclerites. All apt. alatiform
with dark dorsal cross bands and marginal sclerites …..Protrama ranunculi - HT II of normal length. SIPH tubular or absent . Dorsum with or
without dark markings …..2 2 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes of only 3-facets. SIPH absent. Dorsal
wax gland plates (Fig.45a)
present on all segments except ABD TERG 8 …..Thecabius affinis (incl. Th. populiconduplifolus) - ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH tubular. No
discrete wax glands …..3 3 Cauda semicircular,
pentagonal, helmet-shaped or bluntly triangular, shorter than or not more
than 1.2 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..4 - Cauda tongue- or
finger-shaped, more than 1.25 × its basal width …..7 4 Cauda bluntly triangular,
with 10 or more hairs. ABD TERG 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Protaphis middletonii - Cauda either broadly
rounded, semicircular, pentagonal or helmet-shaped, with 4-7 hairs. ABD TERG
7 usually without MTu …..5 5 SIPH pale, legs mainly pale. Tergum membranous. Spiracular apertures large
and rounded. Head without spinal tubercles (STu), and MTu also usually absent …..Brachycaudus
helichrysi - SIPH dark, legs mainly dark. Tergum with more-or-less extensive
sclerotisation. Spiracular apertures reniform. Head with a pair of STu, and
MTu present at least on ABD TERG 1-5 …..6 6 SIPH bearing 5-8 hairs (Fig.45d). Hairs on
dorsal body, ANT and legs 2.5-3.5 × ANT BD III. Cauda broadly rounded, much
shorter than its basal width in dorsal view (Fig.45b) …..Miyazakia ranunculi - SIPH without hairs. Hairs
on dorsal body, ANT and legs variable in length, but maximally 2 × ANT BD III
and often much shorter. Cauda helmet-shaped/pentagonal, about as long as its
basal width (Fig.45c) …..Dysaphis ranunculi 7 SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of
closed polygonal cells) …..8 - SIPH without polygonal
reticulation …..11 8 SIPH wholly dark, 1.4-1.9 × cauda. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD
III …..Sitobion
akebiae (or miscanthi) - SIPH mainly pale, often
darker towards apices, 1.7-2.2 × cauda. Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD
III …..9 9 ANT PT/BASE c. 3. ANT III with 7-10 rhinaria. Cauda with 12-17 hairs …..Macrosiphum
ranunculi* - ANT PT/BASE more than 5. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria (usually less than
7). Cauda with 8-15 hairs …..10 10 Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices. ABD TERG 2-3
with longest hair 26-56 μm, usually as long as or longer than ANT BD
III. Subgenital plate with 2-13 hairs in addition to those on posterior
margin .....Macrosiphum
stellariae - Femora pale or only slightly dusky at apices. ABD TERG 2-3 with
longest hair 21-37 μm, usually shorter than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate
with 2(-4) hairs on anterior part .....Macrosiphum euphorbiae 11 Cauda with a constriction near base. SIPH pale, tapering or
cylindrical, rather straight, and with very coarse imbrication. Head
spiculose, dorsal abdomen without dark markings …..12 - Cauda not constricted near
base, and other characters not in that combination …..13 12 ANT I with a rounded, scabrous process at inner apex (Fig.45e). SIPH
tapering on distal half, with diameter of flange less than diameter at
midlength. Mesosternal furca sessile …..Tubaphis clematophila - ANT I not extended at
inner apex (Fig.45f). SIPH cylindrical on distal half or slightly flared
apically, with large flange of diameter greater than diameter at midlength
(Fig.45g). Mesosternal furca with a distinct broad basal stem …..Tubaphis ranunculina 13 Thoracic spiracles large
and rounded, much larger than abdominal ones. ANT III with c.15-17 rhinaria
in a row along its whole length. R IV+V with c.10-11 accessory hairs. SIPH 0.9-1.0
× cauda, which has a midway constriction and bears 5 hairs …..Nasonovia
ranunculi - Thoracic spiracles
similar in size and shape to abdominal ones, ANT III with 0-4 rhinaria, and
other characters not in that combination …..14 14 Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of bead-like spicules arranged in
polygons. SIPH clavate …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae - Dorsal abdomen without a
pattern of spicules. SIPH cylindrical, tapering or clavate …..15
15 ABD
TERG 8 with a posteriorly projecting process above cauda; in some species
reduced to a small, warty, knob in the centre of ABD TERG 8, with 2
associated hairs .....16 - No supracaudal process,
nor are there 2 hairs on ABD TERG 8
close together and associated with a warty knob .....18 16 ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0. Process on ABD TERG 8 is a small knob. SIPH
tapering/cylindrical, or with only slight subapical swelling .....Cavariella japonica - ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.33. Process on ABD TERG 8 projects
backwards over cauda. SIPH clavate .....17 17 R IV+V
1.05-1.2 × HT II. SIPH short and stout, narrowing only near base .....Cavariella
salicicola - R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II. SIPH with narrower basal stem extending over
c.0.33 of length .....Cavariella
nipponica 18 ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.73.
