HOST LISTS and KEYS

There are about 120 poplar-feeding aphid species, in 24 genera. Although some species appear to be host-specific, many others are not, and there are no clear patterns of host specificity related to the subgeneric classification of Populus. Therefore the poplar-feeding aphids are treated as a whole, and two rather long keys are provided, one to the free-living aphids and the other two those that form galls or pseudogalls (e.g. folded leaves or "leaf nests". The gall-formers all belong to subfamily Pemphiginae; of these, only the alatae from the galls are keyed.

Host List:-

       Populus acuminata                                            Lanceleaf Cottonwood
                                                       Aphis maculatae; Chaitophorus populicola;
                                                       Mordwilkoja vagabunda;

Pemphigus populicaulis, populitransversus

P. adenopoda Chinese Aspen
Chaitophorus populeti

P. alba White Poplar

Chaitophorus [dorocola ssp. wuweiensis], indicus, leucomelas, longisetosus, melanosiphon, [nassonowi],

[nigritus], populeti, populeti ssp. sensoriatus,

populialbae, populialbae ssp. yomefuri,

[populihabitans], [tremulae];
Doraphis populi; [Epipoemphigus niisimae];

Gootiella alba; [Myzus persicae];
Pachypappa [populi], ?pseudobyrsa, vesicalis,

                                                                  warshavensis (also on roots?; see text);
                                                       [Pemphigus bursarius, immunis, protospirae, vesicarius];
                                                       Phloeomyzus passerinii; Phylloxerina populi;
                                                       Pterocomma [anyangense], dubium, populeum,

[sinipopulifoliae], smithiae, yezoense;

Stomaphis longirostris; Tuberolachnus salignus

P. alba var. pyramidalis Bunge Chaitophorus populeti, populialbae, [tremulae];

(Note: P. pyramidalis Rozier = Neopemphigus turajevi; [Pemphigus bursarius];
P. nigra var. italica) Pterocomma kozhuchovae, populeum, yezoense

P. angulata = P. deltoides

       P. angustifolia                                             Narrow-Leaf Cottonwood
                                                       Aphis maculatae;
                                                       Chaitophorus populicola, populifolii, stevensis;
                                                       Cornaphis populi; Pachypappa sacculi;
                                                       Pemphigus betae, knowltoni, monophagus, populiglobuli,
                                                           [populitransversus], populivenae;
                                                       Pterocomma populifoliae, pseudopopuleum, smithiae;
                                                       Thecabius populimonilis;
                                                       Thecabius (Parathecabius) gravicornis

       P. balsamifera                                             Tacamahac or Balsam Poplar
                                                       Aphis maculatae;
                                                       Chaitophorus leucomelas, [matsumurai], [nassonowi],

                                                                populeti, populialbae, populicola, populifolii;
                                                       Clydesmithia canadensis; Epipemphigus niisimae;
                                                       [Pachypappa tremulae, Pachpappa sp.];
                                                       Pemphigus betae, borealis, [bursarius], [matsumurai],

monophagus, [phenax], populi, populicaulis,

populiglobuli, populinigrae, populiramulorum,

populitransversus, populivenae, [protospirae],

                                                                [spyrothecae];
                                                       Phloeomyzus passerinii; Phylloxerina salicicola;
                                                       Pterocomma bicolor, populeum, populifoliae,[rufipes];
                                                       Thecabius affinis, patchii, populiconduplifolius,

populimonilis;
Thecabius (Parathecabius) gravicornis

P. beijingensis Thecabius beijingensis

P. ×berolinensis Chaetophorus leucomelas, populeti;

Pachypappa tremulae;

Pemphigus borealis, bursarius, passeki, phenax,

spyrothecae;

Pterocomma populeum, [tremulae]; Thecabius affinis

P. bolleana = P. alba var. pyramidalis

P. bonatii = P. rotundifolia var. bonatii

P. ×canadensis Chaitophorus euphraticus, [frigidus], leucomelas,

nassonowi, populeti;

Pachypappa warshavensis;

Pemphigus borealis, bursarius, dorocola, immunis,

populi, populinigrae, protospirae, spyrothecae;

Phloeomyzus passerinii; Pterocomma populeum, tremulae;

Thecabius affinis

P. candicans = P. balsamifera

P. canescens Grey Poplar
Chaitophorus leucomelas, longisetosus, populeti,

populialbae, tremulae;
Pachypappa tremulae, vesicalis, warshavensis (also on

roots? – see text);

[Pachypappella lactea (sexuparae)];

Pemphigus bursarius; Phylloxerina populi;

Pterocomma populeum, rufipes

P. caspica Chaitophorus populialbae; Pterocomma pilosum

P. cathayana Chaitophorus leucomelas, populeti, populialbae;

Doraphis populi;

Epipemphigus imaicus, nanjingensis, niisimae,

sanpupopuli, [yunnanensis];

Pachpappa aigeiros;

Pemphigus borealis, bursarius, immunis, iskanderkuli,

matsumurai, [populinigrae], sinobursarius, tibetensis,

zhongi;

Phloeomyzus passerinii (ssp. zhangwuensis);

Pterocomma [neimongolense], populeum, sanpunum;

Thecabius affinis, beijingensis,

[populisuctus Zhang & Zhong 1995 (sexuparae)]

P. charkowiensis Pemphigus bursarius, immunis, spyrothecae

P. ciliata Bangikat Poplar
[Aspidophorodon harvensis];

Chaitophorus [himalayensis], indicus, kapuri;

Doraphis populi; Epipemphigus imaicus, marginalis; [Ericolophium dubium]; [Lachnus longirostrum];

Pemphigus bursarius, dorocola, [ignotus], immunis,

matsumurai, mordvilkoi, nainitalensis, [napaeus],

siphunculatus, spyrothecae, [venosus];

Phloeomyzus passerinii; [Pterocomma rufipes]

P. davidiana [Chaitogenophorus yuzhongensis Zhang, Qiao & Chen];

Chaitophorus dorocola, inouyei, leucomelas, populeti,

populialbae, tremulae;

Doraphis populi; Pachypappa populi, tremulae;

[Pachypappella lactea]; Pemphigus circellatus;

[Thecabius populisuctus]

P. deltoides ssp. deltoides Eastern Cottonwood
Chaitophorus leucomelas, [nassonowi], neglectus, populeti,

[populialbae], populicola, populicola ssp. patchae,

populifolii, stevensis;

Mordwilkoja vagabunda; Pachypappa pseudobyrsa;
Pemphigus bursarius, [immunis], longicornus, nortonii,

obesinymphae, [populi], populicaulis, [populinigrae],

populitransversus, populivenae, protospirae,

spyrothecae, tartareus;

Phloeomyzus passerinii;

Pterocomma populeum, smithiae, tremulae;

Thecabius affinis, populiconduplifolius

P. deltoides var. occidentalis Plains Cottonwood
(= P. monilifera, P. sargentii) Chaitophorus populicola, populicola ssp. patchae,

                                                                   populifolii, stevensis;
                                                       Mordwilkoja vagabunda; Pachypappa pseudobyrsa;
                                                       Pemphigus betae, bursarius, junctisensoriatus, nortonii,
                                                           obesinymphae, populicaulis, populiramulorum,                                                            populitransversus;
                                                       Phloeomyzus passerinii;

                                                              Phylloxerina popularia, prolifera;
                                                       Pterocomma pseudopopuleum, smithiae, yezoense;
                                                       Thecabius populiconduplifolius

P. deltoides var. wislizeni Tuberolachnus salignus

P. densa = P. talassica

P. dilatata = P. nigra var. italica

P. diversifolia = P. euphratica

P. eugenei Phloeomyzus passerinii

P. euphratica Chaitophorus [diversifolii], euphraticus, populeti,

populialbae, populicola, pruinosae, [xinjiangalbus];

Lambersaphis pruinosa; Pachypappa warshavensis;
Pemphigus immunis, napaeus, sinobursarius;

Pterocomma populeum

P. ×euramericana = P. ×canadensis

P. fastigiata = P. nigra var. italica

P. fremontii Fremont Cottonwood
Chaitophorus populicola, populifolii;

                                                              Pachypappa ?pseudobyrsa;
                                                       Pemphigus ?canadensis, obesinymphae, populicaulis,                                                                        populiramulorum, populitransversus, populivenae;
                                                       Phylloxerina popularia; Thecabius populimonilis

P. ×generosa [Pemphigus sp.]; Pterocomma dubium, populeum

P. ×gileadensis Chaitophorus leucomelas; [Pterocommma rufipes]

P. gracilis Chaitophorus leucomelas, tremulae;

Pemphigus bursarius, populi, protospirae, spyrothecae,

vesicarius;

Pterocomma populeum; Thecabius affinis

P. grandidentata Bigtooth Aspen
(= P. tremula ssp. grandidentata) Chaitophorus leucomelas^bg, neglectus, populialbae,

stevensis;
Pterocomma populeum^bg, populifolii, smithiae

P. heterophylla Swamp Cottonwood
No aphids recorded

P. ×hybrida Pachypappa warshavensis

P. hickeliana = P. alba

P. iliensis Pemphigus borealis

P. incrassata (?) Pterocomma populeum

P. komarovii Pterocomma yezoense; Thecabius affinis

P. koreana [Aphis gossypii];

Chaitophorus dorocola, inouyei, leucomelas, variegatus;

                                                              Epipemphigus niisimae;
                                                       Pemphigus borealis, dorocola, matsumurai;
                                                       Pterocomma yezoense; Thecabius affinis, beijingensis;

Thecabius (Parathecabius) latisensorius

P. lasiocarpa Phloeomyzus passerinii (ssp. zhangwuensis)

P. laurifolia Chaitophorus leucomelas, populeti, populialbae,

                                                                  tremulae, tremulae ssp. sorini;
                                                       Pachypappa marsupialis ssp. lambersi, shaposhnikovi;
                                                       Pemphigus [birimatus], borealis, bursarius, immunis,

laurifolia, matsumurai, [microsetosus], mongolicus,

montanus, plicatus, [populi], populinigrae, protospirae,

[vesicarius], sp. near iskanderkuli;

Phloeomyzus passerinii;

Pterocomma dubium, populeum, sanpunum;

Thecabius affinis; Thecabius (Parathecabius) latisensorius

P. litwinowiana = P. euphratica

P. longifolia Chaitophorus populeti; Pemphigus borealis, bursarius

P. macropoda (?) Pemphigus populi

P. maximowiczii = P. suaveolens

P. monilifera = P. deltoides var. occidentalis

P. ×moskoviensis Pemphigus borealis

       P. nigra (incl. var. italica)                                Black Poplar, Lombardy Poplar
                                                       Aphis [galiae], maculatae; Aulacorthum solani;
                                                       Chaitophorus euphraticus, [floris], indicus, leucomelas,

longisetosus, nassonowi, neglectus, populeti,

populialbae, populicola, pruinosae, [tremulae];

Epipemphigus imaicus, marginalis;

                                                              [Mordwilkoja vagabunda];
                                                       Pachypappa marsupialis, [vesicalis];
                                                       Pemphigus borealis, bursarius, dorocola, gairi, immunis,

matsumurai, [mordvilkoi], napaeus, passeki, phenax,

plicatus, populi, populinigrae, protospirae,

spyrothecae, vesicarius,

                                                                   Pemphigus sp. (Kazakhstan; Kadyrbekov, 2005b) ;
                                                       Phloeomyzus passerinii; Phylloxerina populi;
                                                       Pterocomma [anyangense], atuberculatum, bhutanense,

bicolor, [pilosum], populeum, [sinipopulifoliae],

                                                                  tremulae, yezoense;
                                                       Stomaphis sp. nr graffii, longirostris; Thecabius affinis;
                                                       Thecabius (Parathecabius) lysimachiae;
                                                       Tuberolachnus salignus

