HOST LISTS and KEYS

4 ANT III and IV with numerous rhinaria. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III. SIPH much shorter than (0.6-0.75 × ) ANT III. ABD TERG 1-5 with a solid dark shield, fused with marginal sclerites …..Brachycaudus rinariatus

- ANT III and IV without rhinaria. Hairs on ANT III minute, the longest c.0.2 × BD III. SIPH slightly longer than ANT III. ABD TERG 1-5 with variably developed sclerotisation, usually with intersegmental gaps and not fused with marginal sclerites

…..Brachycaudus linariae

5 SIPH smooth, pale 0.8-2.0 × cauda. Head smooth with ANT tubercles and median frontal tubercle undeveloped. Spiracular apertures large and rounded …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

- SIPH imbricated, dark at least towards apices, 2.4-3.3 × cauda. Head with evident ANT tubercles and a scabrous median frontal tubercle. Spiracular apertures small and reniform

…..Dysaphis gallica

6 Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles smooth and divergent …..7

- Head spinulose or nodulose with inner faces of ANT tubercles scabrous and steep-sided

…..8

7 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III

…..Acyrthosiphon ilka

8 SIPH tapering, with a slight “S” curve. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings …..Myzus ornatus

- SIPH slightly to moderately clavate. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings …..9

9 SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III …..10

- SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III …..11

10 Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view. SIPH almost smooth or weakly imbricated, with narrowest part of basal stem not wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle smooth or slightly wrinkled …..Myzus ascalonicus

- Inner faces of ANT tubercles with convergent apices. SIPH heavily imbricated or scabrous, with narrowest part of stem a little wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle scaly

…..Myzus cymbalariae

11. R IV+V 0.63-0.88 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.85 …..Myzus linariae

- R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5 …..Myzus persicae

Lindelofia Boraginaceae

Lindelofia anchusioides = L. macrostyla

L. longiflora Brachycaudus cardui

L. macrostyla Brachycaudus bicolor; Myzus persicae

Lindelofia sp. Brachycaudus helichrysi

Use key to apterae on Cynoglossum.

Lindenbergia Plantaginaceae

Lindenbergia urticifolia Aphis fabae

Lindenbergia sp. Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Lindera Lauraceae

Lindera aggregata Pseudomegoura magnoliae

L. communis Aiceona osugii

L. erythrocarpa Aulacorthum muradachi

L. glauca Aiceona actinodaphinis

L. praecox Aulacorthum muradachi; Thoracaphis linderae

L. pulcherrima Aiceona parvicornis

L. sericea Aulacorthum linderae

L. strychnifolia = L. aggregata

L. triloba Aulacorthum muradachi; Thoracaphis linderae

L. umbellata Aulacorthum muradachi; Thoracaphis linderae

Lindera sp. Aphis aurantii, spiraecola; Machilaphis pseudomachili;

?Metanipponaphis sylvestrii;

[Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea];

[Eutrichosiphum sp. - David & Rajasingh 1969];

Schizoneuraphis himalayensis; [Taoia indica]

Key to species:-

1 Aptera aleyrodiform; body flattened, almost circular, with dark sclerotic dorsum. Antennae very short, 3-segmented .....2

- Aptera of normal aphid form. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented .....4

2 Dorsal hairs on prosoma all short, only 14-16 µm long .....?Metanipponaphis sylvestrii

- Prosomal hairs or at least the marginal ones, long and thick-based .....3

3 BL c.1.8-2 mm. Abdominal plate with only one pair of long marginal hairs, the rest being minute .....Thoracaphis linderae

- BL 0.9-1.1 mm. Abdominal plate (fused ABD TERG 2-7) with at least 3 pairs of long marginal hairs .....Schizoneuraphis himalayensis*

4 SIPH merely small pores, not surrounded by hairs. Posterior abdomen with extensive wax gland pore plates .....Machilaphis pseudomachili

(or possibly M. machili – check couplet 4 of key to aphids on Persea)

- SIPH as pores on hairy cones or tubular. No extensive wax pore plates .....5

5 SIPH pores placed on hairy cones. ANT PT/BASE less than 1. Eyes reduced .....6

- SIPH tubular. ANT PT/BASE more than 2. Eyes well developed .....7

6 R IV+V 0.76-0.80 × HT II. SIPH cones small, basal diameter maximally 0.12 mm

.....Aiceona osugii (or parvicornis)

- R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. SIPH cones large, of basal diameter more than 0.2 mm

.....Aiceona actinodaphnis

7 SIPH with numerous long hairs .....Greenideini sp. (try key to aphids on Litsea)

- SIPH without hairs .....8

8 Antennal tubercles weakly developed. SIPH and cauda of aptera both black .....9

- Antennal tubercles well developed, steep-sided. SIPH pale or dark, cauda pale .....10

9 Stridulatory mechanism present, consisting of a conspicuous pattern of ridges on ventrolateral areas of abdominal sternites 5 and 6, and a row of short peg-like hairs on the hind tibia (fig. 122) .....Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

- Stridulatory mechanism not present …..Aphis spiraecola

10 SIPH swollen on distal half .....Neoaulacorthum magnoliae

- SIPH tapering/cylindrical from base to flange .....11

11 SIPH of aptera much darker than cauda. R IV+V 0.8-1.0× HT II

.....Aulacorthum muradachi

- SIPH of aptera pale, or dark only at apices. R IV+V 1.2-1.4× HT II

.....Aulacorthum linderae*

Lindernia Linderniaceae

Lindernia crustacea Aphis gossypii

Linnaea Caprifoliaceae

Linnaea borealis Aulacorthum solani; Illinoia simpsoni;

(incl. var. americana) Neomyzus circumflexus

Key to apterae on Linnaea:-

- SIPH swollen on distal part, but the subapical part narrower and with polygonal reticulation (4-6 rows of large polygonal cells) ….. Illinoia simpsoni

- SIPH cylindrical or tapering on distal part and/or without polygonal reticulation

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Linosyris see Galatella Asteraceae

Linosyris tatarica = Galatella tatarica

L. villosa = Galatella villosa

Linum Linaceae

Linum album (?) Aphis linorum

L. alpinum [Macrosiphum hartigi]

L. austriacum Aphis craccivora, linorum; [Dysaphis pyri]

L. capitatum Aphis lini

L. corymbulosum Acyrthosiphon mordvilkoi

L. grandiflorum Acyrthosiphon ilka; Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae

L. indehiscens = L. usitatissimum

L. lewisii Macrosiphum dewsler

L. nervosum Aphis lini, linorum

L. perenne Acyrthosiphon mordvilkoi; Aphis linorum;

[Macrosiphum sp. (aphidtrek.org)];

Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

L. perenne ssp. alpinum = L. alpinum

L. purpureum ? (= L. olgae?) Aphis linorum

L. strictum [Acyrthosiphon pisum]; Aphis craccivora

L. usitatissimum Acyrthosiphon ilka, mordvilkoi;

Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, lini, linorum;

Linaphis lini; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

Neomyzus circumflexus

Linum spp. Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi;

[Sitobion avenae]; Smynthurodes betae

Key to apterae on Linum:-

1 SIPH pale, long , tapering or cylindrical on distal half, and without subapical polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles with smooth, broadly divergent inner faces, and median frontal tubercle evident …..Acyrthosiphon ilka group (incl. mordvilkoi)

- SIPH (if present) either not pale, long and tapering, or with subapical polygonal reticulation, and other characters not in above combination …..2

2 ANT III longer than IV + V together …..3

- ANT III shorter than IV + V together …..5

3 ANT III 2.2-3.7 × SIPH. SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which is broadly triangular and bears 6-9 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with paired dark markings .....Brevicoryne brassicae

- ANT III 1.0-1.8 × SIPH. SIPH 1.1-1.6 × cauda which is elongate triangular or tongue-shaped and bears 4-7 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings …..4

4 ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. (Al. with 9-25 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 2-8 on IV and

0-3 on V .....Lipaphis erysimi

- ANT PT/BASE less than 1.4. (Al. with 4-8 secondary rhinaria on ANT III only)

…..Linaphis lini

5 ANT PT/BASE c. 1.2-1.3. SIPH much shorter than (c. 0.6-0.7 ×) cauda. Abdomen with variably developed paired dark markings on ABD TERG 1-4, and cross-bands on 5-8

…..Aphis lini

- ANT PT/BASE either less than 0.5 or more than 2. SIPH (if present) 0.7-3.2 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings …..6

6 ABD TERG 1-7 with large, rather flat marginal tubercles (MTu), occupying a large part of each marginal sclerite (sometimes small or absent on 5 and/or 6) …..Aphis linorum

- MTu not large and flat and only ever regularly present on ABD TERG 1 and 7 …..7

7 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation and R IV+V 0.57-0.70 × HT II

…..Macrosiphum dewsler

- Without that combination of characters; if SIPH have polygonal reticulation then R IV+V is more than 0.75 × HT II .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

Liparis Orchidaceae

Liparis bowkeri Aulacorthum solani; Sitobion eulophiae

L. javanica Neomyzus circumflexus

L. neglecta = L. bowkeri

L. nugentiae = Stichorkis nugentiae

Liparis sp. Cerataphis orchidearum

Use key to apterae of orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium.

Lipocarpha Cyperaceae

Lipocarpha chinensis Aphis gossypii

Lippia Verbenaceae

Lippia citriodora = Aloysia citriodora

L. grandiflora Aphis gossypii

L. javanica Aphis gossypii

L. macrophylla Aphis gossypii

L. nodiflora = Phyla nodiflora

L. triphylla = Aloysia citriodora

L. turbinata Aphis lippiae

L. urticoides = Aloysia virgata

Couplet for separating these two species:-

- ANT PT/BASE more than 2. Cauda tongue-shaped .....Aphis gossypii

- ANT PT/BASE less than 2. Cauda more-or-less triangular .....Aphis lippiae

Liquidambar Sweet Gums Altingiaceae

Liquidambar formosana Aphis gossypii; Longistigma liquidambaris;
Myzus persicae; Stomaphis liquidambarus

L. orientalis Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus, persicae

L. styraciflua American Red Gum
Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;

[Macrosiphum opportunisticum]; Myzus ornatus

Key to aphids on Liquidambar:-

1 BL less than 4 mm. Cauda tongue-shaped .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

- BL more than 4 mm. Cauda broadly rounded .....2

2 Rostrum longer than body. Forewing of alata with veins bordered with fuscous, and with pterostigma not extending to wing-tip .....Stomaphis liquidambarus

- Rostrum much shorter than body. Forewing of alata with wing veins not or only very lightly bordered, and with pterostigma extended to wing-tip

.....Longistigma liquidambarus

Liriodendron Magnoliaceae

        Liriodendron tulipifera                               Tulip Tree
                                                      Aphis fabae; Illinoia liliodendri;
                                                      Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

1 SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT III of aptera without any secondary rhinaria

.....use key to polyphagous aphids

- SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III of aptera with 0-7 secondary rhinaria on basal half .....2

2 SIPH 2.4-2.8× cauda. SIPH of aptera clearly darker than cauda and usually somewhat swollen on distal half. Longest hairs on ANT III not more than 0.5× longer than basal diameter of segment .....Illinoia liriodendri

- SIPH 1.7-2.3× cauda; in aptera not darker than cauda except at apices, and cylindrical on distal half. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5× longer than basal diameter of segment

.....Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Liriope Asparagaceae

Liriope muscari Hydronaphis liriopes; Myzus ascalonicus;

Rhopalosiphum padi

L. platyphylla = L. muscari

Key to apterae on Liriope:-

- Head densely spinulose but with ANT tubercles weakly developed, divergent. ANT with many sec. rhin. (III 23-29, IV 0-13). Dorsal abdomen with a large irregularly-shaped dark central sclerite, large post-siphuncular sclerites and a cross-band on ABD TERG 7. SIPH dark, clavate ..... Hydronaphis liriopes

- Without that combination of characters .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

Lisianthus Gentianaceae

Lisianthus glandulosus Aphis aurantii, spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Lissanthe Epacridaceae

Lissanthe strigosa Ceriferella leucopogonis

Listera see Neottia Orchidaceae

Listera ovata = Neottia ovata

Listera sp. (Neottia sp.?) Sinomegoura citricola

Use key to polyphagous aphids (or try key to orchids under Cymbidium).

Litchi Lychee Sapindaceae

Litchi chinensis Aphis aurantii, craccivora;

Greenidea decaspermi, ficicola

- SIPH with numerous long hairs .....Greenidea spp.