SIPH pale and 0.7-1.3 × cauda …..Aphis triglochinis - Without that combination;
if ANT PT/BASE less than 1.8 then SIPH are dark and/or more than 1.5 × cauda …..19 19 ABD TERG 1 and 7 with
large marginal tubercles (MTu). Marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1 are 0.3-0.6 ×
diameter of adjacent MTu. (SIPH dark, R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II, ANT PT/BASE
1.6-2.3) …..Aphis montanicola - ABD TERG 1 and 7 with or without MTu, but if with MTu then marginal
hairs on ABD TERG 1 are 0.7-2.8 × diameter of MTu on that segment. (SIPH pale
or dark, R IV+V 0.8-1.4 × HT II, ANT PT/BASE 1.7-5.3) …..go to key to
polyphagous aphids Rapanea Primulaceae Rapanea
avenis Aphis (Toxoptera)
aurantii R.
guianensis =Myrsine guianensis Raphanus Brassicaceae Raphanus
acanthiformis = R. sativus R.
landroides Brevicoryne brassicae R. macropodus = R. sativus R. maritimus = R. raphanistrum ssp. landra R. raphanistrum Aphis
craccivora, fabae, nasturtii, spiraecola;
(incl. ssp. landra) Aulacorthum solani; Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis
erysimi, pseudobrassicae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Pemphigus populitransversus; Smynthurodes betae R. sativus [Akkaia bengalensis, sikkimensis]; Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nasturtii,
spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; [Brachycaudus helichrysi]; Brevicoryne brassicae, [crambe]; Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae; Macrosiphum [chukotense], euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, [dycei], ornatus, persicae, raphanense; Pseudomegoura magnoliae; Rhopalosiphum [nymphaeae], [padi]; Smynthurodes betae; Uroleucon compositae Raphanus sp. [Myzus certus]; [Neotoxoptera sungkangensis] Use
key to apterae on Brassica. Raphia
Arecaceae Raphia gaertneri = R.
palma-pinus R. hookeri Cerataphis
brasiliensis R. palma-pinus Aphis (Toxoptera)
aurantii; Cerataphis brasiliensis,
lataniae Use key to aphids
on palms under Calamus. Raphiolepis see Rhaphiolepis Rosaceae Rapistrum Brassicaceae Rapistrum perenne Aphis gossypii; Brevicoryne brassicae, [crambe]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae R. rugosum Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis pseudobrassicae; Myzus persicae Use
key to apterae on Brassica. Ratibida Asteraceae Ratibida
columnaris = R.
columnifera R. columnifera Aphis ornata; Myzus ornatus Key
to apterae on Ratibida:- - SIPH dark, shorter than R
IV+V, 0.7-1.0 × the dark broadly conical cauda, which bears 8-10 hairs. ABD
TERG 1 and 7 with large marginal tubercles. Abdomen with variable dark dorsal
sclerotisation, most developed on ABD TERG 4-5 …..Aphis ornata - Without that combination of characters .….go
to key to
polyphagous aphids Rauvolfia Apocynaceae Rauvolfia caffra Sitobion halli R.
densiflora = R.
verticillata R. inebrians = R. caffra R. lamarkii = R. viridis R. nitida Aphis
craccivora R. tetraphylla Aphis
craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola R. verticillata Aphis (Toxoptera)
aurantii R. viridis Aphis
spiraecola R. vomitoria Sitobion
halli, krahi (?) Rauvolfia spp. [Clethrobius dryobius] Key to species:- 1 Antennal
tubercles not developed. ANT PT/BASE less than 6. SIPH without any subapical
reticulation. Cauda black …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, couplet 24 - Antennal
tubercles well-developed, divergent. ANT PT/BASE more than 6. SIPH with a
subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale, without a constriction .....2 2 Longest posterior dorsal cephalic
hairs (between eyes) less than 18 µm long. R IV+V 0.80-1.05× HT II. SIPH
narrow (about 0.5× width of cauda at their respective midpoints), with zone of polygonal
reticulation extending less than 0.2 of its total length .....Sitobion halli - Longest posterior cephalic
hairs more than 18 µm long. R IV+V 1.05-1.20× HT II. SIPH broad
(about as wide as cauda at their respective midpoints), with zone of
polygonal reticulation
extending more than 0.3 of total length .....Sitobion
krahi Ravenala Strelitziaceae Ravenala
madagascariensis Pentalonia nigronervosa Ravensara Lauraceae Ravensara
aromatica Sinomegoura
citricola Reaumuria Tamaricaceae Reaumuria
hirtella ?Xerobion sp. (Egypt, BMNH
collection) Reboudia Brassicaceae Reboudia pinnata (= Erucaria
pinnata) Myzus persicae Rechsteineria see Sinningea Gesneriaceae Reevesia Sterculiaceae Reevesia
thyrsoidea Myzus persicae Rehmannia Plantaginaceae Rehmannia glutinosa Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Rehmannia sp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae Key
to apterae on Rehmannia:- - Dorsal cuticle with a pattern of spicules arranged in polygons, with
1-3 spicules in the centre of each polygon. SIPH clavate, dusky/dark, without
imbrication …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae - Dorsal cuticle without spicules arranged in polygons. SIPH not clavate
(or if clavate then pale and with imbrication) …..go to key to
polyphagous aphids Reichardia (including Picridium) Asteraceae |