P. nivea Thecabius affinis

P. occidentalis = P. deltoides var. occidentalis

P. × petrowskiana Pemphigus spyrothecae

P. pilosa Pemphigus populi; Thecabius affinis

P. pruinosa Chaitophorus populialbae, pruinosae;

Lambersaphis pruinosa; Pachpappa warshavensis

P. pseudosimonii [Chaitophorus nigripallidus Zhang, Qiao & Chen, in

G. Zhang 1999];

[Epipemphigus brachychaetus (Zhang & Qiao) in G. Zhang

et al. 1995 (sexuparae)];

P. purdomii Chaitophorus [saliniger], [wuduensis];

Pemphigus turritus, wuduensis;

Phloeomyzus passerinii (ssp. zhangwuensis);

[Pterocomma neimongolense]

P. pyramidalis = P. nigra var. italica

P. ×rasumowskiana Pemphigus bursarius, ?populinigrae

P. ×robusta = P. ×canadensis

P. rotundifolia var. bonatii [Epipemphigus yunnanensis]

P. sargentii = P. deltoides var. occidentalis

P. ×sibirica Pemphigus borealis, bursarius, populinigrae, protospirae

       P. sieboldii                                     Chaitophorus dorocola, populeti,
                                                           populialbae ssp. yomefuri, tremulae;
                                                       Doraphis populi; Pachypappa tremulae

       P. simonii                                      Chaitophorus clarus, leucomelas, populeti, populialbae,
                                                           tremulae ssp. shantungensis;
                                                       Doraphis populi; [Epipemphigus sequelus];

Pemphigus borealis, bursarius, dorocola, immunis,

matsumurai, napaeus, sinobursarius;

Phloeomyzus passerinii, [passerinii ssp. zhangwuensis];
Pterocomma [kormion], [neimongolense], populeum,

sanpunum, [sinipopulifoliae], yezoense;

Thecabius affinis

P. sosnowskyi = P. nigra

P. suaveolens Chaitophorus dorocola, inouyi, leucomelas, populeti,

tremulae, tremulae ssp. shantungensis;

Doraphis populi; Epipemphigus niisimae;

Gootiella tremulae;

Pachypappa marsupialis ssp. lambersi;

[Pachypappella orientalis Mordvilko ex Shaposhnikov

1955], tremulae;
Pemphigus borealis, bursarius, dorocola, matsumurai,

[semenovi], microsetosus, [mongolicus],

[populinigrae], vesicarius;

Phloeomyzus passerinii; Pterocomma populeum, yezoense;
Thecabius affinis, Thecabius (Parathecabius) latisensorius

P. tajikistanica Chaitophorus leucomelas, populeti;

(= P. afghanica var. tajikistanica) Pemphigus bursarius, matsumurai, populi, populinigrae,

protospirae, vesicarius;

Phloeomyzus passerinii

P. talassica Chaitophorus leucomelas; Pachypappa shaposhnikovi;

Pemphigus [birimatus], bursarius, immunis, laurifolia,

matsumurai, populi, populinigrae, protospirae,

spyrothecae;

Phloeomyzus passerinii; Pterocomma sanpunum;

Thecabius affinis, [luppovae];

Thecabius (Parathecabius) latisensorius

P. tianschanica Chaitophorus leucomelas; Pemphigus protospirae

P. tomentosa Chaitophorus populeti, populialbae, [populihabitans]

P. tremula (incl. var. villosa) European Aspen
[Aphis fabae];

Chaitophorus leucomelas, longisetosus, nassonowi,

                                                                  populeti, populialbae, tremulae, tremulae ssp. sorini;
                                                       Doraphis populi, populi ssp. tremulae; Gootiella tremulae;
                                                       Pachypappa marsupialis, populi, tremulae;

Pachypappella lactea; Phloeomyzus passerinii;

Phylloxerina populi; Pterocomma populeum, tremulae;

Stomaphis longirostris

       P. tremuloides                                              Quaking Aspen
                                                       Aphis maculatae;
                                                       Chaitophorus neglectus, nudus, populicola,
                                                            populicola ssp. patchae, stevensis;
                                                       Fullawaya ontarioensis;

Pachypappa pseudobyrsa, rosettei, sacculi,

                                                                   [warshavensis];
                                                       Pemphigus populicaulis, populitransversus;
                                                       Pseudopterocomma canadensis, hughi;
                                                       Pterocomma beulahensis, bicolor, populifoliae, smithiae,

tremulae

       P. trichocarpa                                              Black Cottonwood, Western Balsam Poplar
                                                       Chaitophorus populifolii; Clydesmithia canadensis;
                                                       [Pachypappa sp.];
                                                       Pemphigus betae, borealis, monophagus, populicaulis,

                                                                  populiglobuli, populivenae, spyrothecae;
                                                       Phylloxerina popularia; Pterocomma populeum, smithiae;
                                                       Thecabius populiconduplifolius, populimonilis

P. tristis Pterocomma populeum

P. wislizeni = P. deltoides var. wislizeni

P. yunnanensis Chaitophorus leucomelas, [populiyunnanensis];

Doraphis populi; [Epipemphigus yunnanensis];

Pemphigus yangcola

       Populus sp. (unidentified)            Ceratoglyphina populisucta Zhang & Zhong 1985
                                                            (= Doraphis populi?);
                                                       Chaitophorus [dabanchengus], hillerislambersi,

miyazakii, nodulosus, [tremulae ssp. lanzhouensis];
[Epipemphigus chomoensis]; Longistigma caryae;

Neopterocomma populivorum;

[Pachypappa pilosa]; [Pachypappella aliquipila];
Pemphigus [cylindricus], [mangkamensis], popularius,

similis;

[Prociphilus populi Tao 1970];
Pterocomma alpinum, bailangense, medium,

lhasapopuleum

KEY 1 - Aphids free-living on stems or leaves:-
(applies only to adult apterous viviparae unless otherwise stated)

1 Body either aleyrodiform (dark, flattened, almost circular, with a complete, crenulate margin of wax glands). Head of immature alata with a pair of prominent frontal horns

.....Doraphis populi

- Body not aleyrodiform and head of immature alata without a pair of frontal horns .....2

2 Body small, pear-shaped (broadest anteriorly), with facetted wax pore plates on all tergites. Antennae 3-segmented .....Phylloxerina spp.

- Body not broadest anteriorly, without wax glands or with wax glands on ABD TERG 7. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented .....3

3 Eyes with only 3 facets. ABD TERG 7 with a pair of large wax pore plates. Antennae with spinules in a reticulate pattern .....Phloeomyzus passerinii

- Eyes multifacetted. Abdomen without wax glands. Antennae not ornamented with a reticulate pattern of spinules .....4

4 Cauda tongue- or finger-like, tapering, much longer than its basal width .....5

- Cauda knobbed, rounded or triangular .....7

5 Antennal tubercles undeveloped. SIPH and cauda black. ANT III with 15-22 secondary rhinaria over distal 0.8 of length. Tibiae with numerous long, fine hairs .....Aphis maculatae

- Antennal tubercles well developed. SIPH and cauda mainly pale. ANT III with 1-9 secondary rhinaria on basal 0.4. Tibiae with short hairs .....6

6 Antennal tubercles with inner faces approximately parallel (fig. 42J). ANT III with a single rhinarium near base. SIPH without an apical zone of polygonal reticulation

.....Aulacorthum solani

- Antennal tubercles with inner faces clearly divergent (fig. 42K). ANT III with 2-10 rhinaria. SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation .....Macrosiphum euphorbiae

7 Very large aphid with ANT PT/BASE 0.6 or less. SIPH pores placed on broad dark hairy cones .....8

- Small or large aphid with ANT PT/BASE clearly more than 0.6. SIPH truncate conical (with reticulate sculpturing) or tubular, or merely pores, or absent .....11

8 Rostrum much longer than body, which is elongate oval. ANT PT/BASE about 0.1, with PT broad and rounded .....Stomaphis longirostris

- Rostrum much shorter than body, which is broadly oval. ANT PT/BASE 0.3-0.5, with PT tapering .....9

9 Dorsal abdomen with a large dark spinal tubercle. BL usually less than 5.5 mm

.....Tuberolachnus salignus

- Dorsal abdomen without a tubercle. BL usually more than 5.5 mm .....10

10 HT II less than 2.2 × HT I. ANT III with longest hairs much longer than diameter of

segment .....Longistigma caryae

- HT II more than 2.2 × HT I. ANT III with longest hairs shorter than diameter of segment
.....Longistigma xizangensis*

11 SIPH in form of small truncate cones or short cylinders (usually at least 0.5 × basal width),

with reticulate sculpturing at least distally. Cauda knobbed or rounded .....12

- SIPH without reticulate sculpturing; either in form of flat cones (less than 0.5 × basal width), or tubular, or pore-like, or absent. Cauda rounded .....39

12 Hind tibia with 1-22 scattered small scent plaques ("pseudorhinaria"; fig. 82A) .....13

- Hind tibia of without any scent plaques (except in oviparae) .....15

13 ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.4. Cauda variable but often nearly triangular, with a rounded apex and almost without any constriction (fig. 82B) .....Chaitophorus nassonowi

- ANT PT/BASE 1.9-3.1. Cauda always with a distinctly knobbed apical part .....14

14 Antennal hairs with finely pointed apices. (Alata with secondary rhinaria not in a row, distributed III 10-32, IV 0-8, V 0-2) .....Chaitophorus populeti

- Antennal hairs rather stiff, mostly with blunt or bifurcate apices. (Alata with secondary rhinaria more-or-less in a row, distributed III 10-20, IV 0-4, V 0-1)

.....Chaitophorus populeti ssp. sensoriatus

15 Cauda rounded, without any trace of a constriction (e.g. fig.82C) .....16

- Cauda with a constriction delimiting an apical knob (fig. 82D) .....20

16 ABD TERG 1-7 usually all free, with separate spino-pleural and marginal sclerites. Tibiae

with pale middle sections .....Chaitophorus miyazaki*

- ABD TERG 2-7 wholly sclerotised, fused into a solid tergum. Tibiae wholly dark .....17

17 ABD TERG 2-7 each with only 3-5 spinal hairs (plus marginals), the pleural regions being devoid of hairs .....Chaitophorus nudus

- ABD TERG 2-7 each with pleural as well as spinal and marginal hairs .....18

18 Abdominal tergum evenly spinulose or nodulose .....Chaitophorus nodulosus

- Dorsal cuticle without evident spinules or nodules .....19

19 Many of dorsal abdominal hairs blunt or with square or furcate apices

.....Chaitophorus populicola

- All dorsal abdominal hairs long, fine and acute .....Chaitophorus populicola ssp. patchae

20 First tarsal segments usually with 5 hairs (e.g. fig. 82E; rarely 6 or more on some tarsi)

.....21

- First tarsal segments usually with 7 hairs (e.g. fig. 82F; rarely 6 on some tarsi) .....27

21 ABD TERG 1-6 fused, wholly dark, distinctly ornamented with minute spinules, and with numerous smaller pointed hairs between the very long spinal, pleural and marginal hairs on each segment, which usually have pointed but sometimes blunt or bifurcate apices

(fig. 83A) .....Chaitophorus longisetosus

- Dorsal abdomen pale, or with separate dark segmental bands; more-or-less smooth or ornamented with blunt nodules or spinules, or polygonal reticulation .....22

22 ANT PT/BASE 1.5 or less (fundatrix has ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.9)

.....Chaitophorus pruinosae

- ANT PT/BASE 1.7 or more (1.3 or more in fundatrix) .....23

23 R IV+V shorter than HT II, with 2 accessory hairs .....24

- R IV+V as long as or a little longer than HT II, with 2-4 accessory hairs .....26

