Many
of the 38 species of spruce-feeding Cinara have only been found on one
or two hosts, but the more widely-distributed and/or commoner species show
little evidence of specificity to particular species of Picea, so a
single, rather long, key is required, of which couplets 36 onwards deal with
this genus; only the apterous viviparae are keyed. Many of the North American
Cinara species are inadequately known, and their separation often
relies heavily on the original descriptions. C. nepticula Hottes and C.
yukona Hottes are only known from the alate morph so cannot be included
in the key. Several other separations, especially those involving species not
seen by the authors (marked *), are probably unreliable because they are based
on too few specimens.
Picea is the primary host for Adelgidae. The taxonomy of
adelgids is difficult because of their complex polymorphism (see p.).
Identification of adelgids on spruce requires examination of immatures of the
fundatrix generation (usually found overwintering in or near the buds) and/or
the alate migrant (gallicola) that emerges from the gall the following
summer. Even then, species limits are often uncertain (most notably in the laricis
group). However, there is some degree of host specificity in Adelgidae, so it
should be possible to narrow down the possibilities considerably by using the
key in conjunction with the host plant list below and the descriptions of
galls, etc., in the text.
The parthenogenetic generations of
species in a number of genera of Pemphiginae in the tribe Prociphilini, Pachypappa,
Pachypappella, Prociphilus, live in white wax on the roots of Picea
spp. as their secondary hosts. The couplets (29-35) separating apterae of Pachypappa
and Pachypappella on spruce roots are based on the work of Danielsson
(1990). The root-feeding morphs of Prociphilus (subgenus Stagona)
cannot at present be satisfactorily keyed to species.
[Adelges
kitamiensis, A. glandulae and A. tsugae could not be included
because the appropriate morphs for use in this key (immature and adult
fundatrices, and immature gallicolae) have not yet been described.]
1
Abdomen of adults with a chitinous ovipositor
(parthenogenetic females oviparous). Apterae very small (less than 1.2 mm)
with greatly reduced antennae of at most 3 segments. Alatae with short
5-segmented antennae without secondary rhinaria but with a single large
rhinarium on each of ANT III, IV and V (Adelgidae)
……2
–
No chitinous ovipositor (parthenogenetic females
viviparous). Antennae of apterae with at least 4 segments. Alatae (where
known) with 5- or 6-segmented antennae with secondary rhinaria at least on
ANT III
…..19
2
Abdomen (all morphs)
with only 4 evident pairs of spiracles, on ABD TERG 2-5 (Pineus)
…..3
–
Abdomen (all morphs) with 5 evident pairs of
spiracles, on ABD TERG 2-6 (Adelges)
…..9
3
Adult aptera very small (BL about 0.8 mm or less),
dorsoventrally flattened, free-living all year around on lignified tissue (in
cracks of bark, under scales, etc.). Head and prothorax fused into a
well-sclerotised shield, with conspicuous wax gland facets (fig. 64A). (Alate morphs unknown)
…..Pineus
pineoides (or konowashiyai)
–
Adult
aptera with BL usually over 1 mm, found in or near galls on shoots (usually
fundatrices). Head and prothorax only lightly sclerotised, fused or separate
…..4
4
Head of alata emerging from gall (gallicola) without
wax pore plates
…..Pineus
pinifoliae
–
Head of alate gallicola with wax pore plates
…..5
5
(Alate gallicola) dorsal abdominal wax glands
comprising separate small groups, each with a few facets, distributed in irregular
tranverse rows between narrow crescent-shaped marginal wax pore plates (fig. 64B)
…..Pineus
boycei*
–
(Alate gallicola) dorsal abdominal wax glands where
present grouped in spinal, or spinal and pleural, plates forming longitudinal
(but often incomplete) rows between the marginal plates, which are oval or
broadly crescent-shaped (e.g., fig. 64C)
…..6
6
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V clearly
extending more than half-way around segment
…..7
–
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V not
extending more than half way around segment
…..8
7
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V very
large and elongate, occupying more than 0.6 of total length of ANT V (fig.64D)
…..Pineus
floccus*
–
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V not
elongate, not usually occupying more than 0.5 of total length of ANT V (fig. 64E)
…..Pineus
orientalis
8
Abdomen of overwintering immature
“fundatrix” (pseudofundatrix), and of adult aptera from gall
(pseudofundatrix or apterous gallicola) almost devoid of spinopleural wax
glands posterior to ABD TERG 1, and with only small marginal glands
…..Pineus similis
–
Abdomen of overwintering immature fundatrix with
spinal and pleural wax glands on all tergites, and adult fundatrix with
spinopleural glands on ABD TERG 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5, and well-developed marginal
glands on ABD TERG 1-7
…..Pineus
cembrae (or sichuanus)
9
Wax
glands of overwintering immature fundatrix with simple, thin-walled facets
secreting solid wax filaments. (Galls like miniature pineapples without
needles, hair or waxy bloom)
…..10
–
Wax glands of overwintering immature fundatrix (or
pseudofundatrix) with double-walled ring-like facets secreting hollow tubes
of wax (e.g., figs 64L-N). (Galls usually with groups of
needles arising from them, and/or with hairs and/or a waxy bloom)
…..14
10
Immature
fundatrix with pleural as well as spinal and marginal sclerites of thorax and
abdomen bearing wax glands (i.e. 6 longitudinal rows of wax pore plates).
Alate gallicola with wax glands on head and prothorax having many distinct
facets with clear lumina
…..11
–
Immature fundatrix
without wax glands on pleural sclerites of thorax and abdomen; i.e. only
spinal and marginal wax pore plates on each segment (the spinal wax pore
plates being on the inner margins of the sclerites). Alate gallicola with wax
glands on head and prothorax of granular appearance, without facets or with a
few indistinct facets
…..12
11
Immature
fundatrix with apical hair on antenna much less than half length of ANT III;
wax gland facets situated around margins of spinal and pleural sclerites of
meso- and metathorax and ABD TERG 1-5 leaving reticulate central areas. Alate
gallicola with rhinaria on ANT III, IV and V occupying more than half the
length of their respective segments
…..Adelges pectinatae
–
Immature fundatrix with apical hair on antenna about
half of length of ANT III; wax gland facets situated centrally in groups on
spinal and pleural sclerites of meso- and metathorax and ABD TERG 1-5. Alate
gallicola with rhinaria on ANT III, IV and V occupying less than half the
length of their respective segments
…..Adelges
knucheli
12
Immature fundatrix with wax pore plates on inner
margins of meso- and metathoracic spinal sclerites containing numerous small,
mostly rounded, pits, arranged in 2-4 areas of rather rounded shape (fig. 64I). Total number of pits in the most
central areas only (fig. 64H , labelled) of the spinal wax pore plates
of the meso- and metathorax plus ABD TERG 1-3 (i.e. a total of 10 central
areas) is 64-94
…..Adelges
nordmannianae
–
Immature
fundatrix with wax pore plates on inner margins of meso- and metathoracic
spinal sclerites divided into 3-4 often rather angular areas, containing
relatively large pits of irregular shape (figs 64J, K) Total number of pits in
the most central areas only of the spinal wax pore plates of meso- and
metathorax plus ABD TERG 1-3 (10 central areas) is 15-56
…..13
13
Immature fundatrix with total number of pits in 10
central areas (as defined in couplet 12) usually more than 40 (range 34-56,
mean about 45) (fig. 64J)
…..Adelges
merkeri
–
Immature fundatrix
with total number of pits in 10 central areas usually less than 40 (range
15-47, mean about 26) (fig. 64K)
…..Adelges
prelli
14
Overwintering immature fundatrix
or pseudofundatrix (where known) with dorsal sclerites bearing single rather
large ring-like wax pores, ringed by several small less distinct glands of
irregular shape (fig. 64L). Alate gallicola often but not
always having ANT IV and V with broad, indistinct basal articulation, 2
or more times wider than basal articular diameter of ANT III (e.g., fig. 64F)
Overwintering immature fundatrix (or
pseudofundatrix) with dorsal sclerites bearing groups of similar-sized
ring-like wax pores. Alate gallicola with basal articulation of ANT IV and V
distinct and not much broader than that of ANT III (fig. 64G)
…..15
15
Immature fundatrix (or pseudofundatrix) with dorsal
sclerites bearing groups of 8-30 ring-like wax pores. Wax glands on head and
prothorax of alate gallicola with large distinct facets
…..
Adelges cooleyi
–
Immature fundatrix with dorsal sclerites bearing
groups of 2-7 double-walled wax pores (e.g., fig. 64M). Wax glands on head and prothorax of
alate gallicola absent or indistinct, without any clear facets
…..16
16
Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing very
short, almost straight, at right angles to longitudinal vein, and weakly
pigmented; rhinarium on ANT V occupying less than 0.5 of total length of
segment
…..17
–
Alate gallicola with
oblique vein of hind wing either curved or bent distally, with or without
pigment; rhinarium on ANT V occupying about 0.5 of total length of segment
…..18
17
Overwintering 1st instar fundatrix
(“pseudo-fundatrix”) elongate, BL about 2.5 × greatest body width,
with pleurospinal sclerites of prothorax clearly longer than broad (fig. 64M). Nymph of alate gallicola (in gall)
with 0-10 wax pores on each marginal sclerite of mesothorax
…..Adelges
abietis
–
Overwintering
first instar fundatrix with BL about 1.7 × greatest body width, and with
pleurospinal sclerites of prothorax almost square (fig. 64N). Nymph of alate
gallicola with 15-30 wax pores on each mesothoracic marginal sclerite
…..Adelges viridis group (including A. roseigallis? – see text)
18
Alate
gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing arising at right angles from longitudinal
vein and curved outward distally (not heavily pigmented?). BL about 1.5 mm
…..Adelges karafutonis*
–
Alate
gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing heavily pigmented, arising at an
obtuse angle from longitudinal vein and mainly straight, with an angular bend
outward distally. BL
1.8-2.4 mm
…..Adelges
torii
19
ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular, cauda tongue
or finger-like
…..20
–
ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH on broad pigmented cones,
or pore-like, or absent. Cauda short; rounded, triangular or knobbed
…..23
20
SIPH and cauda black. Hairs on legs long and fine,
and those on antennae more than 0.5× basal diameter of ANT III
…..Aphis
fabae
–
SIPH and cauda pale or dusky. Hairs on legs and
antennae short; those on antennae much less than 0.5× basal diameter of ANT
III
…..21
21
Aptera with a dark horseshoe-shaped dorsal abdominal
patch, and alata with a solid dark dorsal abdominal patch
…..Neomyzus
circumflexus
–
Aptera and alata both without dark dorsal abdominal
markings
…..22
22
ANT PT/BASE no more than 1.6. Hairs on front of head
shorter than basal diameter of ANT III
…..Elatobium
abietinum
–
ANT
PT/BASE 1.7-2.5. Hairs on front of head longer than basal diameter of
ANT III
…..Elatobium
piceanum
23
SIPH either absent or present as pores, sometimes
elevated, but never with broad pigmented conical bases. R V not clearly
distinct from R IV, or not elongate
…..24
–
SIPH as large pores, usually placed on broad
pigmented hairy cones (Cinara spp.). R V distinct from R IV and
elongate, 2 or more times its basal width
…..37
24
Dorsum entirely sclerotised, with head and prothorax
fused. Antenna 4- or 5-segmented. Cauda knobbed
…..25
–
Dorsum mainly membranous, head and prothorax separate or, if fused, then antennae are 6-segmented. Cauda rounded, triangular or not evident
…..26
25
Body
of aptera broadly elliptical, greatly flattened and expanded laterally, divided
dorsally into cephalothorax and abdomen of approximately equal size, no other
segmentation being visible (fig. 65B).Short legs and 4-segmented antennae
hidden under body
…..Tsugaphis sorini ssp. piceicola
–
Body
of aptera of more normal aphid form (fig. 65A). Antennae 5-segmented
…..Protohormaphis
piceae
26
Aptera with compound eyes and elongate,
spindle-shaped body, BL more than 2× maximum body width. Wax glands absent
…..Essigella
alyeska
–
Aptera with reduced eyes (3-7 facets), BL usually
less than 2× maximum body width. Wax glands well-developed, at least on
abdomen of aptera
…..27
27
Aptera (on needles) with R IV+V about 0.5× ANT BASE
VI or less, and with marginal wax pore plates usually present on ABD TERG 1-7
or 2-7; spinal and pleural wax pore plates reduced or absent except on most
posterior tergites. Alata with media of forewing usually once-branched
…..28
–
Aptera (on roots)
with R IV+V about 1.0× ANT BASE VI or longer, and with marginal wax pore
plates reduced or absent, at least on ABD TERG 3-7; large spinal and pleural
wax pore plates on ABD TERG 4-7. Alata (sexupara) with media of forewing
usually unbranched
…..29
28
Alata with 14-22 secondary
rhinaria on ANT III. Primary rhinarium on ANT V with a ciliate margin. Aptera
with marginal wax pore plates mostly small, only ever well-developed on ABD
TERG 6 and 7
…..Mindarus
keteleerifoliae*
–
Alata with 7-13 (exceptionally up to 15) secondary
rhinaria on ANT III, and primary rhinarium on ANT V without a ciliate margin.