- SIPH without any hairs .....use key to polyphagous aphids

Lithocarpus (= Pasania) Fagaceae

Lithocarpus bennettii Eutrichosiphum nigrum;

Greenidea (Trichosiphum) pallidipes;

Mesotrichosiphum brevisetosum;

Nipponaphis semiglabra

L. chintungensis (?) Neothoracaphis saramaoensis

L. cuspidatus = Castanopsis cuspidata

L. dasystachyus Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum

L. dealbatus [Allotrichosiphum assamense];

Lachnus [acutihirsutus], tropicalis

L. densiflorus Tan Oak

Tuberculatus (Pacificallis) pasaniae

L. edulis Eutrichosiphum apicifuscum, heterotrichum, nigrisiphon;

Greenidea (Trichosiphum) kuwanai, nigra;

Neothoracaphis saramaoensis; Nipponaphis monzeni;

[Tuberculatus pilosus]

L. elegans Lachnus tropicalis

L. fenestratus [Eutrichosiphum assamense]

          L. glaber                                              Eutrichosiphum dubium, heterotrichum, pasaniae;
                                                                 Greenidea (Trichosiphum) kuwanai;
                                                                 Mollitrichosiphum lithocarpi, nigrofasciatum

L. grifithii (?) [Eutrichosiphum jugeshwari, manipurense]

L. indutus Sinonipponaphis hispida

L. konishii Eutrichosiphum dubium

L. ovalis Eutrichosiphum pasaniae, sinense

L. rhombocarpus = L. taitoensis

L. spicatus Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum, pasaniae

L. sundaicus Metanipponaphis vandergooti

L. taitoensis Greenidea (Trichosiphum) nigra

L. uraianus Eutrichosiphum pasaniae; Mollitrichosiphum lithocarpi

Lithocarpus spp. [Aiceona retipennis]; Dermaphis japonensis, takahashii;

Eutrichosiphum flavum; Lithoaphis lithocarpi;

Metanipponaphis lithocarpicola; [Neohormaphis wuyiensis];

Parathoracaphis setigera; Uichancoella gabrieli

Key to aphids on Lithocarpus:-

1 Body of aptera aleyrodiform; oval, strongly sclerotised dorsally with head, thorax and ABD TERG 1 more-or-less fused (as prosoma). Legs and antennae much reduced. SIPH pore-like or absent. Antenna of alata with annular rhinaria .....2

- Aptera of normal aphid form with well-developed legs and antennae. SIPH either truncated cones or tubes densely clothed with long hairs. Antenna of alata with oval or transversely elongate rhinaria .....12

2 Aptera without SIPH .....3

- Aptera with SIPH as a pair of pores (sometimes very small) on the abdominal plate (= fused ABD TERG 2-7; see fig. 36B) .....6

3 Body of aptera elongate oval and dorsally flattened .....4

- Body of aptera broadly oval, convex dorsally .....5

4 Body of aptera with stout, spine-like marginal hairs, and hind legs concealed beneath body (fig. 91F) .....Parathoracaphis setigera

- Body of aptera with small inconspicuous marginal hairs and hind legs projecting behind body .....Neothoracaphis saramaoensis

5 Marginal hairs of aptera 120-160 µm long (fig. 91L) .....Dermaphis japonensis

- Marginal hairs of aptera maximally about 100 µm long .....Dermaphis takahashii

6 Prosoma of aptera densely covered with non-articulated hair-like processes, 15-40 µm long, lacking only on muscle plates (fig. 57A) .....Sinonipponaphis hispida

- Prosoma of aptera without hair-like processes .....7

7 Prosoma ornamented with blunt conical nodules, often longer than their basal widths

(fig. 91A). Prosomal hairs very long and very fine .....Nipponaphis monzeni

- Prosoma variably sculptured, if pustulate then pustules are low pustules, all or mostly shorter than their basal widths. Prosomal hairs long or short .....8

8 Prosoma of aptera densely ornamented with numerous separate oval or rounded papillae or pustules (e.g., fig. 36C). Marginal hairs numerous, minute .....9

- Prosoma of aptera variably sculptured, but without a dense ornamentation of separate rounded papillae or pustules. Marginal hairs more than 20 µm long .....10

9 Prosoma of aptera with 3-13 hairs 30-50 µm long on medial area of each segment. Total antennal length 0.13-0.14× BL .....Metanipponaphis vandergooti

- Prosoma of aptera without any hairs on medial area (?). Total length of antenna only about 0.06-0.07× BL .....Metanipponaphis lithocarpicola

10 Prosoma of aptera fused with abdominal plate (e.g., fig. 36C). Marginal hairs short and spine-like, about 28 µm long, and with 5 pairs of very short spinal hairs

.....Lithoaphis lithocarpi*

- Prosoma and abdominal plate at least partially separate. Marginal hairs not spine-like,

50-180 µm long .....11

11 Prosoma of aptera with marginal hairs very long, stout basally but with finely-pointed apices, about 160 µm long (fig. 57B); with 5 pairs of similar large spino-pleural hairs, the 3 thoracic tergites also bearing several somewhat shorter, thinner hairs

.....Uichancoella gabrieli

- Prosomal hairs of aptera all 50-80 µm long .....Nipponaphis semiglabra*

12 SIPH as truncated cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. ABD TERG 1 and 2 each with a pair of large spinal processes. (All viviparae alate)

.....Tuberculatus (Pacificallis) pasaniae

- SIPH as hairy tubes or broad flat hairy cones. Cauda much broader than long, anal plate entire. ABD TERG 1 and 2 without processes. (Viviparae apterous or alate) .....13

13 SIPH as broad flat hairy cones. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5 .....Lachnus tropicalis

- SIPH as hairy tubes. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.8 (usually more than 1.0, except in one species with 4-segmented antennae) .....14

14 Cauda with a median papilla. SIPH with reticulation on basal part .....15

- Cauda without a median papilla. SIPH without reticulation .....17

15 BL of aptera 1.3-2.2 mm. Head and legs mainly pale ..... Greenidea pallidipes*

- BL of aptera 2.2-3.4 mm. Head and legs mainly dark .....16

16 Ventral abdomen smooth, or only locally and weakly spinulose, the spinules much smaller than hair sockets. Tibiae dark brown on basal half and pale brown on distal half

.....Greenidea kuwanai

- Ventral abdomen of aptera distinctly spinulose, each spinule about as long as the diameter of the sockets of the ventral hairs. Tibiae entirely dark .....Greenidea nigra

17 Antennae of aptera 4-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE c.0.5

.....Mesotrichosiphum brevisetosum*

- Antennae of aptera 5- or 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE more than 0.7 .....18

18 Hind tibia with a series of narrow tranverse (stridulatory) ridges spaced out over proximal 0.5-0.9 of length (fig. 57D). Body elongate .....19

- Hind tibia without stridulatory ridges. Body elongate oval or pear-shaped .....21

19 Dorsal thorax and abdomen with dark pleural areas linked across ABD TERG 3-4 by a broad cross-band .....Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum

- Dorsal abdomen without such markings .....20

20 Ventro-lateral areas of abdomen densely spinulose (fig. 57C). ANT III of aptera at least 1.8 × ANT IV + V together .....Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus

- Ventro-lateral areas of abdomen not spinulose. ANT III of aptera about 1.5 × ANT IV + V together .....Mollitrichosiphum lithocarpi*