24 Spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 2-7 very short, maximally about 20 µm

.....Chaitophorus clarus

- Spinopleural hairs long, maximally 100-150 µm .....25

25 ABD TERG 2-6 with weakly spinulose ornamentation, and long thick hairs maximally 150 µm. ANT III with 3-9 hairs, the longest 1.7-2.2 × basal diameter of segment
.....Chaitophorus populialbae ssp. yomefuri

- ABD TERG 2-6 with weakly to strongly nodulose ornamentation, and thinner hairs up to 120 µm long (fig. 83F). ANT III with 6-13 hairs, the longest 0.8-1.7 × basal diameter of segment

.....Chaitophorus euphraticus

26 ANT PT/BASE 3.3-4.2. SIPH dark .....Chaitophorus melanosiphon

- ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.2. SIPH pale .....Chaitophorus populialbae

27 Empodial hairs enlarged and flattened, with expanded apices. Abdominal tergum pale, with long, pointed or spine-like spinal, pleural and marginal hairs interspersed with smaller hairs, some of which are less than half the length of the longest .....28

- Empodial hairs setaceous, if somewhat flattened then the abdominal tergum is dark and/or the spinopleural hairs are often blunt or furcate and/or their variation in size is much less

.....30

28 ABD TERG 2-6 with smallest (accessory) hairs mainly thick, spine-like, and very numerous (30-40 per segment; fig. 83B) .....Chaitophorus inouyei

- ABD TERG 2-6 with accessory hairs finer and less numerous (less than 25 per segment,

e.g. fig. 83C) .....29

29 Longest hairs on ANT III 3.5-4.9 × basal diameter of segment. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.5. ABD TERG 1-7 mostly smooth, without ornamentation .....Chaitophorus variegatus

- Longest hairs on ANT III 1.7-2.5 × basal diameter of segment. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.4. ABD TERG 1-7 with weak squamous or nodulose ornamentation

.....Chaitophorus indicus

30 ABD TERG 1 frequently fused with ABD TERG 2-6 (examine several specimens) .....31

- ABD TERG 1 almost always free from ABD TERG 2-6 .....37

31 R IV+V 0.17-0.20 mm, 1.2-1.4 × HT II. Abdominal tergum smooth, bearing long hairs

with mostly bifurcate apices (fig. 83D) .....Chaitophorus hillerislambersi

- R IV+V 0.07-0.14 mm, 0.7-1.2 × HT II. Abdominal tergum usually ornamented with spicules or nodules .....32

32 Dorsal ornamentation consisting of close, irregular rows of posteriorly-directed, bluntish spinules, often united basally to form partial transverse rows (fig. 83E) .....33

- Dorsal ornamentation consisting of rather evenly distributed separate roundish nodules

(e.g. fig. 83G; sometimes weakly developed) .....35

33 Dorsum pale. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.4 .....Chaitophorus tremulae ssp. sorini

- Dorsum usually deeply pigmented, sometimes dark only on head and ABD TERG 8.
ANT PT/BASE 2.2-3.2 .....34

34 Longest hairs on ANT III 1.7-3.2 × basal diameter of segment

.....Chaitophorus tremulae s. str.

- Longest hairs on ANT III with wavy, attenuate apices, 3.0-4.5 × basal diameter

of segment .....Chaitophorus tremulae ssp. shantungensis

35 Hairs on each of ABD TERG 1-7 very variable in size and form, arranged more-or-less in a single row (fig. 83G; sometimes with 1-2 smaller hairs out of line). ABD TERG 8 with 7-12 hairs. (Alata with SIPH dark) .....Chaitophorus stevensis

- Hairs on each of ABD TERG 1-7 arranged in two irregular rows, the anterior row consisting of smaller hairs, sometimes absent in spinal region (fig. 83H). ABD TERG 8 with usually more than 12 hairs .....36

36 Head and ANT I-II often dark, and tergum often with a pair of dark longitudinal pleural stripes. Most of long spinal and pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 with pointed or blunt apices, with a minority expanded or bifurcate apically (fig. 83H). (Alata with SIPH dark)

.....Chaitophorus neglectus

- Head, ANT I-II and tergum usually pale. If with dark pigmentation then there are rarely complete pleural stripes, and the long spinal and pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 mostly have expanded or bifurcate apices. (Alata with SIPH pale) .....Chaitophorus populifolii

37 ABD TERG 1-6 with largest spinal and pleural hairs apically bifurcate or blunt, marginal hairs pointed. R IV+V 0.7-0.8 × HT II (tentative characters for aptera, which has not been seen by authors) .....Chaitophorus dorocola

- ABD TERG 1-6 with largest spinal and pleural hairs usually pointed. R IV+V 0.8-1.2 × HT II .....38

38 Dorsal cuticle mainly dark, leaving a narrow pale spinal stripe .....Chaitophorus kapuri

- Dorsal cuticle either pale or with dark pleural stripes leaving broad pale spinal and marginal areas .....Chaitophorus leucomelas

39 SIPH as pores or small flat cones, or absent .....40

- SIPH tubular, longer than basal width, often swollen .....44

40 ANT PT/BASE less than 1.0; PT without hairs except those at apex. SIPH as small cones or craters .....41

- ANT PT/BASE more than 1.0; PT bearing hairs along length. R IV with 6-17 accessory hairs. SIPH pore-like or absent .....42

41 Body sparsely hairy, without spinal or marginal tubercles. R IV with 4-6 accessory hairs
.....Lambersaphis pruinosa

- Body densely hairy, with numerous spinal and marginal tubercles. R IV with 22-26 accessory hairs .....Neopterocomma populivorum

42 Body densely covered in fine hairs. ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5. Well-developed marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 2-7. SIPH absent .....Fullawaya ontarioensis

- Body hairs sparse, especially dorsally. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Marginal abdominal tubercles absent. SIPH as pores .....43

43 ABD TERG 1-6 all fused together and fully pigmented. Body hairs not spine-like
.....Pseudopterocomma canadensis

- ABD TERG 1-6 not or hardly pigmented, or with only narrow transverse intersegmental bars. Body hairs spine-like .....Pseudopterocomma hughi

44 SIPH of most specimens vasiform (swollen on basal half; fig. 84A)

.....Pterocomma smithiae

- SIPH either almost cylindrical or swollen distally .....45

45 ANT II with 8-12 hairs. ANT III (aptera) with 4-79 secondary rhinaria, and ANT IV with 0-9

.....Pterocomma tremulae

- ANT II with 4-6 hairs. ANT III with 0-26 secondary rhinaria, ANT IV never with any

.....46

46 ANT VI BASE with 4-10 long fine hairs (plus 0-3 short ones) .....47

- ANT VI BASE with 1-3 long fine hairs (plus 2-6 short ones) .....52

47 ANT III (aptera) with 14-26 secondary rhinaria .....Pterocomma kozhuchovae

- ANT III (aptera) without secondary rhinaria (or with only 1) .....48

48 Longest hairs on ANT III 50-70 µm, on hind tibia 60-80 µm. ABD TERG 1-7 without markings or with only lightly pigmented patches on 6-7 plus scattered small sclerites

on 1-5 .....Pterocomma pseudopopuleum

- Longest hairs on ANT III 100-160 µm, on hind tibia 100-200 µm. Dorsal abdomen with paired dark sclerites or cross-bands at least on ABD TERG 6 and 7 and often with paired sclerites on more anterior tergites …..49

49 SIPH distinctly clavate, and more than 2 × HT II. ABD TERG 1-5 with only scattered small sclerites .....Pterocomma alpinum*

- SIPH with hardly any swelling, almost cylindrical, and 1.1-1.7 × HT II. ABD TERG 1-7 each often with a pair of large dark quadrate patches (sometimes reduced or absent on 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5) .....50

50 Marginal tubercles absent. ANT VI BASE with 4-8 hairs …..Pterocomma dubium

- Well-developed marginal tubercles usually present on ABD TERG 1-6(-7). ANT VI BASE with 5-13 hairs …..51

51 ABD TERG 5 with a pair of large quadrate dark patches like those on ABD TERG 6

…..Pterocomma populeum

- ABD TERG 5 without a pair of large dark quadrate patches …..Pterocomma bhutanense*

52 ANT PT/BASE of most specimens less than 1.4 (N.B. not applicable to fundatrices) .....53

- ANT PT/BASE usually more than 1.4 .....54

53 ANT I with 13-17 hairs. Cauda with 49-55 hairs, anal plate with 85-98 hairs. SIPH

cylindrical .....Pterocomma sanpunum

- ANT I with 8-13 hairs. Cauda with 24-38 hairs, anal plate with 25-64 hairs. SIPH usually swollen on distal half .....Pterocomma yezoense

54 Cauda with more than 50 hairs .....Pterocomma lhasapopuleum*

- Cauda with 20-36 hairs .....55

55 ABD TERG 1 with a single pair of large sclerites, or a band interrupted in mid-line
.....Pterocomma bailangense

- ABD TERG 1 at most with scattered or paired groups of smaller sclerites .....56

56 ANT III (aptera) with 0 (rarely) - 25 secondary rhinaria. ANT PT 0.15-0.28 mm. (Alata with 35-50 secondary rhinaria on ANT III and 0-7 on IV) .....Pterocomma populifoliae

- ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT 0.22-0.36 mm. (Alata with 12-26 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 0-2 on IV) .....57

57 SIPH usually almost cylindrical (fig. 84C), 0.21-0.28 mm long, 0.8-1.0 × PT. Cauda almost black, usually clearly darker than anal plate .....Pterocomma beulahensis

- SIPH usually distinctly swollen (e.g. fig. 84B), 0.29-0.50 mm long, 1.1-1.6 × PT. Cauda brown, concolorous with anal plate .....58

58 Well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) usually present on ABD TERG 1-6(-7). Longest hairs on ANT III are 85-115 μm, 2.2-3.3 × BD III …..Pterocomma bicolor

- MTu absent. Longest hairs on ANT III are 137-156 μm, 3.4-3.8 × BD III

…..Pterocomma atuberculatum*

KEY 2 - Aphids forming galls or pseudogalls (e.g. "leaf nests") on poplars:-

The main key below can be applied only to adult alatae produced in galls or pseudogalls on Populus. Usually alatae are produced in large numbers in galls in late spring or early summer to fly to secondary host plants. These alatae are variously termed spring migrants, emigrants, alate fundatrigeniae or fundatrispuriae. A few species (Cornaphis populi and 4 species of Pemphigus) are monoecious (without host alternation). In these the galls mature in late summer/autumn and contain numerous alate sexuparae, easily recognised in cleared microscope preparations by the absence of mouthparts from their embryos. The key includes the sexuparae of these species, as they are produced within the galls, but not the sexuparae of heteroecious species, as these are produced on the secondary host.

Separation of the species of Pemphigus is difficult, and that part of the key is rather tentative. However, many specimens are usually available from each gall, so that individual variation in the sample can be assessed, and tentative identifications can be checked against the descriptions of galls in the systematic section of the book. Most Pemphigus appear to be less specific in their choice of Populus species as primary host than in their secondary host plant associations. It is likely that there are many still unrecognised species, as well as synonymies among the names in current use.

Sometimes aphids that are not gall formers may be found in old galls. Phylloxerina populariae, for example, regularly inhabits old galls of Thecabius populiconduplifolius.