Apterae with well-developed marginal wax glands on ABD TERG 1-7
…..Mindarus obliquus
29
Posterior part of abdomen (with cauda and anal
plate) dark and projecting cauda-like, the projection about as long as wide.
Hairs on antennae and legs numerous, long and fine
…..Prociphilus fraxini (or bumeliae? – see text)
–
No cauda-like posterior
projection of the abdomen. Hairs on antennae and legs sparse and short
…..30
30
R
IV+V without a pale subapical zone. Aptera with thick, spine-like hairs on HT
I, similar in size to those at apex of tibia. Alate sexupara with secondary
rhinaria on ANT V
…..Prociphilus
(Stagona) spp.
–
R IV+V with a distinct pale subapical zone. Aptera
with hairs on HT I fine or spine-like, if spine-like then often smaller than
those at apex of tibia. Alate sexupara without secondary rhinaria on ANT V
…..31
31
(Remaining couplets in this part of key refer only
to aptera.) Hairs on HT I very small and thin, or if thick basally then with
finely-pointed apices
…..32
–
Hairs on HT I thick and sometimes spine-like, with
short or blunt apices
…..34
32
Segments
I and II of all tarsi distinctly separated from each other. Segment I of fore
tarsus with 2-3
hairs
…..33
–
Segments
I and II of tarsi not distinctly separated. Segment I of fore tarsus with 2
hairs
…..34
33
Hairs on HT I and apical dorsal hairs on HT II very
small, 4-8 µm long, with abrupt apices. Segment I of fore tarsus usually with
2 hairs; if a third middle hair is present it is longer than the lateral
hairs
…..Pachypappa
rosettei*
–
Hairs on HT I and apical dorsal hairs on HT II
longer, 10-15 µm, with finely-pointed apices. Segment I of fore tarsus almost
always with 3 hairs, the middle hair shorter and blunter than the lateral
hairs (fig. 66A)
…..Pachypappa
tremulae
34
ANT PT only 0.015-0.02 mm long. Legs short, with
length of hind femur less than 4× its maximum width. All tarsi reduced, with
segments I and II not distinctly separated (HT II less than 0.1 mm long).
Second tarsal segments with dorsal apical hairs short and spine-like (fig. 66B)
…..Pachypappella
lactea
–
ANT PT more than 0.02 mm long. Legs longer, with
hind femur more than 4× its maximum width
…..35
35
Antenna usually 6-segmented, with PT finger-like,
0.034-0.05 mm long. Hairs on first tarsal segments spine-like and similar in
size to those at apices of tibiae. Hind tibia on dorsal side bearing 2-5
spine-like hairs with short, blunt apices
…..Pachypappa
populi*
–
Antenna usually 5-segmented, with PT less than 0.035
mm long. Hairs on first tarsal segments distinctly shorter than those at
apices of tibiae (e.g., fig. 66C). Hind tibia with some hairs on dorsal
side with long, pointed apices
…..36
36
Hairs arising from dorsal abdominal wax pore plates
are more than 25 µm long. Each wax gland facet with a dark circle inside a
pale outer ring
……Pachypappa
vesicalis
–
Hairs arising from abdominal wax pore plates are
less than 25 µm long. Wax gland facets without dark centres
…..?Pachypappa
sacculi*
37
(Unless
stated otherwise, the remaining couplets all refer only to apterous
viviparae) Hairs on outer side of hind tibia short and rather
thick (e.g. fig. 67A), only more than 60μm long in
very large aphids
…..38
–
Hairs on outer side of hind tibia more than
60μm long, and and mostly with finely pointed apices
…..42
38
Large rotund aphid, BL 3.2-6.7 mm long, but usually
more than 4.5 mm. Coxae black. R IV more than 0.30 mm
…..Cinara
piceae
–
BL 2.4-4.2 mm. Coxae (where colour known) light
brown. R IV less than 0.25 mm
…..39
39
PT less than 0.03 mm
…..Cinara
jucunda*
–
PT more than 0.04 mm
…..40
40
R IV only about 0.17 mm (in specimen of BL about 2.5
mm)
…..Cinara
caudelli*
–
R IV more than 0.2 mm
…..41
41
HT II about 0.29 mm (in specimen of BL 3.1 mm).
Hairs on SIPH cones rather evenly distributed over entire pigmented area
…..Cinara
soplada*
–
HT II 0.33 mm or more. Hairs on SIPH cones
concentrated on apical half around pore, with
basal part of pigmented area having only sparse hairs
…..Cinara coloradensis
42
Hairs on outer side of middle section of hind tibia all less than 0.12 mm long (e.g., fig. 67B)
….43
–
All or many of hairs on outer side of middle section
of hind tibia of length exceeding 0.12 mm
(e.g., fig. 67C)
…..55
43
Hind tibiae uniformly dark brown to black
…..Cinara atripes*
–
Hind tibiae with at least the basal or middle
section paler
…..44
44
SIPH cones pale, almost concolorous with dorsal cuticle
…..Cinara fornacula
–
SIPH cones pigmented, much darker than rest of
dorsal cuticle
…..45
45
ABD TERG 7 and 8 both with
dark sclerotic cross-bands (sometimes divided in midline or partially
fragmented)
…..46
–
Darkcross-bands absent from ABD TERG 7 and 8 or only present on ABD TERG 8
…..47
46
R IV+V shorter than HT II,
with R IV bearing 5-9 accessory hairs
…..Cinara piceicola
–
R IV+V longer than HT II, with R IV bearing 9-13 accessory hairs
…..Cinara pruinosa (part)
47
HT II usually more than 0.32 mm long (if necessary measure several specimens)
…..48
–
HT II less than 0.32 mm long
…..51
48
R IV 0.21-0.27 mm
…..49
–
R IV 0.27-0.44 mm
…..50
49
Hind tibia less than 0.4 × BL. R IV about 0.22 mm
…..Cinara
bonita*
–
Hind tibia more than 0.7 × BL. R IV 0.21-0.27 mm
…..
Cinara curvipes
50
R IV 0.27-0.32 mm
…..Cinata
obovatae*
–
R IV 0.40-0.44 mm
…..Cinara
saskensis*
51
Hind tibia more than 1.65 mm long
…..52
–
Hind tibia less than 1.65 mm long
…..54
52
R IV+V about 0.42 mm
…..Cinara
acadiana*
–
R IV+V 0.36 mm or less
…..53
53
R IV+V 0.24 mm or less. ANT III with 1-2 secondary rhinaria distally
…..Cinara vandykei
–
R IV+V 0.24-0.36 mm. ANT III without secondary
rhinaria
…..Cinara
hottesi
54
ANT VI (including PT) 0.15-0.18 mm, as long as or a
little longer than ANT V
…..Cinara
sitchensis
–
ANT
VI (including PT) 0.12-0.14 mm, a little shorter than ANT V
…..Cinara obscura/pallidipes
55
ABD TERG II-VI each with a pair of large dark
patches, forming two longitudinal rows on dorsum
…..Cinara
engelmanniensis
–
ABD TERG II-VI without paired dark patches (except
around siphunculi)
…..56
56
Hind tibiae uniformly dark brown or black
…..57
–
Hind tibiae pale, or at least paler basally or
medially than at apex
…..58
57
SIPH cones large and dark
…..Cinara
nigripes
–
SIPH cones very small and pale
…..Cinara
horii
58
ANT IV without any rhinaria
…..59
–
ANT IV with at least one rhinarium
…..60
59
Fore tibiae black, contrasting with pale mid and
hind tibiae. SIPH cones pale. Hairs on antennae long (up to 160 µm), and
sparse
…..Cinara
atroalbipes
–
Fore tibiae similarly pigmented to mid and hind
tibiae. SIPH cones dark. Hairs on antennae about 120 µm long, numerous
…..Cinara
bonica*
60
HT
II longer than maximum diameter of SIPH cones, which are small and often
rather pale
…..Cinara pilicornis
–
HT II shorter than maximum diameter of SIPH cones
…..61
61
Hind femora either wholly pale or with patchy or
banded pigmentation. Tibial hairs dark, often with pigmented bases. Dorsal
abdominal hairs often arising from small scleroites. (Alata with media of
forewing once-branched)
…..62
–
Hind femora sometimes wholly pale but usually pale
basally becoming dark distally. Tibial hairs pale or dusky, usually with
unpigmented bases, and dorsal abdominal hairs rarely arising from small
scleroites. (Alata with media of forewing twice-branched)
…..64
62
R
IV+V as long as or longer than HT II. (Alata with forewings marked with
fuscous)
…..Cinara costata
–
R IV+V shorter than HT II. (Forewings of alata with
or without fuscous)
…..63
63
Longest hairs on ANT III about one quarter of length
of ANT III. (Alata with forewings marked with fuscous)
…..Cinara
nimbata
–
Longest hairs on ANT
III about one half of length of ANT III. (Alata with hyaline forewings)
…..Cinara
comata
64
R IV+V 1.1-1.5× longer than HT II
…..Cinara
pruinosa (part)
–
R IV+V less than 1.1 times × HT II
…..65
65
ANT III 3.4-4.1× longer than the longest hair borne upon it. HT II 0.30-0.48 mm long, 1.1-1.4× R IV+V. Coxae, femora and tibiae all rather pale; tibiae only dark at apices
…..Cinara braggii
–
ANT
III 2.4-3.1× the longest hair borne upon it. HT II 0.28-0.32 mm long, 1.0-1.2
× R IV+V. Legs
darker, with tibiae dark on about distal third
…..66
66
ANT III more than 0.15× BL, bearing hairs up to 160
µm long
…..Cinara
glacialis*
–
ANT III 0.08-0.13× BL, with longest hairs 90-130 µm
long
Dorsal abdominal hairs borne on rounded tubercles. SIPH with polygonal
reticulation on distal 0.30-0.43 of length. Cauda very long with a narrow,
pointed apex
…..Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
–
Dorsal
abdominal hairs not arising from rounded tubercles, and other characters not
in that combination
ANT PT/BASE less than
0.5. SIPH absent or small and conical
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than
0.7. SIPH tubular
…..5
2
Body and appendages sparsely
hairy. Wax glands evident on ABD TERG 3-7. Hind tarsi of normal length, not
much longer than for- or mid-tarsi
…..Pemphigus bursarius
–
Body and appendages
densely clothed in fine hairs. Wax glands not evident. HT II greatly
elongated, more than 0.65 of length of hind tibia
…..3
3
SIPH completely absent. Eyes of 3 facets
…..Trama troglodytes
–
SIPH
present as slightly raised small pores. Eyes usually with more than 12 facets
…..4
4
ANT III 1.80-2.35 ×
(usually 2.0-2.2 ×) ANT IV, and 0.90-1.35 × (usually 1.0-1.25 ×) ANT V
…..Trama caudata
–
ANT III 2.1-2.8 ×
(usually 2.4-2.7 ×) ANT IV, and 1.35-1.80 × (usually 1.5-1.7 ×) ANT V
…..Trama maritima
5
ANT tubercles weakly
developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). ANT PT/BASE 0.8-4.1
…..6
–
ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. ANT
PT/BASE 2.8-11.4
…..10
6
Cauda bluntly triangular,
about as long as its basal width. Distal part of ANT III usually, and ANT IV
often, with sec. rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-2.1
…..7
–
Cauda tongue-shaped,
clearly longer than its basal width. ANT III and IV without rhinaria (except
in alatiform specimens). ANT PT/BASE usually more than 2.1 (1.7-4.1)
…..8
7
ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.3. SIPH 0.7-0.9 × cauda. Dorsum with scattered dark
sclerites
…..Protaphis terricola
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.1. SIPH
0.9-1.3 × cauda. Dorsum with more extensive dark sclerotisation, especially
on ABD TERG 4-6
…..Aphis picridicola
8
Rostrum
not reaching back beyond hind coxae, its length 0.2-0.33 × BL
Rostrum reaching back beyond hind coxae; length (from base of
protractor apodeme) 0.34-0.57 × BL
…..9
9
ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.8. SIPH 1.3-1.9 × cauda. R IV+V 1.1-1.5 × HT
II. MTu rarely present on ABD TERG 2-6
…..Aphis picridis
–
ANT PT/BASE 3.1-4.1. SIPH 1.9-2.8 × cauda. R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT
II. MTu irregularly present on ABD TERG 2-5 and often on ABD TERG 6
…..Aphis cornuta
10
SIPH smooth and swollen markedly over
distal 0.7 of length to a maximum of 1.3-2.0 × their minimum width basad.