21 R IV+V very long, 2.5-3.5 × HT II .....22

- R IV+V 1.4-2.4 × HT II .....24

22 SIPH of aptera pale, shorter than head width across eyes, with long hairs all of similar length (except near base) .....Eutrichosiphum flavum

- SIPH of aptera dark, longer than head width across eyes, with hairs of different lengths interspersed, the shortest hairs being about half as long as the longest (fig. 92G) .....23

23 ANT III of aptera not longer than ANT VI (BASE + PT) and bearing 13-18 hairs, with long hairs only on anterior side .....Eutrichosiphum dubium

- ANT III of aptera 1.1-1.5 × ANT VI and bearing 32-53 hairs, with long hairs on both anterior and posterior sides (fig. 92J) .....Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum

24 Abdominal tergum smooth, lacking spinules except sometimes marginally. First tarsal segments with 5 or 7 hairs .....25

- Abdominal tergum spinulose. First tarsal segments with 7 hairs .....27

25 ANT PT/BASE less than 1. Legs mainly black .....Eutrichosiphum nigrum*

- ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Legs pale .....26

26 First tarsal segments with 7 hairs. Posterior margin of prothorax smooth. SIPH paler on basal 0.7, dark only towards apices. (Alate morphs with large oval secondary rhinaria)

…..Eutrichosiphum apicifuscum

- First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Posterior margin of prothorax spinulose. SIPH wholly dark. (Alate morphs with transversely narrow secondary rhinaria

…..Eutrichosiphum nigrisiphon

27 Tergum dark. SIPH wholly black .....Eutrichosiphum pasaniae

- Tergum pale. SIPH basally pale, black over distal c.0.7 .....Eutrichosiphum sinense

Lithodora Boraginaceae

Lithodora diffusa = Glandora diffusa

L. fruticosa Uroleucon jaceae

(See key under Lithospermum.)

Lithospermum Boraginaceae

Lithospermum arvense Aphis craccivora, fabae; Brachycaudus bicolor, cardui;

Macrosiphoniella lithospermi;

Uroleucon jaceae, [picridis (misidentified cichorii?)]

L. diffusum = Glandora diffusa

L. erythrorhizon Brachycaudus cardui

L. fruticosum = L. fruticosa

L. officinale = L. arvense

L. pilosum see L. ruderale

L. ruderale Aphis lithospermi

L. tenuiflorum = Buglossoides tenuiflora

Lithospermum sp. Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Key to apterae on Lithospermum:-

1 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH with a subapical annular incision …..2

- Cauda tapering, tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. SIPH without a subapical annular incision …..4

2 Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Mesosternum without mammariform processes …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

- Dorsum with a dark shield or extensive dark markings. SIPH 2.1-3.4 × cauda. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes …..3

3 Broad, flat, pale marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1-7, larger than the spiracles and occupying almost the whole of the sclerites on which they are placed. ABD TERG 7 often, and 6-8 sometimes, with spinal tubercles (STu) .....Brachycaudus bicolor

- MTu irregularly present on ABD TERG 2-4, sometimes also on 1 and/or 5, but never on 6 and 7, and generally smaller than the spiracles. No STu …..Brachycaudus cardui

4 SIPH and cauda both black …..5

- SIPH and cauda (or at least cauda) pale ….. go to key to polyphagous aphids

5 SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 14 or more rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..6

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with well-developed MTu …..7

6 Presiphuncular sclerites present …..Macrosiphoniella lithospermi*

- Presiphuncular sclerites absent …..Uroleucon jaceae

7 ABD TERG 1-5 with black cross-bands. ANT flagellum (III-VI) dark except at base of III. SIPH about equal in length to cauda …..Aphis lithospermi*

- ABD TERG 1-5 without dark cross-bands. ANT flagellum pale except for apex of V, VI, and terminal process. SIPH longer than cauda (except in very small specimens)

…..Aphis fabae

Litsea Lauraceae

Litsea amara = L. umbellata

L. chinensis see L. glutinosa

L. citrata = Actinodaphne citrata

L. corymbosa (?) Nipponaphis [machilicola], manoji;

Schizoneuraphis himalayensis, machiliphaga

L. cubeba Eutrichosiphum sankari; Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus;

Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea

L. glauca = Neolitsea sericea

L. glutinosa Eutrichosiphum dubium, [jugeshwari], litseae;
[Lachnus tropicalis]; Parathoracaphis manipurense; Schizoneuraphis gallarum; Sinomegoura citricola;

[Thoracaphis sp.]

L. khasyana Eutrichosiphum flavum

L. monopetala Aiceona actinodaphnis, robustiseta, titabarensis;

Aphis aurantii, citricidus, gossypii, spiraecola;

[Brachycorynella montana];

Greenidea ficicola; Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii;

Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea;

[Kurisakia indica];
Nipponaphis manoji, [Nipponaphis sp. (Raha &

Raychaudhuri 1981)];
Schizoneuraphis himalayensis, machiliphaga,

[querciphaga];

Sinomegoura citricola

L. polyantha = L. monopetala

L. populifolia Aiceona actinodaphnis

L. pungens Aiceona actinodaphnis

L. rotundifolia Aiceona titabarensis

L. salicifolia Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Sinomegoura citricola

L. sebifera = L. glutinosa

L. umbellata Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea;

Schizoneuraphis litseicola; Sinomegoura citricola

L. veitchiana Aiceona actinodaphnis

L. wilsonii Aiceona actinodaphnis

Litsea sp. Eutrichosiphum makii

Key to aphids (apterae only) on Litsea:-

1 Aptera aleyrodiform; dorsum with head, thorax and ABD TERG 1 fused as prosoma, ABD TERG 2-7 reduced and fused together (as abdominal plate); and much reduced,

3- or 4-segmented antennae .....2

- Aptera of normal aphid form, with 4- to 6-segmented antennae .....8

2 Aptera without SIPH; marginal hairs stout, dagger-like, about 40 µm long

.....Parathoracaphis manipurense

- Apterae with SIPH as small pores; marginal hairs variable, not dagger-like .....3

3 Aptera with large areas of dorsal cuticle of prosoma granular or almost smooth, regions of pustulate ornamentation being localised. Longest prosomal hairs very thick (6-10 µm basal diameter) and more than 100 µ long, with raised bases .....4

- Aptera with dense pustulate ornamentation extending over most of dorsal area of prosoma (fig. 58C). Longest prosomal hairs are fine and much less than 100 µm long, without raised bases .....6