In three species of Pemphiginae, Clydesmithia canadensis, Gootiella alba and Pemphigus siphunculatus, no alatae have been found even in apparently mature galls. The complete life cycle of these species is not yet known. The apterae (apterous fundatrigeniae, not fundatrices) from the galls key as follows:-

1 Abdomen without wax glands .....Clydesmithia canadensis

- Abdomen with large wax glands .....2

2 BL 3.3-4.3 mm. Legs pale. HT II short and thick, less than twice as long as claws

.....Gootiella alba

- BL 1.9-3.4 mm. Legs dark. HT II normal, more than twice as long as claws
.....Pemphigus siphunculatus

Key to alatae from galls:-

1 Forewing with media usually once-branched. If unbranched then there are 3-8 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 1-3 on IV, 0-2 on V and 0 on VI BASE and R IV+V is more than

0.6 × HT II .....2

- Forewing with media unbranched. Antenna with more rhinaria, and/or R IV+V less than 0.6 × HT II .....14

2 Primary rhinaria on ANT V and VI enlarged and of irregular shape (fig. 85A); that on VI elongate, more than 50 µm long. Embryos with enlarged claws on hind legs

.....Gootiella tremulae

- Primary rhinaria on ANT V and VI rounded or oval, that on VI not longer than wide. Hind legs of embryos with normal claws .....3

3 SIPH pores very large, with diameter much greater than that of hind tibia at midpoint, and with a completely pigmented rim (fig. 85B) .....Pachypappella lactea

- SIPH pores absent or small and inconspicuous, with diameter less than that of hind tibia at midpoint, and with pigmented rim partial (e.g. fig. 85C) or absent .....4

4 ABD TERG 8 with a single large wax pore plate foming a broad band across the tergite

.....Pachypappa aigeiros*

- ABD TERG 8 with wax pore plates either paired or absent, or with only small groups of facets .....5

5 BL c.5mm .....Pachypappa shaposhnikovi

- BL less than 4.5 mm .....6

6 Membrane of forewing with hairs (fig. 85D). Genital plate with more than 10 hairs on anterior half. ABD TERG 8 usually without wax pore plates, or with only small groups of facets

.....7

- Membrane of forewing without hairs. Genital plate with 6-12 hairs on anterior half. ABD TERG 8 usually with a pair of well-developed wax pore plates .....9

7 ABD TERG 1-7 with well-defined marginal wax pore plates. (SIPH pores present, Cauda with 15-30 hairs, and secondary rhinaria on ANT III 10-11, on IV 2-4)

.....Pachypappa vesicalis

- ABD TERG 1-7 without marginal wax pore plates or if present they are ill-defined .....8

8 Cauda with more than 40 hairs. SIPH pores present. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 8-13, on IV 2-4 .....Pachypappa populi

- Cauda with less than 30 hairs. SIPH pores absent. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 5-10,

on IV 0-3 .....Pachypappa sacculi

9 R IV+V 0.60-0.75 × HT II. Media sometimes unbranched .....10

- R IV+V 0.45-0.55 × HT II. Media always once-branched .....11

10 ANT PT/BASE 0.08-0.11. ANT III with 4-6 secondary rhinaria with thick sclerotic rims, often confined to distal half of segment (fig. 85E) .....Pachypappa warshavensis

- ANT PT/BASE 0.17-0.21. ANT III with 5-8 secondary rhinaria with narrow sclerotic rims, extending onto proximal half of segment (fig. 85F) .....Pachypappa pseudobyrsa

11 ABD TERG 8 with 14-25 hairs. Cauda with only 3-6 hairs .....12

- ABD TERG 8 with 5-11 hairs. Cauda with 8-25 hairs .....13

12 R IV+V without accessory hairs .....Pachypappa marsupialis s. str.

- R IV+V with 2-4 accessory hairs .....Pachypappa marsupialis ssp. lambersi

13 R IV+V usually without any accessory hairs. ANT II with 9-14 hairs .....Pachypappa tremulae

- R IV+V with usually 1-4 accessory hairs. ANT II with 5-11 hairs .....Pachypappa rosettei

14 ANT PT/BASE greater than 1, with PT bearing 2-3 clear spots, each with a small,

dagger-like stipule (fig. 85H) .....Mordwilkoja vagabunda

- ANT PT/BASE less than 1 .....15

15 Head with median ocellus mounted on a distinct frontal prominence (fig. 85G). (Secondary rhinaria small and oval; on ANT III 3-5, on IV 0-2 near apex. Embryos without mouthparts)

.....Cornaphis populi

- Head with median ocellus not mounted on a distinct frontal prominence. (Sensoriation of antennae not as above, embryos with or without mouthparts) .....16

16 Secondary rhinaria with ciliated (or "dotted") rims .....17

- Secondary rhinaria without ciliated rims .....22

17 ANT III and IV each with a single subapical secondary rhinarium, like the primary rhinaria on V and VI .....Neopemphigus turajevi

- ANT III with 4 or more secondary rhinaria, IV with 2 or more and V with 0-1 .....18

18 Secondary rhinaria broadly oval, almost circular. ANT PT finger-like, ANT PT/BASE more than 0.4, with PT bearing 4 apical hairs .....Epipemphigus nanjingensis*

- Secondary rhinaria narrowly and transversely elongate. PT/BASE less than 0.35, and PT bearing 5 or more hairs .....19

19 SIPH present as small pores with partly sclerotised, dark semi-circular rims .....20

- SIPH pores absent, or hardly discernible because they lack partly sclerotised rims .....21

20 ANT PT about as wide as basal articulation of VI, and bearing 5 hairs near apex (fig. 85I)

.....Epipemphigus niisimae

- ANT PT greatly enlarged, much broader than basal articulation of VI, bearing c. 20-30 hairs (fig. 85J) …..Epipemphigus sanpupopuli

21 ABD TERG 7 with 4 hairs. Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 2.3-3.0 × basal diameter of ANT III, and longest hair on ANT III 0.6-0.8 × its basal diameter. ANT III equal to or slightly longer than ANT IV+V together ..... Epipemphigus imaicus

- ABD TERG 7 with 8-13 hairs. Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 1.0-1.5 × basal diameter of ANT III, and longest hair on ANT III 0.4-0.5 × its basal diameter. ANT III 0.7-0.9 × longer than ANT IV+V together .....Epipemphigus marginalis*

22 Secondary rhinaria broad and strap-like, often almost encircling antenna and with gaps in between rhinaria mostly much narrower than the rhinaria themselves, so that more than 50% of total surface area of antenna is sensoriated (e.g. fig. 86A) .....23

- Secondary rhinaria narrower (e.g. fig. 86B) or, if they are broader than gaps in between them (e.g. fig. 86C), then they do not almost completely encircle antenna (thus always leaving more than 50% of total surface area of antenna unsensoriated) .....25

23 ANT BASE VI usually without secondary rhinaria. (ANT III with 15-26, IV with 8-11, V with 9-11, VI with 0-1) .....Thecabius (Parathecabius) gravicornis

- ANT BASE VI with 6-14 secondary rhinaria .....24

24 Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 20-41 (fig. 86A), IV 10-13, V 10-14, BASE VI 9-14
.....Thecabius (Parathecabius) latisensorius

- Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 13-21, IV 4-10, V 5-9 and BASE VI 6-12
.....Thecabius (Parathecabius) lysimachiae

25 R IV with usually 1-6 small accessory hairs (rarely with none) and first tarsal segments with 2-6 hairs (usually at least 3 on most tarsi). Secondary rhinaria very narrow, slit-like

(fig. 86B), with 0-10 (rarely less than 3) on ANT BASE VI .....26

- R IV usually without accessory hairs, sometimes with 1-4 (but one of the 3 apical pairs is sometimes displaced to a more proximal position). First tarsal segments usually with 3 hairs on fore tarsus and 2 hairs on mid and hind tarsi. If more, then ANT BASE VI is without

secondary rhinaria .....27

26 Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 15-30, IV 4-9, V 4-11, BASE VI (0-)2-7(-9)

…..Thecabius affinis/populiconduplifolius

- Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 22-31, IV 8-10, V 10-12, BASE VI 7-10 …..Thecabius beijingensis*

27 SIPH pores absent and embryos with mouthparts (the curled stylets are especially evident through wall of abdomen) .....28

- Either SIPH present as small pores or embryos without mouthparts .....34

28 R IV+V broadly triangular, less than 2× its basal width. (Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 5-19, IV 3-7, V 3-4) .....Thecabius populimonilis (fundatrigeniae)

- R IV+V acute, more than 2× its basal width .....29

29 Secondary rhinaria present on ANT VI. (On III 10-18, IV 4-7, V 3-7, BASE VI 3-7)
.....Pemphigus napaeus / iskanderkuli

- Secondary rhinaria absent from ANT BASE VI .....30

30 Secondary rhinaria strap-like (e.g. fig. 86C), many of them extending more than half way around antenna. ABD TERG 8 with one large wax pore plate extending about half way or more across tergite, and including (2-)4 hairs .....31

- Secondary rhinaria either elongate oval or narrowly transverse, not extending more than half way around antenna. ABD TERG 8 either with a pair of wax pore plates or a single median wax pore plate, including only 2 hairs .....32

31 Secondary rhinaria distributed III 8-13, IV 2-5, V 2-5. R IV without accessory hairs

.....Pemphigus matsumurai

- Secondary rhinaria distributed III 13-19, IV 6-8, V 6-9. R IV with 0-4 (-6?) accessory hairs

.....Pemphigus zhongi*

32 Secondary rhinaria narrowly transverse, parallel-sided, with about 6 on ANT V (III c.12, IV c.6, V c.6) …..Pemphigus turritus*

- Secondary rhinaria oval or elongate oval, not parallel-sided, with 0-2 on ANT V …..33

33 First tarsal segments almost always with 2 hairs, rarely with 3. HT II 0.17-0.21 mm long.
Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 3-9, on IV 1-3, V 0-2 (fig. 86D) .....Pemphigus populi

- First tarsal segments usually with 3-4 hairs on at least some tarsi. HT II 0.20-0.25 mm long. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 6-11, IV 1-4, V 0-2 .....Pemphigus vesicarius

34 Embryos without mouthparts. Secondary rhinaria always absent from ANT V and VI. SIPH pores absent. (Sexuparae of monoecious species, produced in the gall) .....35

- Embryos with mouthparts. Secondary rhinaria often present on ANT V, or V and VI. SIPH present as small pores .....38

35 First tarsal segments usually all with 3-5 hairs, rarely with only 2, Spinal wax pore plates

often present on all abdominal tergites .....36

- First tarsal segments most commonly with 3 (-4) hairs on fore tarsus and 2 (-3) hairs on mid and hind tarsi. Spinal wax pore plates usually absent from ABD TERG 4-7. (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 3-6, IV 1-3) .....37

36 R IV+V about 0.08 mm long, slightly shorter than ANT V. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 4-7, on IV 1-4 .....Thecabius populimonilis

- R IV+V 0.09-0.11 mm long, as long as or slightly longer than ANT V. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 6-10, on IV 2-5 .....Pemphigus mongolicus

37 R IV+V usually without accessory hairs. Cauda with 4-6 hairs .....Pemphigus monophagus

- R IV+V usually with 1-4 accessory hairs, rarely with none. Cauda with 2-4 hairs
.....Pemphigus spyrothecae

38 ANT BASE VI usually without secondary rhinaria (rarely with 1, in which case there are usually none on V) .....39

- ANT BASE VI usually with 2 or more secondary rhinaria (rarely with 1, in which case

there is usually 1 or more on V) .....46

39 ANT VI with an enlarged primary rhinarium, with islands, like that on V .....40

- ANT VI with primary rhinarium of normal size, not longer than wide .....42

40 ANT VI with primary rhinarium 0.07-0.10 mm long, occupying more than half of length of BASE VI (fig. 87E), or with a separate secondary rhinarium immediately adjacent to it. Secondary rhinaria on III 3-9, IV 1-3, V 0(-1) and BASE VI 0(-1) .....Pemphigus knowltoni

- ANT VI with primary rhinarium less than 0.05-0.08 mm long, occupying less than half of length of BASE VI (fig. 87F). Secondary rhinaria on III 2-7, IV 0-1, V 0(-1), BASE VI 0