Head smooth. ANT III with 5-30 rhinaria
…..11
–
SIPH imbricated,
tapering/cylindrical, or if
somewhat clavate then head spiculose
and ANT III without rhinaria
…..12
11
R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II, with 8-12 accessory
hairs
…..Hyperomyzus picridis
–
R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II,
with 6-9 accessory hairs
…..Hyperomyzus lactucae
12
SIPH wholly or mainly dark, with polygonal reticulation
comprising numerous small cells on distal 0.16-0.43 of length. ANT mainly
dark
…..13
–
SIPH pale or dusky,
without polygonal reticulation, or with only a few rows of large polygonal
cells on less than 0.2 of length. ANT mainly pale
…..20
13
ANT III 1.5-2.0 × longer than ANT IV+V
together, and with 96-135 strongly protruberant rhinaria
…..Uroleucon formosanum
–
ANT III less than 1.2 ×
ANT IV+V together, with 9-97 rhinaria
…..14
14
Dorsal
hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 not placed on dark scleroites. R IV+V 0.8-0.95 × HT II
…..15
–
Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 all or mostly placed on dusky/dark scleroites. R IV+V 1.0-1.84 × HT II
…..16
15
Cauda with 14-17 hairs. R IV+V c.0.18 mm
long
…..Uroleucon picridiphagum
–
Cauda with 20-30 hairs. R
IV+V 0.143-0.175 mm long
…..Uroleucon sonchi
16
Ante-siphuncular sclerites absent or
indistinct
…..17
–
Crescent-shaped
antesiphuncular sclerites present
…..19
17
Cauda
dark. R IV+V 1.3-1.6 × HT II. SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.33-0.40
…..Uroleucon amanianum
–
Cauda pale. R IV+V
1.0-1.25 × HT II. SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.20-0.30
…..18
18
SIPH
1.4-1.7 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.26-0.30
…..Uroleucon kamtshaticum*
–
SIPH less than 1.3 ×
cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.20-0.24. (Ventral side of hind tibia
with a row of short, peg-like hairs)
…..Uroleucon fuchuense
19
R
IV+V 1.45-1.84 × HT II. ANT PT 2.9-3.9 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.3 (-5.8)
…..Uroleucon picridis
–
R IV+V 1.17-1.33 × HT II. ANT PT 4.1-5.4 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE (5.1-)
5.6-7.2
…..Uroleucon cichorii
20
Dorsal abdomen
with paired dark intersegmental markings, closer together on ABD TERG 4 and 5
than on more anterior segments. Spiracular apertures on pro-and metathorax
much larger than those on abdomen. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4. ANT III with 9-42
rhinaria
…..Nasonovia ribisnigri
–
Dorsal
abdomen without dark markings. Spiracular apertures on thorax of similar size
to those on abdomen. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-6.3. ANT III with 0-3 (-10) rhinaria
…..21
21
Head spiculose or
nodulose both dorsally and ventrally (or
SIPH with at least 4-5 rows of large polygonal cells on distal 0.13-0.20 of
length)
ANT 4- or 5-segmented, with
ANT PT/BASE c.0.9. SIPH strongly scabrous, and tapering to a narrow apex.
Fundatrices and immatures in spring colonies with strongly spinulose hind
tibiae
…..Akkaia polygoni
–
ANT usually 6-segmented,
ANT PT/BASE more than 2. SIPH smooth or normally imbricated
…..2
2
SIPH with subapical
reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells)
…..3
–
SIPH without subapical
polygonal reticulation
…..7
3
Head with minute spicules on ventral side.Abdomen with black marginal sclerites, fused between segments to
form broad black marginal stripes
…..Aulacorthum pterinigrum
–
Head without spicules.Abdomen without broad black marginal
stripes
…..4
4
R IV+V 1.1-1.9 × HT II.
First tarsal segments with (4-) 5 hairs
…..5
–
R IV+V0.73-1.0 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs
…..6
5
R IV+V less than 0.14 mm
long, 1.1-1.45 × HT II, and bearing 8-12 accessory hairs.. Second tarsal
segments without spinules on the imbrications. HT II more than 1.5 × longer
than max. diam. of swollen part of SIPH
…..Illinoia azaleae
–
R IV+V more than 0.14 mm
long, 1.4-1.9 × HT II, and bearing 15-23 accessory hairs. Second tarsal
segments with spinules on the imbrications. HT II less than 1.5 × longer than
max.diam.of swollen part of SIPH
…..Illinoia lambersi
6
Longest
hairs onANT III 10-24 μm,
0.3-0.5(-0.7) × BD III. SIPH often slightly swollen proximal to reticulated
part. Cauda with rounded apex, and bearing 6-9 hairs. (Al. with paired
pleural dark patches and large marginal and post-siphuncular sclerites)
…..Macrosiphum opportunisticum
–
Longest hairs on ANT III
25-40 μm, 0.6-1.0 × BD III. SIPH not swollen. Cauda with a rather
pointed apex, and bearing 8-13 hairs. (Al. without dark dorsal abdominal
sclerites)
…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
7
SIPH swollen on distal
part. Head smooth with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces
divergent
…..Wahlgreniella nervata
–
Without
that combination of characters; if
SIPH are swollen then head is spiculose
and ANT tubercles have inner faces parallel or convergent
SIPH as very small,
rimless cones, shorter than their basal widths. ABD TERG 1-7 all with
well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu), longer than SIPH. ANT hairs long and
fine, 2-3 × BD III
…..Pseudasiphonaphis corni
–
SIPH tubular,
cylindrical/tapering, much longer than their basal widths. Only ABD TERG 1
and 7 regularly with MTu. ANT hairs 0.4-0.8 × BD III
…..Aphis gossypii
4
Dorsal hairs long and thick.
R IV+V 1.46-1.54 (-1.7) × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with a large dark sclerotic
patch
…..Micromyzodium kuwakusae
–
Dorsal hairs very short.
R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerotisation
…..5
5
Dorsal cuticle not
sclerotic. ABD TERG 7 not extended posteriorly. SIPH normally imbricated,
slightly clavate (with narrow section on basal half), 1.9-2.5 × cauda, which
is not constricted basally. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5
…..Myzus persicae
–
Dorsal cuticle sclerotic,
with wrinkles or corrugations. ABD TERG 7 extended posteriorly, its posterior
margin bluntly conical or rounded. SIPH stout, with coarse denticulate
imbrication, 2.2-5 × cauda, which has a basal constriction. ANT PT/BASE
1.6-2.5
…..6
6
ANT 5-segmented. SIPH 3.3-4.5 × cauda, which is only a little longer
than its basal width
…..Myzus fataunae
–
ANT 6-segmented. SIPH 2.2-2.8 × cauda which is about 2 × longer than
its basal width
ANT tubercles well developed, with smooth divergent inner faces. ANT 0.9-1.4
× BL. SIPH long, unswollen, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation
…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–
ANT tubercles absent or
weakly developed. ANT less than 0.9 × BL. SIPH without subapical polygonal
reticulation
…..2
2
ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly-projecting
process above cauda
…..3
–
No supracaudal process
…..7
3
SIPH tapering/cylindrical
…..Cavariella theobaldi
–
SIPH clavate
…..4
4
ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.3. R IV
usually without accessory hairs
…..Cavariella aegopodii
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.4-4.0. R IV
usually with 2 accessory hairs
…..5
5
ANT PT/BASE 2.6-4.0
…..Cavariella pastinacae
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0
…..6
6
SIPH longer than head width across (and
including) eyes. Length of supracaudal process at least 1.6 × maximum width
of swollen part of SIPH. (Alata with a complete black band on ABD TERG 6)
…..Cavariella
archangelicae
–
SIPH equal to or shorter than head width across
eyes. Length of supracaudal process less than 1.5 × maximum width of swollen
part of SIPH. (Alata with a pair of roundish dark marks on ABD TERG 6)
…..Cavariella
konoi
7
SIPH very short and flangeless, curved
towards midline, 0.3-0.5 × cauda
…..Semiaphis spp. (pimpinellae, anthrisci, dauci, heraclei; see text)
–
SIPH more than 0.6 × cauda, and with a flange
…..8
8
Cauda helmet-shaped/pentagonal or bluntly conical/triangular, not longer
than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and ABD TERG
7-8, or on ABD TERG 8 only
…..9
–
Cauda tongue-shaped or elongate triangular,
longer than its basal width. STu absent
…..14
9
SIPH with close-set rows of separate blunt
spinules/denticles. Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width, with
11-13 hairs
…..Anuraphis
catonii
–
SIPH with normal imbrication. Cauda
helmet-shaped, triangular or tongue-shaped; if shorter than its basal width
then with 4-6 hairs
…..10
10
Cauda helmet-shaped/pentagonal. Arms of
mesothoracic furca separated
…..11
–
Cauda conical/triangular. Arms of mesothoracic
furca connected
…..13
11
ABD TERG 1-7 with large dark sclerites, forming
broad cross-bands on most segments. R IV+V 1.0-1.1 × HT II
…..Dysaphis
pimpinellae
–
Dark cross-bands only present on ABD TERG 5-8. R
IV+V 1.1-1.5 × HT II
…..12
12
Longest hairs on ANT III 8-15 μm long,
0.3-0.7 × BD III. Marginal tubercles (MTu) often present on ABD TERG 7. SIPH
0.20-0.28 mm
…..Dysaphis
apiifolia
–
Longest hairs on ANT III 18-25 μm long,
0.8-1.2 × BD III. MTu rarely present on ABD TERG 7. SIPH 0.10-0.15 mm
…..Dysaphis
foeniculus
13
Longest hair on ANT III 8-15 μm long,
0.35-0.7 × BD III. R IV+V 0.09-0.11 mm long
…..Dysaphis
anisoidis s. str.