4 Aptera with prosomal hairs maximally 140 µm long. Abdominal plate with the first 3 pairs of submarginal hairs long, stout and dark, much larger and thicker (e.g., basal diameter 3-4 × more) than the posterior 3 pairs (fig. 58D) .....Schizoneuraphis himalayensis

- Aptera with prosomal hairs up to 160-170 µ long. Abdominal plate with either 2 or 3 pairs of long stout submarginal hairs on anterior half, but with the most posterior pair also large (e.g. figs 58E,F) .....5

5 Aptera with thick dorsal prosomal hairs having acuminate apices (fig. 58A). Abdominal plate with only 2 long stout pairs of submarginal hairs on anterior half (fig. 58E)

.....Schizoneuraphis gallarum

- Aptera with thick dorsal prosomal hairs having fine-pointed apices (fig. 58B). Abdominal plate with first 3 pairs of submarginal hairs all long and stout (fig. 58F) .....6

6 Aptera with numerous small fine dorsal prosomal hairs (40-60 µm long) in the pleural region as well as marginally, in addition to the large spinal and submarginal hairs

..... Schizoneuraphis litseicola

- Aptera with small hairs marginally but without small hairs in the pleural region

.....Schizoneuraphis machiliphaga

7 Aptera with dorsal hairs of prosoma less than 2 × middle diameter of ANT III, and pointed at apices (fig. 58C, as N. litseae) .....Nipponaphis distychii

- Aptera with dorsal hairs of prosoma long and fine, 3-4 × middle diameter of ANT III, and pointed at apices .....Nipponaphis manoji

8 SIPH as large pores on shallow cones, surrounded by long hairs .....9

- SIPH tubular, much longer than basal width .....11

9 Aptera with SIPH cones pale and dorsal abdomen without pigmented sclerites. R IV+V

0.8-0.9 × HT II .....Aiceona robustiseta

- Aptera with SIPH cones dark and with small dark, hair-bearing sclerites on dorsal abdomen. R IV+V 1.0-1.25 × HT II .....10

10 ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.45. ABD TERG 7 with 11-22 hairs, and ABD TERG 8 with 8-14 hairs .....Aiceona titabarensis

- ANT PT/BASE 0.48-0.65. ABD TERG 7 with 6-10 hairs, ABD TERG 8 with 4-9 hairs

.....Aiceona actinodaphnis

11 SIPH without hairs. .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

- SIPH much longer than cauda with numerous long hairs .....12

12 Hind tibiae curved sharply in middle and with a series of 14-22 transverse ridges on basal part (fig. 57D). Body and SIPH elongate .....Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus

- Hind tibiae not sharply curved and without transverse ridges. Body elongate oval or

pear-shaped .....13

13 Antennae 4- or 5-segmented. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. SIPH of aptera tapering, broader at base than in middle .....Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea

- Antennae 5- or 6-segmented. First tarsal segments with 7 hairs. SIPH of aptera cigar-shaped, broader in middle than at base .....14

14 SIPH with reticulation, either basally or over most of length .....15

- SIPH without reticulation .....16

15 SIPH reticulated only at base, and rather densely spinulose over most of length (fig. 48D) .....Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii

- SIPH reticulated over most of length, spinulose only on distal part (fig. 48E)

.....Greenidea ficicola

16 Antennae 5-segmented .....17

- Antennae 6-segmented .....18

17 Abdominal tergum spinulose. R IV+V 2.1-2.7 × HT II .....Eutrichosiphum sankari

- Abdominal tergum smooth. R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II .....Eutrichosiphum makii

18 ANT PT/BASE 1.6-1.9. SIPH dark, with interspersed long and short hairs over most of length (as in fig. 92G) .....Eutrichosiphum dubium

- ANT PT/BASE about 0.8. SIPH pale, with long hairs over most of length and short hairs only near base .....Eutrichosiphum litseae* or E. flavum

Livistona Arecaceae

Livistona altissima = Saribus rotundifolius

L. chinensis Cerataphis brasiliensis

Use key to aphids on palms under Calamus.

Lobelia Campanulaceae

Lobelia assurgens Neomyzus circumflexus

L. pyramidalis Brachycaudus helichrysi

L. syphilitica [Capitophorus elaeagni]

Lobelia sp. Aulacorthum solani

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Lobularia Brassicaceae

Lobularia maritima Aphis gossypii; [Brachycaudus cardui];

Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae;

Smynthurodes betae

Use key to apterae on Brassica.

Lochia Caryophyllaceae

Lochia trichophylla Aphis gossypii

Lochnera see Catharanthus Apocynaceae

Loeflingia Caryophyllaceae

Loeflingia hispanica Aphis craccivora

Logfia Asteraceae

Logfia arvensis = Filago arvensis

L. gallica Aphis [filaginis (nomen nudum)], frangulae;

Pemphigus populinigrae

L. minima Pemphigus populinigrae

Use key to apterae under Filago.

Loliolum Poaceae

Loliolum subulatum Forda hirsuta, marginata, pawlowae; Sitobion avenae;

Tetraneura uilmi

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Lolium Poaceae

Lolium italicum = L. multiflorum

L. multiflorum Anoecia zirnitsi; Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae;

Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum padi;

Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis;

Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Tetraneura ulmi

L. perenne Anoecia corni, krizusi, vagans; Atheroides serrulatus;

Diuraphis noxia; Forda formicaria, marginata;

Geoica setulosa, utricularia; Melanaphis pyraria;

Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae; Myzus persicae;

Paracletus cimiciformis;

Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;

Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis;

Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Tetraneura ulmi;

Utamphorophora humboldti

L. persicum Diuraphis noxia; Metopolophium festucae

L. remotum Sitobion avenae

L. rigidum Forda marginata; Melanaphis pyraria;

Schizaphis graminum; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale;

Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae

L. temulentum Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis, vagans; Aphis craccivora;

[Loniceraphis paradoxa]; Metopolophium dirhodum;

Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis;

Sitobion avenae

Lolium sp. Aploneura lentisci; Diuraphis frequens; [Dysaphis tulipae];

Geoica lucifuga, utricularia group; Sipha flava;

[Sitobion longisiphon Rusanova 1942 (nomen nudum)];

Smynthurodes betae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Lomatium (including Leptotaenia) Apiaceae

Lomatium multifida Aphis asclepiadis; Cavariella aegopodii

L. nudicaule Aphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii; Hyadaphis foeniculi

L. triternatum Aphis asclepiadis

Lomatium sp. Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [valerianae]

Use key to apterae on Apium, which includes these species.