.....41

41 Embryos within emigrant alatae have tip of rostrum extending beyond first segment of fore tarsi .....Pemphigus obesinymphae

- Embryos within emigrant alatae have tip of rostrum not extending beyond first segment of fore tarsi .....Pemphigus populitransversus

42 ANT V with primary rhinarium very large, more than 0.04 mm long and more than half encircling segment, often with small round islands (fig. 87G). (Secondary rhinaria on III 7-9, IV 2-4, V 0-1, BASE VI 0) .....Pemphigus immunis

- ANT V with primary rhinarium either like that on VI or, if enlarged, broader than its axial length which is less than 0.03 mm .....43

43 R IV with a pair of accessory hairs. First tarsal segments, at least of fore tarsi, with 5 (?) hairs .....Pemphigus wuduensis*

- R IV without accessory hairs. First tarsal segments with 3-4 hairs .....44

44 First tarsal segments with two spine-like hairs between the 2 long apical hairs. ABD TERG 8 usually without a wax pore plate. ANT PT more than 2× its basal width. (Secondary rhinaria on III 10-14, IV 2-3, V 0-1, BASE VI 0) .....Pemphigus microsetosus

- First tarsal segments with 0-1 spine-like hairs between the two long apical hairs. ABD TERG 8 usually with wax pore plates. ANT PT less than 2× its basal width .....45

45 R IV+V about 0.1 mm, more than 0.55 × HT II. Rhinaria on ANT III 9-13, IV 3-6, V 0-1,
BASE VI 0 .....Pemphigus circellatus*

- R IV+V 0.07-0.085 mm, less than 0.55 × HT II. Rhinaria on ANT III 5-11, IV 1-4, V 0-3, BASE VI 0(-1) .....Pemphigus betae

46 Total antennal length 0.9 mm or more, about 0.5 × BL .....47

- Total antennal length less than 0.9 mm, less than 0.45 × BL .....48

47 Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 19-27, on IV 6-7, V 9-12, VI BASE 10-12
.....Pemphigus longicornus

- Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 15, IV 4, V 4, VI 5 (one specimen only)
.....Pemphigus nainitalensis*

48 R IV+V 0.10-0.12 mm long, usually more than 0.55 × HT II, with R IV straight-sided (fig. 87A) .....49

- R IV+V 0.07-0.11 mm long, usually less than 0.55 × HT II, with R IV having sides slightly convex (fig. 87B) .....50

49 Secondary rhinaria narrow, slit-like, averaging 8 µm or less in width, extending almost to base of ANT III, with most proximal rhinarium usually basad to the small tooth on inner side of III near base (fig. 87C); III 12-18, IV 3-7, V 4-7, VI BASE 4-7

.....Pemphigus populinigrae

- Secondary rhinaria broader, averaging more than 10 µm in width, with most proximal rhinarium on ANT III distal to tooth (fig. 87D); III 9-14, IV 2-5, V 2-4, VI BASE 2-8

.....Pemphigus protospirae

50 Primary rhinarium on ANT V usually much enlarged, its axial length 35 µm or more, with small islands (fig. 87H). Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 6-12, IV 2-3, V 0-3, VI BASE 2-5

.....Pemphigus phenax

- If primary rhinarium of ANT V is enlarged then its axial length is less than 35 µm and the antennal sensoriation is different .....51

51 Total number of secondary rhinaria on ANT V + VI BASE (both antennae) 24 or more

.....52

- Total number of secondary rhinaria on ANT V + VI BASE (both antennae) 23 or less

.....55

52 ANT VI BASE slightly shorter than HT II. (Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 11-19, IV 4-8,
V 4-10, VI BASE 6-11) .....Pemphigus trehernei

- ANT VI BASE slightly longer than HT II .....53

53 ABD TERG 8 with 2-3 hairs. (Secondary rhinaria on III 13-19, IV 4-5, V 6-9, VI BASE

6-10) .....Pemphigus borealis

- ABD TERG 8 usually with 3-5 hairs .....54

54 Secondary rhinaria on III 9-16, on IV 3-6, V 3-8, VI BASE 5-11 .....Pemphigus nortonii

- Secondary rhinaria on III 16-20, on IV 4-5, V 5-6, VI BASE 5-9 .....Pemphigus yangcola

55 ANT III shorter than ANT IV + V together in most specimens .....56

- ANT III usually about the same length as, or longer than, ANT IV + V together .....57

56 ANT PT finger-like, 2 or more × its basal width. R IV+V 0.09-0.10 mm long. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 8-12, on IV 3-4, V 1-4, VI BASE 3-5 .....Pemphigus plicatus

- ANT PT stubby, less than 1.5 × its basal width. R IV+V 0.07-0.09 mm long. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III 7-12, IV 3-6, V 1-4, VI BASE 1-7 .....Pemphigus gairi

57 ANT III 0.22-0.38 mm, but if less than 0.23 mm (small bursarius) then ANT PT is short and stubby, less than 1.5 × its basal width .....58

- ANT III 0.15-0.25 mm, but if more than 0.22 mm then ANT PT is more than 1.5 × its basal width .....63

58 Primary rhinarium on ANT VI much larger than adjacent secondary rhinaria and forming a broad band that extends over half way around antenna (fig. 87I) .....59

- Primary rhinarium on ANT VI normal or irregular in shape but not extending more than

half way around antenna .....61

59 ANT VI BASE with 6-8 secondary rhinaria. (III 12-16, IV 3-5, V 4-6, VI BASE 6-8)
.....Pemphigus passeki

- ANT VI BASE with 3-6 secondary rhinaria .....60

60 ANT PT 0.03-0.04 mm. (Secondary rhinaria on III 10-15, IV 4-5, V 2-4, VI BASE 3-5)

.....Pemphigus tartareus*

- ANT PT 0.02-0.03 mm. (Secondary rhinaria on III 12-16, IV 4-6, V 3-5, VI BASE 3-6)

.....Pemphigus dorocola*

61 Tooth on inner side of ANT III often very close to base of segment, usually without a rhinarium basad to it (fig. 87J). (Secondary rhinaria on III 8-13, IV 2-5, V 2-5, VI BASE

3-7) .....Pemphigus populicaulis

- Tooth on inner side of ANT III almost always with 1-2 secondary rhinaria basad to it .....62

62 Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 8-17, IV 2-8, V 2-6, VI BASE 3-8. PT usually less than 1.5 × basal width .....Pemphigus bursarius

- Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-13, IV 3-5, V 3-5, VI BASE 3-5. PT usually more than 1.5 × basal width .....Pemphigus mordvilkoi

63 Tooth on inner side of ANT III usually more than 0.07 mm from base of segment, with always 1, and sometimes 2-3, secondary rhinaria basad to it (fig. 87K). (Secondary rhinaria on III 9-12, IV 2-4, V 2-4, VI BASE 3-5) .....Pemphigus laurifoliae

- Tooth on inner side of ANT III usually less than 0.06 mm from base of segment, with 0-1
secondary rhinaria basad to it) .....64

64 BL 2.1-2.5 mm. ANT V 0.8-1.0 × ANT IV, and more often than not also bearing fewer
secondary rhinaria than IV (examine several specimens; secondary rhinaria distributed III

9-11, IV 0-5, V 0-4, VI 0-5) .....Pemphigus populiramulorum

- BL 1.1-2.3 mm.(only P. populiglobuli more than 2.0 mm). ANT V 1.0-1.2 × ANT IV, and usually with at least as many rhinaria as IV .....65

65 ANT PT short, maximally c.0.03 mm and usually less than 1.5 × its basal width. Tooth on
ANT III usually without a rhinarium basad to it. (Secondary rhinaria on III 8-13, IV 2-5, V 2-5, VI BASE 3-7) .....Pemphigus populicaulis

- ANT PT usually longer than 0.03 mm and more than 1.5 × its basal width. Tooth on ANT III often with a rhinarium basad to it .....66

66 Secondary rhinaria distributed III 5-13, IV 2-4, V 0-4, VI BASE 1-7

.....Pemphigus populiglobuli

- Secondary rhinaria distributed III 7-12, IV 1-5, V 2-5, VI BASE 3-7
.....Pemphigus populivenae

Portulaca Portulacaceae

Portulaca clavatus (?) Neotoxoptera oliveri

P. grandiflora Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii; Neotoxoptera oliveri;

Smynthurodes betae

P. oleracea Aphis albella, craccivora, fabae, frangulae, gossypii,

nasturtii, [portulacae Shinji (nomen dubium)],

spiraecola, [triglochinis],

[varians of Pashchenko 1988a)];

Aulacorthum solani; Brachyunguis harmalae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus certus, ornatus, persicae, [portulacae Macchiati

(nomen dubium)], [Myzus sp. (Ossiannilsson 1964)];

Pemphigus sp.; Protaphis middletonii;

Smynthurodes betae

P. quadrifida Aphis gossypii

Key to apterae on Portulaca:-

1 ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed …..2

- ANT tubercles well developed …..5

2 ANT PT/BASE 0.5-0.9. SIPH about as long as their basal widths, 0.2-0.6 × cauda

…..Brachycaudus harmalae

- ANT PT/BASE either less than 0.5 or more than 1.5. SIPH if present at all then more than 0.8 × cauda …..3

3 ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu) and SIPH pale, or only dusky at apices

…..4

- Without that combination of characters, i.e. if ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu then wholly dark SIPH are present …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

4 SIPH 2.2-2.9 × cauda …..Aphis albella*

- SIPH 0.9-1.6 × cauda …..Aphis nasturtii

5 Head smooth, with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.1-0.2 of length …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

- Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles parallel or apically convergent. SIPH without polygonal reticulation …..6

6 SIPH tapering/cylindrical …..7

- SIPH slightly to moderately clavate …..8

7 BL 1.0-1.7 mm. ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmantal markings. SIPH coarsely imbricated, and with a slight S-curve

…..Myzus ornatus

- BL 1.8-3.0 mm. ANT III usually with 1-2 rhinaria near base. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.5. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. SIPH with normal imbrication, not curved

…..Aulacorthum solani

8 SIPH 0.12-0.17 × BL. R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II. (Al. with dark-bordered wing veins)

…..Neotoxoptera oliveri

- SIPH 0.18-0.28 × BL. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II. (Al. with wing veins not dark-bordered)

…..9

9 R IV+V in most specimens with only one pair of lateral accessory hairs (plus 0-3 ventral accessory hairs). Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 0.80-1.52, but rarely more than 1.25 except in small specimens (those with ANT III less than 0.32 mm)

…..Myzus persicae

- R IV+V in most specimens with two pairs of lateral accessory hairs. Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 1.2-2.7 (rarely less than 1.25) …..Myzus certus

Portulacaria Portulacaceae

Portulacaria afra Myzus persicae

Potalia Gentianaceae

Potalia sp(p). Aphis gossypii, odinae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

[Rhopalosiphum maidis]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Potamogeton Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton crispus Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

P. fluitans Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

P. natans Aphis gossypii, nasturtii; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

P. richardi Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Use key to apterae on Nymphaea.

Potentilla (including Callionia, Rosaceae

Dasiphora, Drymocallis)

Potentilla acaulis Aphis mongolica, tormentillae; Macropodaphis paradoxa

P. alchimilloides [Acyrthosiphon pisum]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

P. alpestris = P. crantzii

P. anglica Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae

P. anserina Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae; Anthracosiphon hertae;

Aphis craccivora, nasturtii, roepkei, subviridis,

tormentillae;

Aulacorthum solani;

Chaetosiphon alpestre, alpestre ssp. orientale,

fragaefolii, potentillae;

Longicaudus trirhodus;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, potentillae; Myzaphis rosarum;

Maculolachnus submacula;

Myzus ascalonicus, persicae;

Nearctaphis argentinaeradicis; Pemphigus ?populi;