–
Longest hair on ANT III 16-35 μm long,
1-2 × BD III. R IV+V 0.11-0.13 mm long
…..Dysaphis
anisoidis ssp. nairi
14
SIPH swollen, 0.6-1.4 × cauda; if more than 0.9 ×
cauda then clavate. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..15
–
SIPH cylindrical/ tapering, 0.9-2.5 × cauda. ABD
TERG 1 and 7 with MTu
…..16
15
SIPH 0.88-1.4 × cauda, 1.7-3.1 × R IV+V and 3.1-5.1 × longer than their
minimum diameter on basal half
…..Hyadaphis
foeniculi
–
SIPH 0.6-0.82 × cauda, 0.9-1.6 × R IV+V and 1.6-2.7 × their minimum
diameter on basal half
…..Hyadaphis coriandri
16
Secondary rhinaria present on ANT III-V
(sometimes absent on III). Well-developed MTu frequently present on ABD TERG
2-6, totalling 2-10, in addition to those on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..Aphis subnitida
–
Secondary rhinaria absent
(except in alatiform specimens). MTu absent or scarce and small on ABD TERG
2-4, and rarely on ABD TERG 5 or 6
…..17
17
Dorsal abdomen with black bars on ABD TERG
7 and 8 and scattered dark markings anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 11-24 hairs.
Femoral hairs long and fine
…..Aphis fabae
–
Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings. Cauda with 4-8 hairs.
Femoral hairs short
…..18
18
ABD TERG 2-4 almost always without MTu.
SIPH distinctly darker than cauda
…..Aphis
gossypii
–
ABD
TERG 2-4 with MTu usually present (totalling 3-6). SIPH and cauda with
similar pigmentation (or cauda darkest)
There are about 170 pine-feeding aphids, including
more than 100 species of Cinara. A single key including all the Cinara
species would be unwieldy and difficult to use. Fortunately there is a fairly
well-established subgeneric classification of Pinus to which many (but
by no means all) pine-feeding Cinara species conform. We have used this
subgeneric structure wherever possible to key together Cinara species
that feed on related pines. We have also made use of it for separation of
some closely related and morphologically similar species of Essigella,
a wholly North American genus of Lachninae revised using multivariate
techniques by Sorenson (1994).
The main key that follows goes as far as possible
with the identification of pine-feeding aphids to species level, except the
genera Cinara and Essigella. In the case of the adelgid genus Pineus,
the secondary host morphs (sistens, progrediens) on Pinus are very
difficult to identify because of their lack of species-constant characters,
and even the partial key provided should be treated very warily. This also
applies to the part of the key separating species of Eulachnus, where the characters used for species discrimination
may be unreliable, and some species have not been included.
The separate species of Pinus are then listed
with the aphids recorded from them, each followed where necessary by keys to Cinara
and/or Essigella. These keys can only be applied to apterous
viviparae.
Key to pine-feeding aphids (apterous viviparae only, except where otherwise stated):-
1
Adults without chitinous ovipositor. BL usually more
than 1.3 mm. Head and prothorax separate, and antenna of at least 4 segments.
(Parthenogenetic adults viviparous)
…..2
–
Adults with chitinous ovipositor. BL less than 1.2
mm. Head and prothorax fused as a cephalo-prothoracic shield. Antennae
greatly reduced, stump-like. (Parthenogenetic forms oviparous)
…..31
2
ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular. (Dorsal
abdomen with a dark, more-or-less horseshoe-shaped patch)
…..Neomyzus
circumflexus
–
ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH on broad pigmented cones, or pore-like, or absent
…..3
3
Rostrum more than 1.5 × BL
…..Stomaphis pini (but see also text under S. japonica)
–
Rostrum less than 1.5 × BL
…..4
4
Eyes reduced to triommatidia. (On roots)
…..5
–
Eyes multifacetted
…..10
5
Anal plate extended posteriorly as a pigmented tongue-like process, bearing the bluntly conical cauda, which is longer than
its basal width and has more than 15 hairs (fig. 68A). R IV+V with 6-16 hairs
…..6
–
Cauda
rounded, broader than long, with 2-8 hairs (e.g. fig.68B). R IV+V with 2-8
hairs
…..7
6
Cauda with 40-60 hairs, R IV+V with 10-16 accessory hairs.
Alate sexupara with 20-30 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 5-10 on IV and 9-15
on V
…..Prociphilus
carolinensis
–
Cauda with 20-35 hairs, R IV+V with 6-10 accessory
hairs. Alate sexupara with 5-8 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 1-4 on IV and 0
on V
…..Prociphilus
piniradicivorus
7
R IV+V with 4-8 accessory hairs.Alate
sexupara with 3-14 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE, and with pterostigma ending
bluntly well before tip of wing
…..8
–
R IV+V with 2-4 accessory hairs. Alate sexupara
with 0-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE, and distal end of pterostigma
tapering, curved around tip of wing
…..9
8
R IV+V elongate, about 0.2 mm long. Alate sexupara
with 3-9 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE
…..Prociphilus
caryae fitchii
–
R
IV+V less than 0.2 mm long. Alate sexupara with 9-14 secondary rhinaria on
ANT VI BASE
…..Prociphilus himalayensis
9
R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. Hind tibia thick,
with 1-3 short, spine-like hairs near middle on outer side (fig. 68C). (Alate sexupara with 1-4 secondary
rhinaria on ANT VI BASE)
…..Prociphilus (Stagona) crataegistrobi
–
R IV+V with 3-4 accessory hairs. Hind tibia
narrower, with several hairs distributed along outer side which are
fine-pointed, not distinctly spine-like (fig. 68D). (Alate sexupara without
secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE)
…..Prociphilus
(Stagona) pini
10
SIPH as large pores on usually pigmented
hair-bearing cones
…..11
–
SIPH as small pores without associated hairs
…..18
11
R
V acutely pointed, dagger-shaped, usually twice or more as long as its basal
width (e.g., fig. 69A). SIPH cones of aptera often large and
with numerous hairs
…..Cinara
(Cinara)spp. (see separate keys in Host Plant List)
–
R V short, flask-shaped, pointed only at tip, hardly
longer than its basal width (e.g., figs 69B, C). SIPH cones always with few
hairs, in 1-3 rings around pore (Cinara
subg. Schizolachnus)
…..12
12
Hairs
on ventral side of hind femur very short, thick and peg-like (fig. 70A). Hind legs wholly dark except for
extreme base of femur, and very elongate; total length about 2× BL
…..Cinara (Schizolachnus) flocculosa
–
Hairs on ventral side of hind femur long, not
peg-like. Hind legs long but less than 2× BL, with at least basal fifth of
femur pale
…..13
13
Hind
tibia wholly dark bearing long, thick, curved hairs with blunt apices (fig. 70B). Dorsal abdominal hairs thick and
spine-like, arising from small sclerites (fig. 70C)
….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) curvispinosa
–
Hind
tibia pale or dark, bearing mainly long, finely-pointed hairs. Dorsal
abdominal hairs also
long and fine, not arising from sclerites
…..14
14
Hind
tibia more than 20× longer than its width at midpoint ….. Cinara (Schizolachnus)
piniradiatae
–
Hind tibia less than 20× longer than its width at
midpoint
…..15
15
R V very short and stumpy with short tip; less than
46 µm long from base to tip and less than 0.45× R IV (e.g. fig. 69B)
…..16
–
R V with long tip; more than 46 µm long and more
than 0.45× R IV (e.g. fig.69C)
…..17
16
Hind tibia pale or dark, very densely hairy (about 250
hairs per mm). PT very short; ANT PT/BASE less than 0.25 (fig. 70D). (Alata with once-branched media and
without secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)
….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti
–
Hind
tibia dark and less densely hairy (about 150 hairs per mm). ANT PT/BASE more
than 0.25 (fig. 70E). (Alata with unbranched media and 1 or more secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)
….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) parva
17
Hind tibia pale. (Alata with unbranched media) ….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) orientalis
–
Hind
tibia dark. (Alata with usually once-branched media)
….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) obscura
18
Antenna 6-segmented
…..19
–
Antenna 5-segmented
…..30
19
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 not arising from sclerites
…..20
–
Hairs
on ABD TERG 1-6 arising from dark sclerites or scleroites (small rounded
sclerites)
…..22
20
R IV+V without accessory hairs
…..Eulachnus cembrae
–
R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs
…..21
21
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 35-48 µm long
…..Eulachnus
pumilae
–
Longest
hairs on ABD TERG 8 are only 7-10 µm long
…..Eulachnus piniarmandifoliae
22
Sclerites on ABD TERG 1-5 of irregular shape and
often extending between hair bases, forming two transverse rows across each
segment
…..Eulachnus
similialticola*
–
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 all
or mostly arising from separate small rounded scleroites (figs. 71A-F)
…..23
23
ANT
III less than 0.24 mm long and with hairs less than 20 µm long. Hairs on ABD
TERG 1-7 short and mostly pointed, 4-25 µm long, usually shorter than
diameter of their basal scleroites
…..24
–
ANT III more than 0.25 mm long and bearing hairs 20-130
µm long. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 usually longer than or as long as the minimal
width of their basal scleroites; if short and pointed on more anterior
tergites, then at least those on ABD TERG 7 are more than 25 µm long, dark
and with blunt of furcate apices
…..25
24
Capitate
hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia often longer than width of tibia at
midpoint. Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 in a single
transverse row on each tergite (fig. 71A)
…..Eulachnus
nigricola
–
Capitate
hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia not exceeding width of tibia at midpoint. Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 placed
irregularly, not in a single transverse row (fig. 71B)
…..Eulachnus brevipilosus
25
Longest
hairs on ANT III 20-50 µm long, rarely more than one hair over 40 µm. ABD
TERG 1-3 with longest hairs 15-40 µm long, pointed, and hardly
pigmented (fig. 71C)
…..Eulachnus
tuberculostemmatus
–
Several of longest hairs on ANT III more than 40 µm
long. ABD TERG 1-3 with longest hairs 25-145 µm long, but if under 40 µm then
they are often blunt or slightly capitate and dark like those on ABD TERG 7
…..26
26
Hair-bearing
scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 in two irregular transverse rows on each tergite,
the anterior row having more scleroites than the posterior row (fig. 71D). Fore femur dusky or dark and very
thick, its length less than 3.5× its maximum width
…..Eulachnus thunbergii
–
Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 often in two
rows, but then the anterior “row” often has very few scleroites (often
only 2), and never has more than the posterior row. Fore femur pale or dark,
more than 3.5× longer than its maximum width
…..27
27
Hind tibiae mostly pale except for dark spots at
hair-bases, or darker on about distal 0.25; if dark in middle then longest
hairs on ANT III are shorter than 70 µm
…..28
–
Hind tibiae mostly dusky or dark, without distinctly
darker spots at hair-bases, or darker on proximal half. Longest hairs on ANT
III 70-130 µm
…..29
28
ANT VI (incl. PT) usually more than 0.5× the length
of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 65-95 µm
…..Eulachnus agilis
–
ANT VI (incl. PT) usually less than 0.5× the length of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 40-70 µm
…..Eulachnus mediterraneus
29
ANT flagellum
(III+IV+V+VI) 1.00-1.15 mm long. Longest hairs on ANT III 70-80 µm, and on
dorsal abdomen 80-110 µm, with blunt or truncated apices
…..Eulachnus
tauricus
–
ANT flagellum 1.2-1.4 mm long. Longest hairs on
ANT III 90-130 µm, and on dorsal abdomen 110-150 µm, usually with pointed
apices (fig. 71E)
…..Eulachnus rileyi
30
Claws
normal, with simple curved acute apices. ABD TERG 2-7 membranous
…..Pseudessigella brachychaeta
–
Claws
with modified apices; bifurcate, or double (fig. 73). ABD TERG 2-7 lightly to heavily
sclerotised (but not necessarily pigmented)
…..Essigella spp. (see separate keys in
Host Plant List)
31
Cephaloprothoracic shield (henceforth CPS) with
sutures between head and thorax and along midline. Wax glands on CPS
comprising mainly separate, large facets that are distinctly subdivided (fig. 72A)
…..Pineus pinifoliae
–
CPS entire.Wax glands on CPS consisting
mainly of groups of facets that are not individually subdivided
…..32
32
Wax glands on anteriodorsal part of CPS (i.e.