Lonchocarpus Fabaceae

Lonchocarpus sp. Aphis craccivora

Lonicera (including Xylosteum) Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera albertii [Macrosiphum rosae]

L. alpigena Aphis gossypii; Prociphilus xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae, poae; Trichosiphonaphis corticis

L. altaica = L. caerulea var. altaica

L. altmannii Amphicercidus lonicericola; Avicennina sogdiana;

Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi;

Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii, tataricae;

Loniceraphis paradoxa; Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae, tianshanica;

Semiaphis aizenbergi

L. angustifolia [Prociphilus sp. with 2n=10 (Dutta & Gautam 1993)];

[Semiaphis sp. (Chowdhuri et al. 1969)]

L. anisotricha Avicennina turkestanica; Brevicoryne lonicerina

L. arborea Brachycorynella lonicerina;

Hyadaphis coerulescens, passerinii;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. × bella Hyadaphis tataricae; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. bracteolaris Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi; Loniceraphis paradoxa;

Prociphilus umarovi; Rhopalomyzus narzikulovi

L. × brownii Hyadaphis passerinii

L. caerulea Amphicercidus japonicus;

Hyadaphis coerulescens, tataricae;

Loniceraphis paradoxa; Prociphilus konoi, xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae, tianshanica;

Semiaphis aizenbergi, heraclei, sphondylii

L. caerulea var. altaica Hyadaphis passerinii, tataricae; Prociphilus xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae, poae,

Semiaphis aizenbergi, sphondylii

L. caerulea var. edulis Brachycorynella lonicerina; Hyadaphis passerinii;

Prociphilus konoi, xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;

Semiaphis heraceli, rabotkinae, sphondylii

L. caerulea ssp. stenantha see L. stenantha

L. caerulea ssp. villosa see L. villosa

L. canadensis Hyadaphis foeniculi; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. caprifolia Alphitoaphis lonicericola;

Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii, tataricae;

Prociphilus umarovi; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;

Trichosiphonaphis corticis

L. caucasica Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. chamissoi Amphicercidus japonicus

L. chrysantha (incl. × gibbiflora, Amphicercidus japonicus; Aphis gossypii;

oehneana) Brachycorynella lonicerina; Hyadaphis tataricae;

Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;

Prociphilus konoi, xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. ciliosa Hyadaphis passerinii

L. coerulea = L. caerulea

L. confusa Hyadaphis foeniculi; Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;

[Trichosiphonaphis polygoniformosana];

Semiaphis heraclei

L. coreana Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola

L. demissa Prociphilus xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. dioica (incl. glauca, Alphitoaphis lonicericola; Gypsoaphis oestlundi

glaucescens, parviflora)

L. edulis = L. caerulea var. edulis

L. elisae [Aulacorthum muradachi]

L. etrusca Aulacorthum solani; Hyadaphis foeniculi (? – see text)

L. ferdinandii Myzus persicae

L. flava Hyadaphis foeniculi

L. fragrantissima Hyadaphis passerinii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

L. × gibbiflora see L. chrysantha

L. glabrata Amphicercidus japonicus

L. glauca see L. dioica

L. glehnii Trichosiphonaphis polygoni

L. gracilipes (incl. var. glabra) Prociphilus konoi, lonicerae; Pseudomegoura magnoliae;

Semiaphis heraclei

L. heckrotii Aphis gossypii; Hyadaphis passerinii

L. heterophylla =L. karelinii

L. hispida Brevicoryne lonicerina;

Prociphilus sp. near umarovi, xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus alaica, lonicerae, tianshanica

L. iberica Hyadaphis passerinii; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. iliensis Semiaphis iliensis

L. implexa Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii

L. insularis Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;

Trichosiphonaphis polygonifoliae

L. involucrata Amphicercidus flocculosus; Aulacorthum solani;

Delphiniobium canadense; Hyadaphis foeniculi, tataricae; Illinoia crystleae;

[Neomyzus circumflexus]; Prociphilus xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus grabhami, lonicerae, poae;

[Wahlgreniella sp. (Oregon, USA; A. Jensen,

aphidtrek.org)]

L. involucrata var. ledebourii Hyadaphis tataricae; Illinoia crystleae ssp. bartholomewi;

Macrosiphum raysmithi; Rhopalomyzus grabhami

L. japonica Amphicercidus japonicus, sinilonicericola; [Aphis crinosa];

Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

Neotoxoptera abeliae;

Prociphilus dilonicerae, lonicerae, trinus, xylostei;

Semiaphis heraclei;

Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae, polygonifoliae,

[ polygoniformosana], Trichosiphonaphis sp. (BMNH

collection)

L. kamtschatica Aphis fabae, gossypii; Prociphilus xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. karataviensis Brachycorynella lonicerina; Hyadaphs coriandri

L. karelinii Avicennina sogdiana, turkestanica; Hyadaphis tataricae;

Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus codonopsidis; tianshanica;

Semiaphis aizenbergi

L. koehneana see L. chrysantha

L. korolkowii Brachycorynella lonicerina;

Hyadaphis coerulescens, passerinii, tataricae;

Loniceraphis paradoxa; Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus [codonopsidis (ovip. amd males only)],

hissaricus, lonicerae, tianschanicus

L. lanceolata Macrosiphum euphorbiae

L. ledebourii = L. involucrata var. ledebourii

L. ligustrina ssp. yunnanensis Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus

L. maackii Amphicercidus japonicus; Hyadaphis tataricae;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;

Prociphilus xylostei, xylostei ssp. ussuricus;

Pseudomegoura magnoliae; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;

Semiaphis heraclei;

Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae, polygoni

L. macrantha Aphis spiraecola; Myzus ornatus;

Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae

L. maculata (?) Hyadaphis foeniculi

L. maximowiczii Amphicercidus japonicus; Prociphilus konoi;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. microphylla Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani;

Brachycorynella lonicerina;

Hyadaphis coriandri, passerinii, tataricae;

[Metopolophium mukhamedievi];

Prociphlus sp. near umarovi, xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus alaica, lonicerae;

Semiaphis aizenbergi, longissima

L. morrowii (incl. insularis) Amphicercidus japonicus; Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;

Prociphilus konoi, oriens, xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;

Trichosiphonaphis polygonifoliae

L. × muendeniensis Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. × muscaviensis Prociphilus xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. myrtillus Brachycorynella lonicerina

L. nigra Hyadaphis bicincta, foeniculi; Macrosiphum oredonense;

Prociphilus xylostei; Rhopalomyzus poae;

Semiaphis pastinacae, sphondylii

L. nitida = ligustrina ssp. yunnanensis

L. × notha Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. nummulariifolia Amphicercidus alticola, alticola ssp. tschatcalica;

(incl. persica) Aphis fabae; Brachycorynella lonicerina;

Hyadaphis coerulescens, coriandri, ferganica, foeniculi,

levantina, passerinii;

Loniceraphis paradoxa;