Rhopalosiphoninus [heikinheimoi], latysiphon

P. argentea Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae ssp. potha;

Aphis potentillae, roepkei, subviridis, tormentillae,

Aphis sp. (Sweden, BMNH collection);

Aulacorthum solani; Chaetosiphon alpestre;

Macrosiphum rosae; Maculolachnus submacula;

Sitobion fragariae

P. arguta (= Drymocallis arguta) Nasonovia williamsi

P. argyrophylla Macrosiphum pachysiphon; Metopolophium dirhodum

P. asiatica = P. chrysantha

P. atrosanguinea Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, pachysiphon

P. aurea Acyrthosiphon boreale

P. bakeri Macrosiphum valerianae

P. bifurca = Sibbaldianthe. bifurca Aphis comari, potentillae, tianschanica, tormentillae;

Chaetosiphon alpestre ssp. orientale;

Macropodaphis rechingeri;

P. blaschkeana Acyrthosiphon boreale; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

P. canadensis Anthracosiphon crystleae; Aulacorthum solani;

(= Callionia canadensis) Macrosiphum euphorbiae

P. canescens = P.inclinata

P. caucasica Chaetosiphon alpestre

P. caulescens Chaetosiphon alpinum; Myzus ornatus

P. chinensis Aphis mongolica, potentillae, roepkei;

Neotoxoptera oliveri, [violae]

P. chrysantha Acyrthosiphon boreale; Aulacorthum solani;

[Brachycaudus cerasicola]; Chaetosiphon alpestre;

Macropodaphis alexandri; Macrosiphum rosae

P. cinerea Aphis breviseta; Chaetosiphon alpestre

P. clusiana Chaetosiphon alpinum

P. collina Acyrthosiphon boreale; Chaetosiphon alpestre;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus

P. crantzii (incl. alpestris) Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae; Aphis breviseta;

Aulacorthum solani;

Chaetosiphon alpestre, alpinum, potentillae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus

P. crinita Aulacorthum solani

P. cryptotaeniae Aphis frangulae

P. dealbata = P. virgata

P. desertorum Acyrthosiphon malvae

P. dickinsii Aphis potentillae

P. doerfleri [Chaetosiphon sp. (Serbia; Petrović 1998)]

P. erecta (incl. tormentilla) Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae; Aphis tormentillae;

Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus; [Sitobion avenae]

P. farreri ? Macrosiphum euphorbiae

P. fruticosa Acyrthosiphon assiniboinensis, [ignotum],

malvae ssp. pentaphylloides, malvae ssp. rogersii,

scalare, wasintae;

Aphis dasiphorae, fabae, spiraecola;

Aspidophorodon vera; Chaetosiphon alpestre;

Macropodaphis primigenius;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae;

Metopolophium dirhodum;

Myzaphis rosarum; Myzus ornatus;

[Ossiannilsonia oelandica]; Richardsaphis canadensis;

Sitobion fragariae

P. fusca Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (?)

P. gelida = P. crantzii

P. glandulosa Acyrthosiphon vandenboschi; Chaetosiphon hottesi;

(= Drymocallis glandulosa) Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Nasonovia williamsi

P. gracilis (incl. nutallii) [Abstrusomyzus leucocrini];

Acyrthosiphon malvae (s.lat.), wasintae;

[Aphis sp., Oregon (see aphidtrek.org)];

Aulacorthum solani; Chaetosiphon hottesi, thomasi;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae, glawatz; Myzus ascalonicus

P. grandiflora Aulacorthum solani

P. heptaphylla Chaetosiphon alpestre

P. hirta Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus

P. hispanica Acyrthosiphon boreale

P. hybrida Sitobion fragariae

P. hyparctica Acyrthosiphon boreale

P. impolita Aphis roepkei, subviridis; Acyrthosiphon boreale

P. inclinata Aphis subviridis; Aulacorthum solani

P. intermedia Aphis tormentillae; Chaetosiphon alpestre

P. japonicus Paramyzus longirostris

P. longifolia Holmania chaetosiphon

P. megalantha Acyrthosiphon malvae (s. lat.); Aulacorthum solani;

Chaetosiphon alpestre ssp. airolense;

Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus

P. micrantha Myzus ascalonicus

P. monspeliensis = P. norvegica

P. mooniana [Tricaudatus polygoni];

[Trichosiphonaphis gerberae, polygoni]

P. nepalensis Acyrthosiphon rubifoliae

P. neumanniana Aphis breviseta; Chaetosiphon potentillae

P. norvegica Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae ssp. potha;

Aulacorthum solani; Chaetosiphon thomasi;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

P. nuttallii see P. gracilis

P. orientalis = Sibbaldianthe bifurca ssp. orientalis

P. ornithopodioides Acyrthosiphon boreale; Myzus ornatus

P. pacifica (?) Chaetosiphon thomasi

P. palustris = Comarum palustre

P. parviflora Macropodaphis dzhungarica; Myzaphis rosarum

P. parvifolia Aphis dasiphorae

P. patula Acyrthosiphon boreale; Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus ascalonicus

P. pedata (incl. transcaspia) Acyrthosiphon boreale; [Brachycaudus cerasicola]

P. pensylvanica (incl. sibirica, Aulacorthum solani; Chaetosiphon alpestre, potentillae;

strigosa) Holmania chaetosiphon; Myzus ascalonicus

P. phyllocalyx (?) Myzaphis rosarum

P. pimpinelloides Myzus ornatus

P. puberula (incl. pusilla) Acyrthosiphon boreale; Aphis breviseta;

Chaetosiphon alpestre, alpestre ssp. airolense

P. pusilla Aphis breviseta

P. recta (incl. warrenii) Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae ssp. potha;

Aphis potentillae, subviridis, tormentillae;

[Brachycaudus cerasicola]; Chaetosiphon alpestre;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae

P. repens Aphis roepkei

P. reptans Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae ssp. potha;

Aphis breviseta, potentillae, roepkei, solanella,

tormentillae;

Aulacorthum solani; Chaetosiphon alpestre ssp. airolense;

[Cryptomyzus galeopsidis]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus; Pemphigus ?populi

P. rubricaulus Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ascalonicus

P. rupestris Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus

P. ×russelliana Macrosiphum euphorbiae

P. sericea Acyrthosiphon boreale

P. sibirica see P. pensylvanica

P. speciosa Chaetosiphon muelleri

P. sterilis Acyrthosiphon malvae; Chaetosiphon potentillae

P. stolonifera Paramyzus longirostris

P. supina Acyrthosiphon boreale; Aphis diluta, gossypii;

Chaetosiphon alpestre sspp. airolense, orientale;

Macropodaphis alexandri; [Macrosiphum stellariae]

P. tabernaemontani = P. neumanniana

P. tanacetifolia Aphis mongolica

P. tephroleuca Acyrthosiphon boreale; Chaetosiphon alpestre

P. tormentilla see P. erecta

P. transcaspia see P. pedata

P. tridentata = Sibbaldia tridentata

P. verna (?) Aulacorthum solani;

Chaetosiphon alpestre, alpestre ssp. airolense;

Myzus ascalonicus

P. virgata (?) Aphis comari

Potentilla spp. Acyrthosiphon pseudodirhodum; Aspidophorodon indica;

Chaetosiphon jacobi;

Macrosiphum agrimoniellum, pallidum;

[Sitobion beiquei]; [Uroleucon martini]

Key to apterae on Potentilla (also Comarum and Sibbaldianthe):-

1 Fore femora greatly enlarged, about twice as thick as mid femora, and fore tibiae with strengthened bases. Dorsum adorned with numerous tubercular processes, most of which bear hairs and wax glands. Cauda knobbed .....2

- Fore femora not enlarged. Dorsum with or without tubercular processes. Cauda variable

…..6

2 ABD TERG 1-5 with both mammariform and digitiform processes, each bearing a single hair; mammariform processes have a thick blunt or slightly capitate apical hair, whereas digitiform processes have a small apical wax disc with a very small hair on the rim …..3

- ABD TERG 1-5 with mammariform or quadrate processes, each bearing 1-3 hairs; the processes vary in size and shape but all bear hairs of similar length ..…4

3 Total number of dorsal hairs on thorax and ABD TERG 1-7 (including the minute ones on digitiform processes) is 210-270; ABD TERG 3-5 usually each with less than 28 hairs

…..Macropodaphis paradoxa

- Total number of dorsal hairs on thorax and ABD TERG 1-7 (including the minute ones on digitiform processes) is 310-352; ABD TERG 3-5 usually each with more than 30 hairs

…..Macropodaphis alexandri

4 Head pale, weakly sclerotic, not much contrasting with pigmentation of pronotum. Fore femore pale or mottled, knob of cauda pale. Largest dorsal processes are quadrate or mammariform in shape, sometimes bifid or tripartite due to tuberculate bases of hairs. Longest dorsal hairs are 30-45 μm long …..Macropodaphis rechingeri*

- Head dark, distinctly contrasting with pale pronotum. Fore femora black, knob of cauda dusky to dark. Largest dorsal processes are rounded hillocks, with longest hairs 60-75 μm long …..5

5 ANT PT/BASE 1.5-1.7 (-1.9) …..Macropodaphis dzhungarica*

- ANT PT/BASE (1.7-)2.0-2.3 …..Macropodaphis primigenius

6 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5 …..7

- ANT PT/BASE more than 0.6 …..8

7 SIPH absent. Dorsal abdomen with wax pore plates

…..Pemphigus sp.(?populi – Zwölfer 1958)

- SIPH present as dark cones with many hairs. Dorsal abdomen without wax pore plates

…..Maculolachnus submacula

8 Dorsal body hairs thick and markedly capitate, and arising from prominent tuberculate bases that are often higher than their basal widths. First tarsal segments all with 5 hairs …..9

- Dorsal body hairs not thick and capitate, or if with somewhat expanded apices then without prominent tubercular bases (always shorter than their basal widths). First tarsal segments with 2-6 hairs …..19

9 SIPH with a distinct subapical zone of polygonal reticulation …..Holmania chaetosiphon

- SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation …..10

10 SIPH with 1-12 thick capitate hairs on proximal part …..11

- SIPH without hairs …..13

11 SIPH 0.23-0.25 × BL, with 9-12 capitate hairs …..Chaetosiphon alpestre ssp. orientale*

- SIPH 0.14-0.20 × BL, with 1-6 capitate hairs …..12

12 SIPH 0.17-0.20 × BL, with 4-6 capitate hairs …..Chaetosiphon alpestre s.str.

- SIPH 0.14-0.17 × BL, with 1-4 capitate hairs …..Chaetosiphon alpestre ssp. airolense

13 SIPH 1.2-2.0 × cauda …..14

- SIPH 2.1-3.5 × cauda …..15

14 R IV+V very long and narrow, 4 or more × its basal width and 2.4-2.8 × HT II. Dorsal hairs very numerous (20-30 per segment), varying in length but maximally c.130 μm long

…..Chaetosiphon muelleri

- R IV+V triangular, less than 2.5 × its basal width and less than 1.3× HT II. Dorsal hairs much fewer and shorter. (Only imm. known) …..Chaetosiphon alpinum

15 Cuticle of head smooth. R IV+V with 10-15 accessory hairs …..Chaetosiphon hottesi

- Cuticle of head spiculose. R IV+V with 3-6 accessory hairs …..16

16 ANT III with 9-12 capitate hairs …..Chaetosiphon potentillae

- ANT III with 2-7 capitate hairs …..17

17 Dorsal abdomen with dark pigmentation …..Chaetosiphon jacobi

- Dorsal abdomen pale …..18

18 Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. R IV+V 0.06-0.08 × BL …..Chaetosiphon thomasi

- Rostrum reaching to or beyond hind coxae. R IV+V 0.08-0.11 × BL

…..Chaetosiphon fragaefolii

19 SIPH with a subapical zone of reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed, polygonal cells)

…..20

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation (sometimes with a few interconnected subapical striae)