between eyes) mainly comprising groups of 2-10 facets that are either loosely
grouped or at least not closely pressed together, so that all except the
largest retain a more-or-less circular shape (e.g. figs 72B, C)
…..33
–
Wax
glands between eyes mainly comprising more extensive groups or networks of 8
to more than 100 closely packed facets, often pressed together so that they
tend to be polygonal in shape (e.g. figs 72D, E), or look like overlapping
tiles when viewed obliquely
…..36
33
Wax glands between eyes comprising groups of 2-6
large facets that are mostly much larger than the ocelli
…..34
–
Wax glands between eyes mainly comprising groups of
2-10 smaller facets, the largest of which are not larger than, or only
slightly larger than, the ocelli (maximum internal diameter about 10 µm)
…..35
34
Wax gland facets in groups on CPS contiguous …..Pineus
ghanii/wallichianae
–
Wax
gland facets on CPS in loose groups, not contiguous
…..Pineus
harukawai*/cladogenous*
35
Antennae of summer progredientes (i.e. small apterae
collected at base of 1-year-old needles) usually reduced to a single segment
and fused to CPS, rarely articulated; total antenna length usually less than
58 µm. Median wax pore groups often present on two or more abdominal
tergites. Minimum diameter of smallest facet in wax plates between eyes
usually more than 8 µm (fig. 72C)
…..Pineus
boerneri
–
Antennae
of summer progredientes (fig. 72B) usually with 2-3 segments, not fused to
CPS, usually more than 58 µm long. Median wax pore groups usually present on
at most one abdominal tergite. Minimum diameter of smallest facet in wax
plates between eyes often less than 8 µm (fig. 72B)
…..Pineus pini (or orientalis)
36
Wax glands on CPS between eyes very extensive;
groups closest to the ocelli usually have more than 40 facets (fig. 72D)
…..Pineus armandicola*/cembrae/coloradensis
–
Wax glands on CPS between eyes usually with less than 30 facets
per group (e.g. fig. 72E)
…..37
37
Wax gland facets between eyes about 2× diameter of
the ocelli and up to 2-3× the diameter of facets in the very small groups on
the posterior margin of the CPS
…..Pineus sylvestris*
–
Wax
gland facets between eyes mostly similar in size to the ocelli and to the
largest facets in the well-developed groups on the posterior margin of the
CPS
(This
key is based mainly on published descriptions of very few specimens, and
needs to be treated very circumspectly.)
1
Primary
rhinaria without chitinised rims. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 only about 8 µm long.
R IV
with 13-18 accessory hairs
…..brevisaeta*
–
Primary rhinariawith chitinised rims. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 are
20-140 µm long, and if less than 50 µm long then R IV has only 6 accessory
hairs
…..2
2
R IV with 6-11 accessory hairs in two rows, one on
either side of the stylet grove. ANT V 0.9-1.3 × ANT VI (incl. PT)
…..3
–
R IV with 9-16 accessory hairs, some away from the
stylet groove. ANT V 1.3-2.0 × ANT VI (incl. PT)
…..4
3
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 with only small scleroites at
their bases. ANT II with 7-13 hairs, ANT BASE VI with 7-8 hairs, R IV with 6
accessory hairs, ABD TERG 5 with 14-24 hairs and ABD TERG 8 with 10-16 hairs
…..formosana
–
ABD TERG 1-7 with large
dark paired spinal sclerites. ANT II with c. 17 hairs, ANT BASE VI with 19-23
hairs, R IV with 10 accessory hairs,
ABD TERG 5 with c. 52 hairs and ABD TERG 8 with c. 22 hairs
…..takahashii
4
ANT
II with 11-14 hairs. ABD TERG 5 with about 30 hairs between SIPH bases
…..piniarmandicola*
–
ANT
II with 21-23 hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 40-50 hairs between SIPH bases
Key
to apterae of Cinara spp. on P. cembroidesand other
pines of subsect. Cembroides (edulis, monophylla):-
(This key has been fully revised in accordance with
the revision of this group of Cinara by Favret & Voegtlin, 2004).
1
R IV more than 0.28 mm long, with 30-116 accessory
hairs
…..2
–
R IV less than 0.27 mm long, with 4-22 accessory
hairs
…..3
2
R IV 0.5 mm or more long, much longer than ANT III,
with 50-116 accessory hairs
…..puerca
–
R IV 0.4 mm long or less, shorter than ANT III, with
30-40 accessory hairs
…..tanneri
3
R IV with 10-22 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 6 without
sclerites, although sclerites of various sizes may be present on ABD TERG 7
…..4
–
R IV with 4-8 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 6 usually with sclerites,
although sometimes these
are very reduced or absent
…..5
4
SIPH cones with 10-41 hairs (mean = 24) scattered
over surface (fig. 74D), and much longer than those on ABD
TERG 5. Hairs on HT II of normal length, and straight
…..edulis
–
SIPH cones with 5-15 hairs (mean = 8) located around
basal edge of cone, similar in size and shape to those on ABD TERG 5. Hairs
on HT II long and curved (fig. 74C)
…..atra
5
All or nearly all ABD TERG with large sclerites,
including ABD TERG 3. R IV usually with only 4-5 accessory hairs
…..caliente
–
ABD TERG 3 always without sclerites. R IV usually
with 6-8 hairs
…..6
6
ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually with hairs arising from
small scleroites. Hind tibia with hairs on dorsal side straight, arising at
an angle of more than 45º with apices pointing away from leg. Mesosternal
tubercle a shallow oval, wider than deep
…..terminalis
–
ABD
TERG 7 and 8 usually each with a pair of pale or dark sclerites encompassing
bases of several hairs. Hind tibia
with hairs on dorsal side curved, arising at an angle of less than 45º with
apices almost parallel to leg. Mesosternal tubercle large, round to oval,
deeper than wide
Dorsal abdomen almost completely covered by an extensive
pigmented area that is fused at least between tergites 4-6 and usually merges
with SIPH bases (figs 75A, B)
…..2
–
Dorsal abdomen with any dark markings divided segmentally
and not usually merged with SIPH bases
…..5
2
Subgenital plate (of vivipara) with only 6-14 hairs.
R IV with only 4-7 hairs. SIPH with only 10-12 short hairs (maximally 40 µm)
…..russellae
–
Subgenital plate with 30-40 hairs. R IV with 8-16
hairs. SIPH with 20-35 longer hairs …..3
3
ANT VI BASE with 10-15 hairs. R IV with 10-16 hairs,
including several on side away from stylet groove
…..gracilis
–
ANT VI BASE with 8-11 hairs. R IV with 7-11 hairs in
two rows alongside stylet groove, rarely with 1-2 on opposite side
…..4
4
Dorsal cephalic hairs rather sparse, situated mainly
alongside dorsal suture and near antennal bases, maximally 60 µm long, often
shorter than the distances between their bases. SIPH cones shallow with their
bases very extensive, often extending over half the length of the
abdomen (fig. 75A)
…..canatra
–
Dorsal cephalic hairs numerous, rather evenly
distributed, maximally 70-80 µm long, much longer than the distances between
their bases. SIPH cones higher, with bases much less extensive (fig.
75B)
…..nigra
5
HT I (measured along ventral side) at least 0.5 × HT
II (e.g. fig. 76B). Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind
tibia 110-230 µm long, 1.5 or more × width of tibia at midpoint
…..6
–
HT I less than 0.5 × HT II. Longest hairs on dorsal
side of hind tibia 30-150 µm long, rarely up to 1.5 × middle width of tibia
…..9
6
ABD TERG each with a variably developed but usually
large pair of dark sclerites (or diffuse dusky areas) including the bases of
several hairs. HT II 0.20-0.28 mm. Eyes sessile, always with a distinct
ocular tubercle
…..pinivora
–
ABD TERG 2-7 with separate small dark hair-bearing
sclerites (scleroites). HT II 0.27-0.53 mm. Eyes on short lateral projections
of head, usually without any evident ocular tubercle (e.g. fig. 75G)
…..7
7
Fore tibia uniformly dark, mid and hind tibia with
pale basal sections. First tarsal segments with 2 sense pegs, one behind the
other (fig. 75H). Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-5
of greatest diameter 25-70 µm
…..watsoni
–
If the fore tibia is uniformly dark, then so are the
mid and hind tibiae. First tarsal segments with 1 sense peg (subapically on
ventral side). Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-5 of greatest diameter 75-300
µm
…..8
8
All tibiae with pale section on basal half. First
tarsal segments usually with 1-2 dorsal hairs, and with the sense peg some
distance from the apex. ABD TERG 5 with 28-49 hairs between SIPH bases, most
of them on large scleroites (fig. 80C)
…..pinea
–
Tibiae
usually rather uniformly dark (sometimes slightly less so near base). First
tarsal segments without dorsal hairs, and with sense peg close to apex. ABD
TERG 5 with 50-110 hairs between SIPH bases, a minority of which are on large
scleroites (fig. 80D)
…..pergandei
9
Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia near its midpoint
mostly less than 60 µm in length , the longest 0.3-0.8 × diameter of tibia at
this point
…..10
–
Most or all of hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia
near its midpoint longer than 60 µm, the longest 0.7-1.5 × diameter of tibia
at this point
…..16
10
ABD TERG 4-6 with many scleroites of width more than
50 µm, or bars or patches forming part of a more extensive pattern of
markings
…..11
–
ABD TERG 5 and 6, and usually 4 also, without any
bars or patches or scleroites more than 4 × wider than the hair bases
…..13
11
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.55-1.76 mm. Dorsal abdominal
markings comprising paired patches of irregular outline on ABD TERG 1-7,
sometimes reduced or broken into groups of sclerites on 2-4. All tibiae with
pale section on basal half
…..contortae
–
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.25-1.54 mm. Dorsal abdomen either with broad transverse bands on all tergites or with paired patches on ABD TERG 1-3 and scattered sclerites on 4-6. Fore and hind tibiae often wholly dark, or with shorter pale section than mid tibia
…..12
12
Dorsal abdomen usually (in spring, at least) with a
complete pattern of broad transverse bars on all tergites (fig. 75C); if reduced on ABD TERG 4-6 then the
sclerites are still arranged in single transverse rows across the midline.
Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia short and spine-like, all less than 50
μm long
…..brevispinosa
–
Dorsal abdomen with well-developed paired patches on ABD TERG 1 and 2 (or 1-3) and 7; only scattered small sclerites on 4-5, and usually none on 6 (fig. 75E). Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia variable, but at least some of them are usually more than 50μm long
…..banksiana
13
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.9 mm or more
…..14
–
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove less
than 1.8 mm
…..15
14
PT finger-like, parallel-sided, 0.07-0.09 mm long.
Sclerotised part of stylet groove 2.3-3.2mm long
…..piniradicis
–
PT
tapering, less than 0.06 mm long. Sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.9-2.5
mm long
…..schwartzii
15
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove
1.12-1.37 mm
…..parvicornis
(part)
–
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove
1.45-1.65 mm
…..taedae
16
Hairs on SIPH cone sparse and very short, the
longest about 15 µm long (only the sexuales of this species are described)
…..parvicornis
(part)
–
Hairs on SIPH cone more than 50 µm long
…..17
17
R IV with 15-28 accessory hairs
…..18
–
R IV with 4-12 accessory hairs
…..19
18
Hind tibia wholly dark and markedly bowed, bearing
blunt hairs. R IV with 15-21 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 3-6 without sclerites.
SIPH cones with less than 40 hairs
…..strobi
–
Hind
tibia with pale section on basal half, and bearing pointed hairs. R IV with 19-28
accessory hairs. ABD TERG 3-6 usually with sclerites. SIPH cones with more
than 80 hairs
…..cronartii
19
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 60-80 µm. Dorsal abdomen usually with paired dark patches of irregular shape on all tergites (fig. 75F; but reduced in midsummer populations, sometimes being entirely absent from ABD TERG 3-4 and reduced to paired groups of broken sclerites on 5-6). Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.67-1.92 mm
….. medispinosa
–
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 80-150
µm. Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerites on ABD TERG 3-6, but if present
these are not in paired groups
…..20
20
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove
1.82-2.13 mm
…..oregonensis
–
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove
1.20-1.68mm
…..21
21
Hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 maximally 40 µm, each usually
with a very small circular scleroite at its base (fig. 80G)
…..pini
–
Hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 much longer, either not on
sclerites or arising from sclerites or scleroites of varying size and shape
…..22
22
ABD TERG 8 usually with a complete transverse band.
Longest hairs on front of head and on ABD TERG 3-5 less than 70 µm long
…..melaina
–
ABD TERG 8 usually with paired sclerites not united or only tenuously united across midline. Longest hairs on front of head and on ABD TERG 3-5 more than 70 µm long
….23
23
Hairs
on dorsal side of hind tibia maximally 100-150 µm, with finely pointed apices
(fig. 75I)
…..murrayanae
–
Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia maximally 80-100
µm, bristle-like, with blunt or abruptly pointed apices (fig. 75J)
ABD TERG 2-4 with 6 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7) in
a row across tergite, and 2 marginal hairs on each side. Dorsal body usually
pale, never very dark
…..californica
–
ABD TERG 2-4 with 8-10 (or rarely up to 12)
spinopleural hairs, and 3-4 marginal hairs. Body pale or dark
…..2
2
Darkest pigmentation of ANT III-V slightly to
considerably lighter than that of ANT I, with ANT III pale except for slight
darkening of distal 0.25. Dorsal body,
including front of head, uniformly dark brown to black. Longest hair on dorsal side of hind tibia
near midpoint less than 30 µm, usually less than diameter of tibia
…..critchfieldi
–
Darkest pigmentation of ANT III-V darker than ANT I,
with distal 0.3-0.5 of ANT III dark. Dorsal body pale or dark, if dark then front of head is often paler
than dorsal abdomen. Longest hair on
dorsal side of hind tibia near midpoint usually more than 30 µm, usually
longer than diameter of tibia
…..3
3
Dorsal body usually moderately to extremely dark,
but occasionally pale; if dark, then frons is usually paler than dorsal abdomen.
If pale, the ventrolateral borders of abdominal tergites, antero-ventral
border of frons, and posterior edge of subgenital plate are well-defined and
demarcated from adjacent membranous areas. ABD TERG 8 usually with 6 hairs,
rarely up to 8
…..knowltoni
–
Dorsal body never very dark, usually pale; if rather
dark then front of head is concolorous with dorsal abdomen. Ventrolateral
borders of abdominal tergites, anteroventral border of frons and/or posterior
edge of subgenital plate often poorly demarcated from adjacent membranous
regions. ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 (rarely up to 10) hairs
…..braggi
P. cooperi
Mexican Mountain Pine
(= P. arizonica var. omelasii)
Cinara schwartzii; Essigella californica
(Use key to Cinara spp. on pines of subsect.
Ponderosae under P.
ponderosa)
P. coulteri
Bigcone
Pine
Cinara
arizonica, diabola, montanesa, ponderosae,
tujafilina; Cinara (Schizolachnus) piniradiatae;
Essigella californica, eastopi,
fusca
Key to Cinara
spp. on P. coulteri and other pines of subsect. Sabinianae (sabiniana,
torreyana):-
1
BL less than 4.2 mm
…..2
–
BL more than 4.2 mm
…..4
2
Longest hairs on ANT III 120-200 µm, and on
hind tibia 140-310 µm
…..tujafilina*
–
Longest hairs on ANT III 30-60 µm, and on hind tibia
45-80 µm
…..3
3
R
IV 0.25-0.30 mm. SIPH less than 0.2 mm in diameter, bearing a few, short
hairs
…..diabola*
–
R
IV 0.17-0.22 mm. SIPH more than 0.5 mm in diameter, bearing many (25+) long
hairs
…..ponderosae
4
Hairs on dorsal body surface, ANT III-IV and legs
all rather sparse, short, thick and slightly capitate. ANT III longer than
IV+V together
…..arizonica
–
Hairs not capitate; those on hind tibia short (about
50 µm) and dense. ANT III shorter than IV+V together
ABD TERG 2-4 each with 6 spinopleural hairs (rarely
7) in a transverse row, and 2 marginal hairs on each side
…..californica
–
ABD TERG 2-4 each with 8-12 spinopleural hairs, and 3-5 marginal
hairs on each side
…..2
2
Dorsal body usually darker than tibiae, with a
paler, longitudinal spinal stripe on thorax and abdomen. Longest hairs on dorsal
side of hind tibia near midpoint 23-83 µm
…..eastopi
–
Dorsal body pale or dark, if dark then without a
paler spinal stripe. Longest hair on dorsal side of hind tibia near midpoint
50-135 µm
Key to Cinara spp. on P. densiflora
and other oriental pines of subsect. Sylvestres (massoniana, tabuliformis,
taiwanensis, thunbergii).(C. jianglensis could not be included on the
basis of the published description. Some
other Cinara spp. previously only
known from western palaearctic pines are now recorded from east Asia (see G.
Zhang et al. 1993c), so if the
outcome of using this key is unsatisfactory, try the key to western
palaearctic species under P. sylvestris.):-
1
RIV 3.1-4.5 × RV and bearing 18-37 accessory hairs
…..2
–
RIV
1.5-2.7 × RV and bearing 4-12 accessory hairs
…..4
2
RIV
less than 0.4 mm long with 18-20 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 10-20 hairs
…..largirostris*
–
RIV
0.47-0.57 mm long with 28-37 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 26-35 hairs
…..3
3
ANT III 15-18 × longer than the longest hairs borne
upon it. Hind tibia 50-80 × longer than the
longest hair borne upon it
…..sorini
–
ANT
III 5-12 × longer than the longest hairs borne upon it. Hind tibia 25-40 ×
longer than the longest hair borne upon it
…..etsuhoe
4
HT
I elongate, 0.16-0.33 mm long (measured on ventral side), usually 0.5 or more
× HT II (fig. 76B)
…..5
–
HT I
less than 0.17 mm long, and/or less than 0.5 × HT II
…..8
5
Hairs on dorsal body and appendages short and thick;
longest hairs on ANT III 55-65 µm, on ABD TERG 3 20-40 µm, on hind tibia
75-85 µm. Abdomen without scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs
…..formosana
–
Hairs
much longer; longest on ANT III 70-210 µm, on ABD TERG 3 70-210 µm, on hind tibia
90-230 µm. Abdomen with scleroites at base of all or most dorsal hairs
…..6
6
Tibiae with pale section on basal half. HT I with
1-3 dorsal hairs (fig. 76B)
…..pinea
–
Tibiae wholly dark, although sometimes slightly less
dark near base. HT I usually without dorsal hairs, rarely with 1
…..7
7
R IV 0.29-0.36 mm long, 0.9 or more × HT II. Hairs on
ABD TERG 1-7 all arising from small dark circular sclerites of uniform size
(20-25 µm in diameter)
…..schimitscheki
–
R IV 0.15-0.21 mm long, 0.4-0.6 × HT II. Scleroites
at bases of dorsal hairs not of uniform size (diameter 25-75 µm)
…..piniformosana
8
ABD TERG 1-2 (or 1-3) with marginal sclerites as
well as spinal ones. R IV c. 2.3 × HT I (ventral length). ANT BASE VI
with 19-23 hairs
…..takahashii
–
ABD TERG 1-3 without marginal sclerites. R IV
1.4-1.9 × HT I. ANT BASE VI with 7-14 hairs
…..9
9
R IV less than 0.17 mm
long, 1.6-1.9 × HT I. HT II less than 0.3 mm long. ABD TERG 1-6
each with a pair of large spinal sclerites (sometimes reduced or absent on
2-3). Hind tibiae pale on basal half, contrastingly dark distally
…..pinidensiflorae
–
R IV more than 0.18 mm long, 1.4-1.5 × HT I.HT
II more than 0.3 mm long. ABD TERG 2-6 with only small scleroites. Hind
tibiae mainly or wholly dark
Key to Cinara spp. on P. echinata and
other pines of subsect. Australes (caribaea, elliottii, glabra,
occidentalis, palustris, pungens, rigida, serotina, taeda):-
1
HT I (measured on ventral side) at least 0.5 × HT
II (fig. 76A, B)
…..2
–
HT I less than 0.5 × HT II
…..3
2
Longest
hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 70-130 µm, similar to width of tibia at
midpoint
…..pinimaritimae
–
Longest
hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 110-230 µm, 1.5 or more × width of tibia
at midpoint
…..4
species (pergandei, pinea, pinivora, watsoni)
(these are separated in couplets 6-8 of the key under Pinus contorta)
3
BL 4.3-6.1 mm. Hairs on dorsal body surface, ANT
III-IV and legs all short, thick and slightly capitate
…..arizonica
–
BL up to 4.2 mm. Hairs short or long, not capitate
…..4
4
R IV 0.23-0.33 mm long, bearing 19-28 accessory
hairs
…..5
–
R IV 0.16-0.23 mm long, bearing 6-14 accessory hairs
…..6
5
ANT VI BASE with 11-16 hairs. Longest hairs on hind
tibia 80-110 µm. Dorsal abdominal hairs long, many of them arising from
sclerites of varying size
…..cronartii
–
ANT VI BASE with 20-23 hairs. Longest hairs on hind
tibia 50-75 µm. Dorsal abdominal hairs short, and at least those on ABD TERG
3-6 not arising from sclerites (bases sometimes encircled by minute
scleroites)
……newelli
6
Subgenital plate with only 2-6 hairs (more in
fundatrices). First tarsal segments with 2 or 3 sense pegs (ventrally, near
apex; see fig. 75H)
…..7
–
Subgenital plate with 25-50 hairs. First tarsal
segments with only 1 sense peg
…..8
7
First tarsal segments with 2 sense pegs (as in fig.