Rhopalomyzus hissarica, narzykulovi

L. obovata Brachycorynella lonicerina

L. olgae Brachycorynella lonicerina

L. pallasii [Acyrthosiphon sp. aff. knechteli]; Prociphilus xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae; Semiaphis sphondylii

L. paradoxa Hyadaphis passerinii

L. parviflora see L. dioica

L. periclymenum Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycorynella lonicerin ;

Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii;

Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;

Semiaphis sphondylii

L. ×permixta Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. persica see L. nummularifolia

L. pileata Hyadaphis passerinii

L. praecox = L. elisae

L. praeflorens Neotoxoptera abeliae; Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae

L. prolifera Hyadaphis passerinii; Prociphilus xylostei

L. × purpusii Hyadaphis tataricae

L. pyrenaica Hyadaphis foeniculi; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. quinquelocularis Amphicercidus lonicerae, tuberculatus;

Hyadaphis coriandri, tataricae;

Myzus sp. (? mumecola – BMNH collection and

Chowdhuri et al. 1969);

Prociphilus himalayensis, Prociphilus sp. (BMNH

collection, India)

L. rupicola var. syringantha Hyadaphis foeniculi

L. ruprechtiana Amphicercidus japonicus; Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii;

Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;

Prociphilus xylostei ssp. ussuricus;

Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. × salicifolia Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. segreciensis Prociphilus xylostei

L. semenovii [Avecinnina sp. (Kazakhstan)]

L. sempervirens Gypsoaphis oestlundi;

Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii, tataricae

L. seravschanica Avicennina sogdiana

L. simulatrix Avicennina sogdiana; Brachycorynella lonicerina;

Hyadaphis coerulescens, passerinii;

Loniceraphis paradoxa; Prociphilus xylostei, umarovi;

Rhopalomyzus hissarica, tianshanica;

Semiaphis aizenbergi

L. sovetkinae Prociphilus xylostei

L. stenantha Brachycorynella lonicerina; Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi;

Hyadaphis tataricae; Loniceraphis paradoxa;

Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei; Rhopalomyzus tianshanica;

Semiaphis aizenbergi

L. steveniana Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

L. syringantha = L. rupicola var. syringantha

L. tatarica (incl. ×zabelii) Amphicercidus japonicus;

Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii;

Avicennina sogdiana, turkestanica;

Brachycorynella lonicerina;

Hyadaphis coriandri, foeniculi, passerinii, tataricae;

Loniceraphis paradoxa; Myzus persicae;

Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei;

Rhopalomyzus codonopsidis, lonicerae, poae;

Semiaphis aizenbergi, heraclei, [nolitangere], sphondylii;

Trichosiphonaphis corticis, [foliotus Shaposhnikov in

Juchnevitch 1968], polygonifoliae

L. × tellmanniana Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii

L. tianshanica Loniceraphis paradoxa; Rhopalomyzus tianshanica

L. utahensis Macrosiphum schimmelum;

Rhopalomyzus grabhami, lonicerae

L. villosa Macrosiphum euphorbiae

L. webbiana [Hyadaphis sp. (Pakistan; BMNH collection, leg. MA

Ghani, fundatrix only)]

L. xylosteum Aphis [frangulae], xylostei; [Brachycaudus prunicola];

(= Xylosteum vulgare) Brachycorynella lonicerina;

Hyadaphis foeniculi, [passerinii], tataricae;

Prociphilus xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;

Semiaphis pastinacae, sphondylii;

Trichosiphonaphis alpestris, corticis

L. ×zabelii see L. tatarica

L. zeravshanica Avicennina sogdiana; Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi

Lonicera spp. Hillerislambersia darjeelingi; Myzus antirrhinii;

[Myzus komaumii Shinji 1943 (as lonicerae Shinji 1944)];

Neorhopalomyzus lonicerisuctus; [Neotoxoptera oliveri]

Key to apterae (except couplets 2-7) on Lonicera:-

1 ANT PT/BASE much less than 0.5. Wax gland plates present on head (Fig.38a), thorax and abdomen. Eyes 3-faceted. SIPH absent. (Apt. fundatrix, all progeny of which are al. having unbranched media in forewing and ANT with narrow, transversely elongate secondary rhinaria) …..2

- ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. No wax gland plates. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH present (sometimes very small). (Al. have forewing with 1- or 2-branched media and ANT with round or oval secondary rhinaria) …..8

2 (Couplets 2-7 apply only to al. fundatrigeniae/ emigrants produced in leaf-curls in spring.) ANT III with 42-56 sec. rhinaria (IV with 16-25, V 3-6, VI BASE 0-2)

…..Prociphilus dilonicerae*

- ANT III with 9-29 sec. rhinaria (IV 4-16, V 4-10, VI BASE 0-2) …..3

3 ANT V without sec. rhinaria (III 18-27, IV 4-9, V 0, VI BASE 0)

…..Prociphilus xylostei

- ANT V with 4-10 sec. rhinaria …..4

4 BL 3.5-5.5 mm. ANT III with 21-29 rhinaria (IV 8-16, V 4-10, VI BASE 0)

.....Prociphilus oriens

- BL 2.0-3.6 mm, if more than 3.0 mm then ANT III with 9-16 rhinaria .....5

5 ANT IV with c.15 sec. rhinaria (III c.25, IV c.15, V c.9, VI BASE 0)

…..Prociphilus lonicerae*

- ANT IV with 4-10 sec. rhinaria (III 9-c.22, IV 4-10, V 4-8, VI BASE 0-2) …..6

6 ANT III with 9-16 sec. rhinaria (IV 4-8, V 4-7, VI BASE 0)

…..Prociphilus umarovi (incl. himalayensis, trinus*)

- ANT III with 17-c.22 sec. rhinaria (IV 8-10, V 5-8, VI BASE 0-2) …..7

7 R IV+V 0.104-0.116 mm long, 0.41-0.49 × HT II. ANT VI BASE without sec. rhinaria (III 17-22, IV 8-10, V 5-8, VI 0) …..Prociphilus konoi

- R IV+V 0.137 mm long, 0.6 × HT II. ANT VI BASE with sec. rhinaria (1 specimen; III 22 and 22, IV 8 and 9, V 5 and 8, VI BASE 2 and 2)

…..Prociphilus sp. on L. quinquelocularis (India, BMNH collection)

8 SIPH very short, flangeless, usually less than 0.5 × cauda and never more than 0.66 × cauda, or present merely as pores or shallow cones …..9

- SIPH 0.66-c.5 × cauda, and usually with a distinct flange …..11

9 Cauda semicircular, much shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH as pores with partly sclerotised rims (Fig.38b) …..Gypsoaphis oestlundi

- Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than, or at least as long as, its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH as shallow cones or short tubes …..10

10 SIPH as shallow cones, much shorter than wide (Fig.38c) …..Brachycorynella lonicerina

- SIPH as short flangeless tubes, at least as long as wide, and often curved inwards distally (Fig. 38d) …..Semiaphis spp.