…..31

20 SIPH dark and with a greatly inflated, balloon-like middle section

…..Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon

- SIPH pale or dark, not inflated …..21

21 Dorsal abdomen with extensive light to dark brown sclerotisation. Ventral side of head ornamented with spicules extending from ANT tubercles to posterior margin …..22

- Dorsal abdomen without extensive dark sclerotisation. Head usually without spicules, but if present they do not cover all of the ventral side of head …..24

22 Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.4 × BD III. Cauda triangular, less than 1.5 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..Anthracosiphon hertae

- Longest hairs on ANT III about 0.5 × BD III or less. Cauda triangular or finger-like, about 1.5 or more × longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..23

23 ANT beyond ANT I and II black. Cauda finger-like, 0.25-0.32 mm long, at least 2 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..Anthracosiphon crystleae

- ANT light brown to brown. Cauda triangular, about 0.22 mm long, about 1.5 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..Macrosiphum potentillae*

24 Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III. ANT III with 1-4 very small rhinaria. ANT tubercles rather low, and median frontal tubercle distinctly developed

…..Sitobion fragariae

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.3 × BD III. ANT III with 1-35 rhinaria of various sizes. ANT tubercles well developed, median frontal tubercle undeveloped …..25

25 SIPH pale or dusky only towards apices …..26

- SIPH dark, or pale only at bases …..28

26 R IV+V 0.83-1.02 × HT II …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

- R IV+V 1.03-1.30 × HT II …..27

27 ANT III with (8-)15-20 rhinaria, usually extending over more than 0.6 of its length

.....Macrosiphum agrimoniellum

- ANT III 3-19 rhinaria not extending beyond basal 0.6 of its length

…..Macrosiphum glawatz

28 SIPH wholly jet black, and rather thick; 5-7 × as long as their width at midlength. ANT III pale except at apex …..Macrosiphum pachysiphon

- SIPH wholly dark, or paler at base, and more than 10× longer than their width at midlength. ANT III dark at least on sensoriated part …..29

29 Head, ANT I and ANT II as dark as SIPH, which are wholly dark. ANT III with 4-25 rhinaria (77% with 11 or more). (ANT III of al. with 31-71 rhinaria)

…..Macrosiphum rosae

- Head, ANT I and ANT II much paler than distal part of SIPH, which may be paler at base. ANT III with 2-10 rhinaria. (ANT III of al. with 13-22 rhinaria) …..30

30 SIPH 1.9-2.2 × cauda. R IV+V 0.8-0.95 × HT II .....Macrosiphum valerianae

- SIPH 1.2-1.7 (-1.8) × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.15 × HT II …..Macrosiphum pallidum

31 Front of head with median tubercle very well developed as a rugose, quadrate (sometimes bilobed) process, projecting forward beyond ANT tubercles …..32

- Median frontal tubercle undeveloped or less well developed, not quadrate or bilobed …..34

32 ANT tubercles undeveloped, inner apex of ANT I without projection. ANT 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.6. SIPH with flange and normal aperture. Dorsal cuticle strongly pitted. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs …..Myzaphis rosarum

- ANT tubercles evident (although lower than median tubercle), ANT I with projection at inner apex. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.3. SIPH flangeless, with very small aperture. Dorsal cuticle wrinkled. First tarsal segments with 2-3 hairs …..33

33 ABD TERG 7 and 8 each with a medial process bearing 2 hairs. Subgenital plate with 3-8 hairs on anterior part. HT I usually with only 2 hairs …..Aspidophorodon vera

- ABD TERG 7, and usually also ABD TERG 8, without any distinct hair-bearing processes. Subgenital plate with 2 hairs on anterior part. HT I with 3 hairs (median sense peg present)

…..Aspidophorodon indica

34 ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with or without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..35

- ANT tubercles well developed, so that there is a frontal sinus. ABD TERG 1 and 7 never with MTu …..53

35 ABD TERG 7 without MTu …..36

- ABD TERG 7 with MTu …..39

36 Cauda finger-like, much longer than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE 0.67-1.3. SIPH either much shorter or much longer than cauda …..37

- Cauda helmet-shaped, as short as or shorter than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-3.2. SIPH similar in length to cauda …..38

37 SIPH very short, c.0.3 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.3. First tarsal segments with 6 hairs

…..Longicaudus trirhodus

- SIPH long and thin, nearly 3 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.67-1.0. First tarsal segments with 2 hairs …..Richardsaphis canadensis*

38 SIPH with close-spaced spiculose imbrication. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.7. ANT III (distally) and IV usually with rhinaria. ANT with long fine hairs much longer than BD III. ABD TERG 1-5(-6) usually with MTu. Dorsal abdomen with dark spots and patches

…..Nearctaphis argentinaeradicis

- SIPH with smooth surface. ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.2. ANT III without rhinaria. ANT hairs shorter than BD III. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

39 R IV+V 1.6-2.3 × HT II, and bearing 4-16 accessory hairs …..40

- R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II, with 2(-3) accessory hairs …..41

40 SIPH dark. ANT usually 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.35-1.72. R IV+V with 12-14 accessory hairs ….. Aphis mongolica

- SIPH pale. ANT usually 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.9. R IV+V with 4-8 accessory hairs …..Aphis diluta

41 Hairs on ANT III pointed, the longest of them more than 0.65 × longer than BD III …..42

- Hairs on ANT III blunt or pointed, the longest 0.3-0.6 (-0.7) × BD III …..44

42 ANT PT/BASE 1.25-1.65. SIPH 0.55-0.85 × cauda …..Aphis dasiphorae

- ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.9. SIPH 0.8-1.8 × cauda …..43

43 Cauda paler than SIPH, without a constriction, and bearing 4-11 hairs. ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually with dusky cross-bands. R IV+V 1.15-1.4 × HT II …..Aphis comari

- Cauda as dark as SIPH, and bearing (7-)8-24 hairs (but if with 7-11 then it has a midway constriction and ABD TERG 7 and 8 are without cross-bands). R IV+V 0.85-1.2 (-1.3) × HT II …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 33

44 Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield centred on ABD TERG 4-5

…..Aphis craccivora

- Dorsum without an extensive solid black shield …..45

45 Marginal tubercles (MTu) consistently present on most or all of ABD TERG 2-4 as well as 1 and 7 …..46

- MTu only occur irregularly or inconsistently on ABD TERG 2-4 …..50

46 SIPH entirely blackish. Tergum with dark sclerotic bars on thorax and posterior abdomen

.....47

- SIPH usually paler basally and darker at apex. Tergum without dark sclerotisation .....48

47 R IV+V 1.6-1.8 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE c. 2.4-2.5 …..Aphis potentillae*

- R IV+V 1.1-1.2 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE c.1.9-2.0 …..Aphis tianschanica*

48 SIPH 0.9-1.1 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped to triangular …..Aphis subviridis

- SIPH 1.3-2.2 × cauda which is finger-like …..49

49 ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.1. SIPH 1.3-1.4 × cauda, which bears long curved hairs

…..Aphis roepkei

- ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.1. SIPH 1.6-2.2 × cauda, which bears hairs shorter than ANT BD III

…..Aphis breviseta

50 SIPH and cauda both similarly dark …..51

- SIPH dark or pale with dark apices, cauda pale or dusky …..52

51 SIPH 0.64-1.0 × cauda, which bears 5-9 hairs …..Aphis tormentillae

- SIPH 1.2-1.3 × cauda, which bears 4 hairs

…..Aphis sp. on P. argentea (Sweden, BMNH collection)

52 SIPH uniformly dark. Hairs on hind femur all shorter than diameter of femur at its base

.....Aphis gossypii

- SIPH usually rather pale, darker at apex. Hairs on hind femur mainly longer, some of them about as long as, or longer than, diameter of femur at its base .....Aphis nasturtii

53 Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles steep, almost parallel or apically convergent. ANT III with 0-4 rhinaria …..54

- Head smooth, with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. ANT III with (0-)1-56 rhinaria

…..59

54 SIPH clavate, i.e. slightly to considerably swollen on distal 0.5-0.7 of length …..55

- SIPH cylindrical or tapering, without swollen distal part …..58

55 ANT III with 1-4 secondary rhinaria on slightly swollen section of basal half. R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II …..Paramyzus longirostris

- ANT III without secondary rhinaria. R IV+V 0.9-1.5 × HT II …..56

56 SIPH 0.9-1.34 × ANT III. R IV+V 0.9-1.1(-1.2) × HT II …..Myzus persicae

- SIPH 0.50-0.81 × ANT III. R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II …..57

57 SIPH with narrowest part of stem as thin as or thinner than hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V with 7-15 accessory hairs. (Al. with forewing veins not black-bordered)

…..Myzus ascalonicus

- SIPH with narrowest part of stem thicker than hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V with 4-7 accessory hairs. (Al. with black-bordered forewing veins) …..Neotoxoptera oliveri

58 SIPH coarsely imbricated, with a slight S-curve. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.5. BL 1.0-1.75 mm …..Myzus ornatus

- SIPH not curved, not coarsely imbricated. Dorsal abdomen without dark ornamentation. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.3. BL 1.8-3.0 mm …..Aulacorthum solani

59 ANT with numerous protruberant sec. rhinaria; 23-56 on III, 0-22 on IV, 0-1 on V. ANT hairs 1-2 × BD III. Thoracic spiracles large and rounded, much larger than abdominal ones. R IV+V 1.6-1.9 × HT II …..Nasonovia williamsi

- ANT with 0-32 non-protruberant sec. rhinaria, confined to ANT III. ANT hairs all shorter than BD III. Thoracic spiracles not much larger than abdominal ones. R IV+V 0.6-1.6 × HT II …..60

60 Longest hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 thick and with blunt or slightly expanded apices, 25-52 μm long, longer than diameter of ANT III at midlength. SIPH long and thin, 1.65-2.9 × cauda …..61

- Longest hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 are 10-20 μm long, shorter than midlength diameter of ANT III. SIPH 0.8-2.5 × cauda …..62

61 Dorsal abdominal cuticle strongly sclerotised and corrugated in a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern. R IV+V 1.0-1.25 × HT II and bearing 4-8 accessory hairs. Cauda with 7-12 hairs. ANT III with 1-4 (-32) rhinaria. BL less than 2.5 mm …..Acyrthosiphon scalare

- Dorsal abdominal cuticle smooth. R IV+V 1.5-1.6 × HT II and bearing c.40 accessory hairs. Cauda with 16-19 hairs. ANT III without rhinaria. BL more than 3 mm

…..Acyrthosiphon vandenboschi

62 SIPH 0.8-1.2 × cauda. ANT PT 2.25-3.25 × SIPH …..Acyrthosiphon pseudodirhodum

- SIPH 1.4-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT less than 2 × SIPH …..63

63 R IV+V 0.6-0.8 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-4.4 …..Metopolophium dirhodum

- R IV+V 0.9-1.5 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-9.0 …..64

64 SIPH 1.4-1.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.8-4.2. ANT III with 8-20 rhinaria

…..Acyrthosiphon assiniboinensis

- SIPH 1.5-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-9.0, but if less than 4.3 then SIPH 1.6-1.8 × cauda and ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria …..65

65 ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.3. SIPH 1.6-1.8 × cauda. ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria near base

…..Acyrthosiphon wasintae

- ANT PT/BASE 4.4-9.0. SIPH 1.8-2.6 × cauda. ANT III with 1-24 rhinaria …..66

66 ANT PT/BASE 7.1-9.0. SIPH dark except at bases …..Acyrthosiphon rubifoliae

- ANT PT/BASE 4.4-6.3. SIPH pale …..Acyrthosiphon malvae group, incl. A. boreale

Poterium see Sanguisorba Rosaceae

Pothomorphe see Piper Piperaceae

Pothomorphe peltata = Piper peltatum

P. umbellata = Piper umbellatum

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Pothos Araceae

Pothos chinensis Cerataphis lataniae

P. hermaphroditus = P. scandens

P. longifolius = P. scandens

P. repens Cerataphis lataniae

P. roxburghii Cerataphis pothophila

P. scandens Cerataphis freycinetiae; [Greenidea ficicola]

P. seemannii = P. chinensis

Key to apterae on Pothos:-

(All species have a flattened aleyrodiform body with an encircling fringe of wax glands, a pair of small frontal horns, 3-faceted eyes and poriform SIPH.)