75H)
…..westi
–
First tarsal segments with 3 sense pegs
…..rigidae
8
ANT
VI BASE with 5-8 hairs. R IV with 4-6 accessory hairs. Hind tibia darker than
fore or mid tibiae. Longest hairs on hind tibia 40-50 µm, about 0.5 × width
of tibia at midpoint
…..taedae
–
ANT VI BASE with 8-16 hairs. R IV with 6-10
accessory hairs. Hind tibia sometimes with a shorter pale section than fore
and mid tibiae, but not darker overall. Longest hairs on hind tibia 50-100
µm, 0.75 or more × width of tibia at midpoint
…..9
9
ABD
TERG 5 with more than 20 hairs, the longest 60-180 µm, between SIPH bases (fig. 80E)
…..atlantica
–
ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs, maximally 10-80
µm, between SIPH bases (e.g. fig. 80F)
…..10
10
Longest hairs on ANT III 25-60 µm, and on dorsal
side of hind tibia 50-70 µm. ANT III with 1-3 (non-protruberant) rhinaria
near apex
…..ponderosae
–
Longest hairs on ANT III 50-70 µm, and on dorsal
side of hind tibia 60-100 µm. ANT III with 0-1 rhinaria near apex (if
present, the rhinarium is small and protruberant)
(Of the three species described by Hottes from P.
lambertiana, the available specimens all seem to correspond most closely
to moketa; couplet 2
is based solely on the original descriptions.)
1
Longest hairs on ANT III 100-110 µm, on dorsal side
of hind tibia 100-120 µm, and on ABD TERG 5 and SIPH cones 120-150 µm
…..moketa
–
Longest hairs on ANT III 80-90 µm, on dorsal side of
hind tibia 70-100 µm, and on ABD TERG 5 and SIPH cones 90-130 µm
…..2
2
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia about 100
µm. HT I about 0.5 × HT II. HT II about 1.3 × R IV. R IV about 0.6 × maximum
diameter of SIPH cone
…..saccharinipini*
–
Longest
hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia about 70 µm. HT I about 0.4 × HT II. HT II
about 1.8 × R IV. R IV about 0.3 × maximum diameter of SIPH cone
ABD
TERG 2-4 each with a transverse row of 6 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7), and
with 2 marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 hairs. HT II less
than 1.9 × HT I
…..californica
–
ABD
TERG 2-4 each with 11-14 spinopleural hairs, in two irregular rows, and 4-5
marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 7-13 hairs. HT II more than 1.9
× HT I
…..kathleenae
P. laricio = P. nigra ssp. laricio
P. leiophylla
Cinara terminalis;
Essigella californica, fusca;
Pineus
pini group
(For
separation of the two Essigella species use the key under P. coulteri)
Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus
subsect. Sylvestres under P.
sylvestris.
[Note that two Eulachnus
spp. described from P. mugo, E. alticola and E. intermedius, could not be reliably included in the main key to
pine aphids; they are both most likely to run to E. agilis in that key.]
R
IV more than 0.25 mm long, bearing 14-22 accessory hairs. Hairs on ABD TERG 5
less than 70 µm long. ABD TERG 2-5 with only small scleroites ringing hair
bases
…..watanabei
–
R IV less than 0.25 mm long, bearing 6-8 accessory hairs. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 up to 140 µm long. ABD TERG 2-5 with larger sclerites
Key to apterae on Cinara spp. on P. ponderosa and other pines of
subsect. Ponderosae (cooperi, douglasiana, durangensis, jeffreyi,
michoacana, pseudostrobus):-
1
BL 4.6-6.0 mm. Hairs on dorsal body surface, ANT
III-IV and legs all rather widely spaced, short, thick and slightly capitate
…..arizonica
–
BL
less than 4.6 mm. Hairs sometimes short and thick but not widely spaced and
not capitate
…..2
2
HT I 0.15-0.23 mm long, more than 0.5 × HT II (fig. 76B). Hairs on hind tibia are 120-230 µm
long
…..pinea
–
HT I 0.08-0.15 mm long, less than 0.5 × HT II. Hairs
on hind tibia 20-120 µm long
…..3
3
R IV with 11-28 accessory hairs
…..4
–
R IV with 6-10 accessory hairs
…..9
4
Longest hairs on hind tibia 30-60 µm, about 0.5 ×
width of tibia at midpoint or shorter. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 mostly short and blunt,
less than 30 µm long
…..5
–
Longest hairs on hind tibia 70-120 µm, clearly more
than 0.5 × width of tibia at midpoint. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 with acute apices,
the longest at least 70 µm in length
…..7
5
Dorsum with a large dark sclerite fused across
midline and extending across ABD TERG 2-7, but not fused with SIPH bases (fig. 77). ABD TERG 5 with more than 50 hairs
between SIPH bases. Ventral surface covered with dense rows of pointed
spicules
…..glabra
–
Dorsum only lightly sclerotised, often with dusky
areas on each side of midline. ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between
SIPH bases. Ventral surface only faintly and minutely spiculose
…..6
6
R IV 0.20-0.25 mm long, with 15-16 accessory hairs.
ANT V about equal in length to ANT IV
…..schwartzii
–
R
IV 0.26-0.30 mm long, with 19-21 accessory hairs. ANT V clearly longer than
ANT IV
…..thatcheri
7
ABD
TERG 2-6 without distinct sclerites but often with a dusky area on each side
of midline. ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between SIPH bases. R IV
0.22-0.24 mm long
…..pseudoschwartzii
–
ABD TERG 2-6 with scattered separate, distinct sclerites.
ABD TERG 5 with more than 50 hairs between SIPH bases. R IV 0.24-0.29 mm long
…..cronartii
8
SIPH cones with two distinctly different types of
hair, one type long (about 70 µm) and spine-like, the other small (about 12
µm), fine and numerous. R IV 0.22-0.26 mm long. Body rounded, tick-like,
tibiae short and black
…..solitaria
–
SIPH cones with one type of hair. R IV 0.14-0.22.
Body oval
…..9
9
Longest hairs on hind tibia 80-110 µm, and on ABD
TERG 5, 60-110 µm
…..10
–
Longest hairs on hind tibia 40-95 µm, and on ABD
TERG 5, 10-70 µm
…..11
10
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.8-2.2
mm (see fig. 74A). ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between
the rather small SIPH cones, each bearing 15-20 hairs. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with
broad transverse bars
…..oregonensis
–
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.3-1.7
mm. ABD TERG 5 with more than 25 hairs between large SIPH cones each bearing
more than 50 hairs (fig. 80E). ABD TERG 7 and 8 with paired
sclerites not joined or only tenuously linked across midline
…..atlantica
11
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.5-2.0 mm …..ponderosae
–
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.2-1.4
mm
…..pini
Key to Essigella spp. on pines of subsect.
Ponderosae:-
1
ABD TERG 2-4 each with a transverse row of 6 (rarely
7) spinopleural hairs, and 2 marginal hairs on each side
…..californica
–
ABD
TERG 2-4 each with 8-12 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7), and 3-5 (rarely 2)
marginal hairs
…..2
2
Metathoracic
tergite fused with ABD TERG 1, either entirely across dorsum (pale
individuals) or at least laterally (dark individuals). All tibiae dusky to
dark, concolorous
…..essigi
–
Metathoracic tergite not fused to ABD TERG 1, even
laterally. Fore and hind tibiae clearly darker than middle tibia
…..3
3
BL
2.10-2.64 mm ANT III 0.16-0.23 mm. Hind tibia 1.06-1.56 mm. Dorsal body pale
…..hillerislambersi
–
BL
1.79-2.39 mm ANT III 0.12-0.18 mm. Hind tibia 0.76-1.13 mm. Dorsal body pale
or dark
…..fusca
P. pseudostrobus
False Weymouth Pine
[Cinara
terminalis]; Essigella
californica;
Pineus
boerneri
Use
key to Cinara spp. of Pinus subsect. Ponderosae under P. ponderosa.
P. pumila
Japanese Stone Pine
Cinara
cembrae, ?mongolica, [pinihabitans];
Eulachnus
pumilae, thunbergii;
Pineus
cembrae
Use
key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Cembrae under P. cembra.
HT I (measured along ventral side) more than 0.5 ×
HT II (e.g. fig. 76B). Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind
tibia 110-230 µm long
…..2
–
HT
I about 0.5 × HT II or less. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia
60-130 µm long
…..3
2
HT
I 0.12-0.15 mm, HT II 0.20-0.28 mm. ABD TERG 2-7 each with a variably
developed but usually large pair of sclerites (or diffuse dusky areas)
including the bases of several hairs
…..pinivora
–
HT I 0.17-0.33 mm, HT II 0.35-0.53 mm. ABD TERG 2-7
with separate small hair-bearing scleroites (fig. 80C)
…..pinea
3
R IV bearing 15-22 accessory hairs. Hind tibia
wholly dark and often markedly curved, with blunt hairs
…..strobi
–
R IV bearing 6-10 accessory hairs. Hind tibia with a
pale section on basal half and bearing pointed hairs
…..4
4
ABD TERG 8 usually with a continuous transverse dark
bar. Hairs on front of head maximally 70 µm, mostly shorter than or about
equal to width of ANT II
…..melaina
–
ABD
TERG 8 usually with transverse bar interrupted in or only tenuously linked
across midline. Hairs on front of head maximally 80-120 µm, mostly longer
than width of ANT II
…..5
5
ABD TERG 8 with 12-16 hairs. BL 2.2-3.3 mm, 4.5-5.6
× maximum width of SIPH cone. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia
80-100 µm
…..atlantica
–
ABD
TERG 8 with 17-23 hairs. BL 2.9-4.2 mm, 5.7-9.0 × maximum width of SIPH cone.
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 90-130 µm
Tibiae wholly dark, although sometimes with slightly less dark section on basal half of mid and hind tibiae. HT I 0.20-0.24 mm, more than 0.5 × HT II. R IV 0.26-0.38 mm long
…..atrotibialis
–
All tibiae with pale section on basal half. HT I
0.08-0.16 mm long, less than 0.5 × HT II. R IV 0.16-0.21 mm long
…..2
2
SIPH cones small, with maximum diameter 0.14-0.18 mm
…..lachnirostris
–
SIPH cones large, with maximum diameter 0.40-0.83 mm
…..3
3
ABD
TERG 5 with more than 20 hairs between SIPH bases, the longest 60-80 µm (fig. 80E)
…..atlantica
–
ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between SIPH bases, the longest 10-60 µm long (fig. 80F)
…..ponderosae
P. rudis = P. hartwegii
P. sabiniana
Digger Pine
Cinara
arizonica, ponderosae;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) piniradiatae;
Essigella californica; Pineus boerneri
Use
key to Cinara spp. of Pinus subsect. Sabinianae under P. coulteri.
P.
scopulorum
= P.
ponderosa var. scopulorum
P.
serotina
Pond Pine
Cinara
atlantica, cronartii, taedae, watsoni
Use
key to Cinara spp. on Pinus
subsect. Australes under P.
echinata.