1 Ventral side of head with 1-2 pairs of thick dagger-like hairs arising from enlarged sockets. Cauda with 6-9 hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 11-16 hairs …..Cerataphis freycinetiae

- Ventral side of head without any dagger-like hairs. Cauda with 11-14 hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 8-10 hairs …..2

2 R IV+V 0.71-0.85 × HT II. Longest marginal hair dorsal to row of wax glands is 6-15 μm long, and hairs around SIPH are maximally only 2-7 μm. Dorsal and marginal hairs usually with rounded apices .....Cerataphis lataniae

- R IV+V 0.57-0.65 × HT II. Longest marginal hair dorsal to row of wax glands is 20-30 μm long, and hairs around SIPH are 12-20 μm. Dorsal and marginal hairs with pointed apices

.....Cerataphis pothophila

Poupartia Anacardiaceae

Poupartia caffra = Sclerocarya birrea ssp. caffra

Pourthiaea see Photinia Rosaceae

Pourthiaea laevis = Photinia villosa var. laevis

P. zollingeri = Photinia villosa var. zollingeri

Pouteria (=Malacantha) Sapotaceae

Pouteria alnifolia Aphis gossypii

P. caimito Aphis gossypii; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

P. ramiflora Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Pouzolzia Urticaceae

Pouzolzia hirta = Gonostegia hirta

P. indica = P. zeylanica

P. zeylanica Aphis gossypii

Pouzolzia sp. [Subovatomyzus leucosceptri]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Prangos Apiaceae

Prangos asperula Swirskiaphis polychaeta

P. bucharica Dysaphis crataegi, papillata; Hyadaphis passerinii

P. herderi Hyadaphis coriandri

P. ornata Hyadaphis coriandri

P. pabularia Anuraphis subterranea; Aphis craccivora;

Dysaphis papillata; Hyadaphis passerinii

P. tschimgaica (?) [Dysaphis tschildarensis]

Key to apterae on Prangos:-

1 SIPH clavate or barrel-shaped. Cauda finger-shaped, longer than its basal width …..2

- SIPH tapering or truncate, cauda shorter than or only about as long as its basal width …..3

2 SIPH clavate, 0.88-1.4 × cauda, 1.7-3.1 × R IV+V and 3.1-5.1 × longer than their minimum diameter on basal half …..Hyadaphis passerinii

- SIPH barrel-shaped, 0.6-0.82 × cauda, 0.9-1.6 × R IV+V and 1.6-2.7 × their minimum diameter on basal half …..Hyadaphis coriandri

3 Dorsal body hairs very long (more than 100 mm), thick and numerous. SIPH about equal in length to cauda. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent …..Swirskiaphis polychaeta

- Dorsal body hairs less than 50 mm. SIPH at least 1.5 × cauda. Head and some of abdominal segments with paired STu …..4

4 SIPH ornamented with blunt spinules, arranged in closely-spaced transverse rows. Cauda with c.11-12 hairs …..Anuraphis subterranea

- SIPH with normal imbrication. Cauda with 5-8 hairs …..5

5 Longest hairs on ANT III as long as or longer than BD III. ANT PT/BASE c.2.3

…..Dysaphis papillata*

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.8 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-4.1 …..Dysaphis crataegi

Prasium Lamiaceae

Prasium majus Aphis sp. (Italy; Cocuzza et al. 2014)

Cryptomyzus sp. near korschelti (Israel; Swirski &

Amitai 2001: 73)

Pratia Campanulaceae

Pratia nummularia Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

Praxelis Asteraceae

Praxelis basifolia Aphis spiraecola

P. pauciflora Aphis spiraecola

Premna Verbenaceae

Premna cavalerei [Myzus varians]

P. odorata Mesotrichosiphum uichancoi

Premna sp. [Greenideoida noonadanae]

Prenanthes Asteraceae

Prenanthes alba Hyperomyzus nabali; Uroleucon pseudambrosiae

P. altissima Hyperomyzus nabali

P. autumnalis Uroleucon pseudambrosiae

P. brunoniana Uroleucon longisetosum

P. purpurea Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum prenanthidis

P. tanakae Hyperomyzus carduellinus

P. tatarinowii Aphis fabae, Aphis sp. near viburni (Holman 1987)

P. trifoliata Uroleucon ambrosiae

P. violaefolia Uroleucon longisetosum

Key to apterae on Prenanthes:-

1 SIPH clavate …..2

- SIPH tapering or cylindrical for most of length …..3

2 SIPH 1.1-1.5 × cauda, with maximum diameter of swollen part 1.05-1.45 × minimum diameter of basal part. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 4.4-6.0

…..Hyperomyzus carduellinus

- SIPH 1.4-1.8 × cauda, with maximum diameter of swollen part 1.8-3.1 × minimum diameter of basal part. R IV+V 1.05-1.4 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 7.8-13.5 …..Hyperomyzus nabali

3 SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles well developed. ANT III with rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..4

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles weakly developed. ANT III without rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …..7

4 SIPH 2.0-2.5 × cauda and mainly pale, sometimes dark on distal reticulated part, which extends for less than 0.2 of total length …..Macrosiphum prenanthidis

- SIPH 1.1-1.5 × cauda and wholly dark, with distal reticulation extending more than 0.25 of length …..5

5 Crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present. SIPH short and thick, 0.14-0.15 × BL. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II …..Uroleucon longisetosum

- No antesiphuncular sclerites. SIPH more than 0.2 × BL. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II …..6

6 HT II rather long and thin, 6 or more × longer than its maximum thickness and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V …..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae

- HT II less than 5 × its maximum thickness and 0.70-0.85 × R IV+V

…..Uroleucon ambrosiae

7 ABD TERG 2-6 as well as 1 and 7 usually bearing prominent MTu. R IV+V 1.23-1.53 × HT II …..Aphis sp. near viburni (Holman 1987)

- ABD TERG 2-6 rarely with small MTu. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II ..…Aphis fabae group

Primula Primulaceae

Primula acaulis Acyrthosiphon primulae

P. allionii Thecabius (Parathecabius) auriculae

P. alpicola Myzus ornatus

P. ×auricula Acyrthosiphon auriculae, primulae; Aulacorthum solani;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Thecabius (Parathecabius) auriculae

P. denticulata Aulacorthum solani

P. elatior Acyrthosiphon primulae; Aulacorthum solani;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus

P. floribunda Myzus ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus

P. forbesii Myzus persicae

P. glaucescens [Acyrthosiphon auriculae (excised leaves)]

P. japonica Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus

P. juliae Aulacorthum solani

P. ×kewensis Acyrthosiphon primulae; Myzus persicae

P. macrophylla Cavariella aquatica

P. malacoides Myzus ornatus, persicae

P. marginata [Acyrthosiphon auriculae (excised leaves)]

P. obconica [Acyrthosiphon malvae]; Aulacorthum solani;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus

P. officinalis see P. veris

P. palinuri [Acyrthosiphon auriculae (excised leaves)]

P. parryi Amphorophora pawtincae; Aulacorthum solani;

Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

P. pedemontana Thecabius (Parathecabius) auriculae

P. polyantha Acyrthosiphon primulae; Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus ornatus

P. sieboldii Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;

Neomyzus circumflexus

P. sikkimensis Acyrthosiphon primulae; Aulacorthum solani

P. sinensis Acyrthosiphon primulae; Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus ornatus, persicae; [Nasonovia dasyphylli]

P. veris (incl. ssp. canescens) Acyrthosiphon primulae; Aulacorthum solani;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;

Neomyzus circumflexus

P. vialii Aulacorthum solani

P. vulgaris Acyrthosiphon primulae; Aulacorthum solani;

Myzus cymbalariae, persicae

Primula spp. [Eutrichosiphum pseudopasaniae]; Neomyzus primulus;

[Rhodobium porosum]; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon;

[Roepkea marchali]; Sitobion miscanthi;

[Wahlgreniella nervata]

Key to apterae on Primula:-

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH as inconspicuous pores. Cauda broadly rounded, not evident. Dorsal abdomen with wax glands (4 on each of ABD TERG 3-6, 2 on ABD TERG 7) …..Thecabius (Parathecabius) auriculae

- ANT PT/BASE more than 0.7. SIPH tubular. Cauda helmet-, tongue- or finger-shaped. No discrete wax glands …..2

2 ANT 0.3-0.4 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 0.75-1.25. SIPH flangeless and with reduced aperture. ABD TERG 8 with a triangular supracaudal process …..Cavariella aquatica

- ANT more than 0.4 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. SIPH with flange and normal aperture. ABD TERG 8 without a supracaudal process …..3

3 SIPH tapering or cylindrical with distal polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells) …..4

- SIPH without distal polygonal reticulation (except when black with balloon-like swelling of distal part) …..5

4 SIPH wholly dark, 1.4-1.9 × cauda. ANT tubercles rather weakly developed

…..Sitobion miscanthi

- SIPH mainly pale, 1.7-2.2 × cauda. ANT tubercles well developed

…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

5 Cuticle of head smooth with ANT tubercles well developed, their inner faces smooth and divergent. ANT 0.9-1.4 × BL …..6

- Cuticle of head densely spiculose, or if smooth then ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed and ANT less than 0.9 × BL …..8

6 SIPH clavate. ANT PT/BASE more than 6 (estimated from al.; apt. undescribed)

…..Amphorophora pawtincae

- SIPH tapering/cylindrical. ANT PT/BASE less than 6 …..7

7 R IV+V 1.25-1.35 × HT II and bearing 25-31 accessory hairs. Cauda with 10-13 hairs

…..Acyrthosiphon auriculae

- R IV+V 1.0-1.25 × HT II and bearing 8-12 accessory hairs. Cauda with 6-8 hairs

…..Acyrthosiphon primulae

8 Cuticle of head densely spiculose, abdomen with dark dorsal markings and SIPH tapering/cylindrical .....9

- Without that combination of characters ..... go to key to polyphagous aphids

9 SIPH 1.8-2.3 × cauda, 0.17-0.23 × BL. R IV+V 1.2-1.7 × HT II. ABD TERG 2-4 with a roughly horseshoe-shaped patch .....Neomyzus circumflexus

- SIPH c.3 × cauda, 0.23-0.25 × BL. R IV+V 1.1-1.2 × HT II. ABD TERG 2-4 with variably developed cross-bands or roughly quadrate patch .....Neomyzus primulus*

Pringlea Brassicaceae

Pringlea antiscorbutica Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Myzus ascalonicus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Prinsepia Rosaceae

Prinsepia sinensis Aphidura mordvilkoi, prinsepiae

P. utilis [Acyrthosiphon pisum]; Aphis gossypii;

Tricaudatus polygoni

Key to apterae on Prinsepia:-

- Dorsum membranous. SIPH markedly swollen over distal 0.75 of length. ABD TERG 7 and 8 each with an unpaired rounded medial process …..Tricaudatus polygoni

- Dorsum extensively sclerotised. SIPH tapering. ABD TERG 7 and 8 without processes

…..Aphidura mordvilkoi (or prinsepiae - see text)

(If neither combination of characters wholly applies then go to key to polyphagous aphids)

Pritchardia Arecaceae