Key to Cinara spp. on P. sylvestris and other
western palaearctic pines of subsect. Sylvestres (pinaster, mugo, nigra);
also including species on P. pinea.(Cinara
spp. on P. halepensis, including var. brutia, are keyed
separately under that host plant.):-
1
Dorsal abdomen with an
extensive dark sclerite encompassing SIPH cones; the lateral extent of the sclerite varies considerably, as does
the occurrence of clear areas within it)
…..2
–
Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerites but these are rarely fused between
segments or with SIPH cones (except some specimens of montanicola)
….3
2
Dorsal sclerite extending
frommesothorax to ABD TERG 6, with a separate dark band on ABD TERG 7
…..nigritergi*
–
Dorsal sclerite extending across ABD TERG 5-7 only, with a separate
transverse band on ABD TERG 8 (e.g. fig. 78)
…..brauni
3
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.5 or more × HT
II (e.g. fig. 76A); but if almost exactly 0.5 × then HT
I is more than 0.16 mm long
…..4
–
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.07-0.17 mm long
and less than 0.5 × HT II
…..17
4
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.12-0.15 mm, HT
II 0.20-0.28 mm
…..5
–
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.16-0.32 mm, HT
II 0.30-0.53 mm
…..6
5
Rostrum much shorter than body. ABD TERG 1-7 each
with a pair of variably developed but usually large sclerites (often
irregular in outline or fragmented)
…..pinivora
–
Rostrum long, extending beyond end of abdomen. ABD TERG 2-6
without large sclerites
…..intermedia
6
R
IV 0.29-0.36 mm long, 0.9 or more × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 (fig. 79A) all arising from small dark circular
scleroites of very uniform size (24-30 µm in diameter)
…..schimitscheki
–
R IV 0.15-0.32 mm long, 0.8 or less × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 not all arising from circular, uniform-sized scleroites, or scleroites much smaller
…..7
7
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 26-42 µm long, all
arising from very small scleroites (diameter less than 15 µm)
…..8
–
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 60-230 µm long,
arising from larger scleroites of varying sizes
…..9
8
Maximum
diameter of SIPH cones 0.19-0.25 mm. HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.21-0.22
mm, 3.6-4.2 × its basal diameter
…..gudaris
–
Maximum diameter of SIPH cones 0.45-0.49 mm. HT I
(ventral side) 0.18-0.21 mm, 2.9-3.4 ×
its basal diameter
…..covassii
9
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 70-80 µm long, the
lengths of the longest hairs on the largest scleroites not or hardly
exceeding the maximum diameter of those scleroites (fig. 79B). Longest hairs on ANT III 60-70 µm,
on hind tibia 60-90 µm
…..piniphila
–
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 60-230 µm long,
those on the largest scleroites usually exceeding the diameter of the
scleroites (except when the scleroites join two or more hair bases). Longest
hairs on ANT III 60-210 µm, on hind tibia 70-230 µm
…..10
10
Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-4 of maximum
diameter 70-300 µm (if only 70 µm then there are several of this diameter).
ANT II bearing 5-10 hairs and ANT BASE VI with 2-8 hairs
…..11
–
Largest
scleroites on ABD TERG 2-4 of maximum diameter 25-70 µm, but only rarely
exceeding 60 µm. ANT II bearing 7-14 hairs and ANT BASE VI bearing 6-12 hairs
…..15
11
R IV 1.2-1.5 × HT I (ventral length). HT II 1.3-1.6
× R IV
…..12
–
R IV 0.7-1.2 × HT I (ventral length). HT II 1.4-2.2
× R IV
…..13
12
Longest
hairs on ANT III 65-90 µm long, on hind
tibia 70-100 µm long, and on ABD TERG 5 60-105 µm long. R IV 2.0-2.3 × R V.
ANT V usually without any secondary rhinaria. HT I with 1-3 hairs on dorsal
side
…..carnica
–
Longest hairs on ANT III
110-150 µm long, on hind tibia 150-190
µm long, and on ABD TERG 5 140-180 µm long. R IV 2.3-2.4 × R V. ANT V usually
with one secondary rhinarium. HT I without any dorsal hairs
…..neubergi
13
Tibiae rather uniformly dark (sometimes less so near
bases). First tarsal segments without dorsal hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 50-110
hairs between SIPH cones, a minority of which are on large scleroites (fig. 80D)
…..pergandei
–
Tibiae usually at least with pale section on basal
half. First tarsal segments with 1-7 dorsal and dorsolateral hairs. ABD TERG
5 with 25-49 hairs between SIPH cones, most of them on large scleroites (e.g
fig. 80C)
…..14
14
First tarsal segments with 4-7 dorsal and
dorso-lateral hairs. HT I 0.23-0.32 mm long. ANT V usually without a
secondary rhinarium (rarely 1 on one antenna)
…..pilosa
–
First tarsal segments with 0-3 dorsal hairs (fig.76B). HT I 0.18-0.26 mm long. ANT V usually
with 1-2 secondary rhinaria on each antenna, rarely with 0
…..pinea
15
HT II 1.7-2.4 × R IV, which is 0.15-0.21 mm long.
Tibiae black
…..piniformosanus
–
HT II 1.1-1.6 × R IV, which is 0.24-0.30 mm long.
Tibiae with pale basal section
…..16
16
ABD TERG 5 with 10-27 hairs between SIPH cones (more
in fundatrices). Length of antennal flagellum (ANT III-VI inclusive)
0.45-0.70 × BL. HT I 0.19-0.25 mm. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia
90-180 µm
…..laricionis
–
ABD TERG 5 with 30-60 hairs between SIPH cones (fig. 80B). Length of antennal flagellum 0.34-0.50
× BL. HT I 0.16-0.22 mm. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 60-130 µm
…..pinimaritimae
17
R IV more than 0.25 mm long, bearing 14-22 accessory
hairs
…..watanabei
–
R IV less than 0.25 mm long, bearing 4-12 accessory
hairs
…..18
18
Longest
hairs on ANT III 110-150 µm, and on hind tibia 170-190 µm. R IV with 4-6
accessory hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 40-50 hairs, the longest 140-180 µm, between
SIPH cones
…..pinihabitans
–
Longest
hairs on ANT III 25-100 µm, on hind tibia 40-130 µm. R IV with 4-12 accessory
hairs.
ABD TERG 5 with 3-44 hairs between SIPH cones, the longest 5-140 µm
…..19
19
R
IV bearing 4-6 accessory hairs, and less than 0.6 × HT II, which is 0.27-0.41
mm
…..20
R IV bearing 6-12 hairs, and more than 0.6 × HT II, which is 0.19-0.36 mm
…..21
20
ANT V 1.2-1.5× ANT VI (incl. PT). Genital
plate with 45-55 hairs
…..hyperophila
–
ANT V 1.6-2.0 × ANT VI (incl. PT). Genital plate
with 26-35 hairs
…..setosa
21
R IV+V 0.29-0.38 mm, 1.2-1.5 × HT II. ABD TERG 5
with 4-7 hairs (but up to 18 in fundatrices), 40-110 µm long, between SIPH
cones
…..acutirostris
–
R IV+V 0.20-0.34 mm, 0.9-1.2 × HT II. ABD TERG 5
with 3-35 hairs between SIPH cones, but if less than 10 then they are usually
shorter than 40 µm
…..22
22
ABD TERG 2-6 with at least some hairs arising from
dark, irregular-shaped scleroites of diameter 5 or more times that of the
hair bases. ABD TERG 7 as well as 8 usually with dark transverse bars of
paired dark patches
…..23
–
ABD TERG 2-6 without irregular-shaped scleroites,
although often with small circles of pigment around hair bases. ABD TERG 7
with or without large sclerites
…..24
23
SIPH with more than 60 hairs, including many on
basal part of cone. ABD TERG 5 with more than 25 hairs, 60-110 µm long,
between SIPH cones (fig. 80E)
…..atlantica
–
SIPH
with less than 60 hairs, which are rather sparse on basal part of cone. ABD
TERG 5 with 4-15 hairs, 10-60 µm long, between SIPH cones
(fig. 80F)
…..ponderosae
24
Sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.8-2.2 mm long. ANT PT with 4-7
subapical hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 5-6 hairs (up to 18 in fundatrices), which
are very short and thin, the longest 13-30 µm
…..nuda
–
Sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.0-1.7 mm long.
ANT PT with only 4 subapical hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 3-17 hairs (more in
fundatrices), the longest 15-130 µm long
…..25
25
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.0-1.2
mm. Diameter of SIPH cone 0.12-0.40 mm. ABD TERG 5 with 12-18 long, fine
hairs (more in fundatrices), the longest 60-130 µm, between SIPH cones.
Longest hairs on hind tibia 60-130 µm. ABD TERG 7 as well as 8 usually with a
pair of dark patches
…..maghrebica
–
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.2-1.7
mm. Diameter of SIPH cone 0.24-0.70 mm. ABD TERG 5 with 3-11 hairs (up to 30
in fundatrices), the longest 15-100 µm, between SIPH cones. Longest hairs on
hind tibia 40-95 µm. ABD TERG 7 usually without any large sclerites
…..26
26
ABD TERG 5 with 6-11 hairs, the longest 35-100 µm,
between SIPH bases (fig. 80H). Length of sclerotised part of stylet
groove 1.3-1.75 mm
…..guadarramae
–
ABD TERG 5 with 3-8 hairs (up to 30 in fundatrices),
the longest 10-48 µm, between SIPH cones (e.g. fig. 80G). Length of
sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.2-1.5 mm
…..27
27
Mesosternal tubercle strongly developed, large and
rounded and usually bearing some hairs. R IV 0.155-0.197 mm long. Subgenital
plate with 19-57 hairs
…..montanicola
–
Mesosternal tubercle smaller, less rounded and
rather slender, usually without hairs. R IV 0.140-0.167 mm long. Subgenital
plate with 10-37 hairs
Use key to Cinara spp. on oriental pines of
subsect. Sylvestres under P.densiflora(or if this does not give a
unsatisfactory answer, try key to Cinara spp. on P. sylvestris).
(Couplets 4-5 are adapted from Chakrabarti et al. 2020)
1
Hairs on at least ABD TERG 3-6 very short, maximally
40 µm or less. SIPH cones small, with maximum diameter equal to or less than
length of R IV
…..2
–
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-6 at least 60 µm.
Diameter of SIPH cones usually much greater than length of R IV
…..3
2
BL
3.7-4.9 mm. Legs conspicuously maculate. ANT VI (incl. PT) shorter than V
…..maculipes
–
BL 2.4-2.9 mm. Legs not maculate. ANT VI (incl. PT)
longer than V)
…..lachnirostris
3
Dorsal abdomen with paired dark patches or broken
groups of sclerites on ABD TERG 1-8 (fig. 80A; sometimes reduced on 2-5). R IV with
8-12 accessory hairs
…..4
–
Dorsal abdomen with scattered small sclerites on ABD
TERG 1-6 (fig. 80B, C), and transverse bars on 7 and 8. R IV with 4-7
accessory hairs)
…..6
4
ABD TERG 2-5 with paired
sclerotic spinal plates. Sclerotised part of rostral groove more than 1.7 mm.
HT I with one dorso-lateral hair
….. eastopi
–
ABD TERG 2-5 without
paired sclerotic spinal plates (sometimes with small scattreed scleroites).
Sclerotised part of rostral groove less than 1.6 mm. HT I without
dorso-lateral hairs
……5
5
Diameter of SIPH cone
6.70-8.44 × diameter of SIPH pore. HT II 0.41-0.51 × ANT III. HT II 1.87-2.00
× ANT BASE VI. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 16-21, ANT IV
4-5)
……bhutanica*
–
Diameter of SIPH cone
5.75-5.87 × diameter of SIPH pore. HT II 0.55-0.56 × ANT III. HT II 1.73-1.78
× ANT BASE VI. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 12-13, ANT IV
2)
……tenuipes*
6
Longest
hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 70-130 µm, shorter than or about equal to
width of tibia at midpoint. HT I 0.16-0.22 mm (fig. 76A)
…..pinimaritimae
–
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 120-230
µm, often 1.5 × width of tibia at midpoint or longer. HT I 0.22-0.33 mm (fig.
76B)