(incl. aizenbergi*, heraclei, iliensis, longissima*, pastinacae, rabotkinae*, sphondylii, see text under these names; in the present state of knowledge it is not possible to provide a key to apterae of Semiaphis species in spring populations on Lonicera.)

11 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells)

…..12

- SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation …..19

12 Cauda helmet-shaped, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH very thick, tapering from base to apex, much more than 2 × thicker than hind tibia at their respective midlengths. Dorsal hairs very long and fine-pointed ….. Hillerislambersia darjeelingi

- Cauda finger-like, much longer than wide. SIPH cylindrical or slightly inflated on distal part, less than 2 × thickness of hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal hairs variable …..13

13 Abdominal spiracular apertures covered by opercula, and the cuticle surrounding them very rugose. Thoracic spiracles much larger than abdominal ones (Fig.38e)

…..Delphiniobium canadense

- Abdominal spiracular apertures not covered by opercula, and surrounding cuticle not rugose. Thoracic spiracles similar in size to abdominal ones …..14

14 Tibiae with pale apices, contrasting with dark tarsi …..15

- Tibiae with apices dark like tarsi …..17

15 ANT III with 0-4 very small, inconspicuous rhinaria. R IV+V short, c.0.7 × HT II, with about 6 accessory hairs …..Macrosiphum raysmithi

- ANT III with 9-40 rhinaria. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II, with 13-24 accessory hairs …..16

16 First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. ANT III with 9-15 rhinaria

…..Illinoia crystleae ssp. bartholomewi

- First tarsal segments mostly with 4-5 hairs. ANT III with 18-40 rhinaria

…..Illinoia crystleae

17 R IV+V 0.5-0.6 × HT II. ANT PT 2.4-4.2 × SIPH …..Macrosiphum schimmelum

- R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × HT II. ANT PT 0.6-1.7 × SIPH …..18

18 ANT PT/BASE 3.9-4.5. ANT III with 7-18 rhinaria. SIPH 2.5-3.1 × cauda

…..Macrosiphum oredonense

- ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.2. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. SIPH 1.7-2.2 × cauda

…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

19 SIPH short and thick or tubular and slightly to markedly swollen in middle or on distal part, the swollen section being at least 0.3 of the total length; never with hairs …..20

- SIPH tapering or cylindrical, or if with slight subapical swelling then they bear some (sometimes minute) hairs …..44

20 SIPH 0.67-1.6 × cauda …..21

- SIPH 1.6-c.5 × cauda …..33

21 SIPH 0.07-0.18 mm long …..22

- SIPH 0.19-0.46 mm long …..27

22 Cauda helmet-shaped or very bluntly triangular, 0.67-1.3 × its basal width in dorsal view

…..23

- Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, or triangular with a rather pointed apex; at least 1.4 × its basal width in dorsal view …..24

23 ANT III with 7-8 rhinaria on distal part. (Al. with 32-42 rhinaria on ANT III and 1-2 on IV)

…..Brevicoryne lonicerina*

- ANT III without rhinaria. (Al. with 54-55 rhinaria on ANT III, 0 on IV)

…..Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi*

24 R IV+V 0.067-0.095 mm long …..25

- R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long …..26

25 SIPH dark. Prosternum with a large dark trapezoid sclerite …..Hyadaphis bicincta

- SIPH pale/dusky. Prosternal sclerite pale, inconspicuous …..Hyadaphis tataricae

26 (Apt. fundatrigenia) SIPH narrow-based, not much thicker at base than at flange, slightly clavate, and more than 1.3 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE c.1.9-2.0 …..Hyadaphis polonica

- All apt. on Lonicera are fundatrices with 5-segmented ANT, ANT PT/BASE 0.8-0.9, and broad-based SIPH 0.8-1.3 × HT II …..Hyadaphis coriandri

27 Cauda short, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. (All apt. in spring populations are fundatrices with ANT 5-segmented, producing al. progeny)

….. Rhopalomyzus alaica*

- Cauda 1.25-2.0 × its basal width in dorsal view. (Apt. fundatrigeniae often present in spring populations) …..28

28 Cauda tapering, bluntly triangular, less than 0.12 × BL …..29

- Cauda finger-like, almost parallel-sided on distal part, and more than 0.12 × BL …..30

29 ANT PT/BASE usually more than 2.2 …..Hyadaphis coerulescens*

- ANT PT/BASE usually less than 1.8 …..Hyadaphis ferganica*

30 Pro- and mesosternum both with dark, clearly-defined central sclerites, the mesosternal one larger and trapezoid in shape …..Hyadaphis levantina

- No mesosternal sclerite …..31

31 SIPH more than 1.45 × cauda. Prosternum with central sclerite pale or not clearly defined

…..Rhopalomyzus narzikulovi*

- SIPH less than 1.45 × cauda. Prosternum with a dark, clearly defined trapezoid sclerite

…..32

32 Prosternal sclerite 2.7-3.6 × wider than long (Fig.38f) . SIPH 0.85-1.2 × cauda. R IV+V 0.083-0.122 mm long. (Al. rarely with secondary rhinaria on ANT V)

…..Hyadaphis passerinii

- Prosternal sclerite 1.36-2.6 × wider than long, and often with posterior margin convex (Fig.38g). SIPH 1.05-1.4 × cauda. R IV+V 0.093-0.137 mm long. (Al. often with 1-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT V) …..Hyadaphis foeniculi

33 Cauda short, broadly rounded or helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width …..34

- Cauda triangular or tongue-shaped and longer than its basal width …..36

34 (Fund.) ANT 5-segmented, with PT/BASE 1.4-1.5. SIPH 0.12-0.14 × BL. Cauda with 4-6 hairs …..Rhopalomyzus tianshanica*

- (Fund. or apt.) ANT 6-segmented, with PT/BASE 3.5-7.7. SIPH 0-16-0.25 × BL. Cauda with 12-18 hairs …..35

35 BL 2.7-3.4 mm. ANT III 0.8-1.0 × SIPH. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.2. (ANT III of al. with 21-27 secondary rhinaria) …..Avicennina sogdiana*

- BL 3.8-5.5 mm. ANT III 1.05-1.45 × SIPH. ANT PT/BASE 6.9-7.7. (ANT III of al. with 56-77 secondary rhinaria) …..Avicennina turkestanica*

36 Head smooth dorsally, smooth or with some spicules ventrally. ANT tubercles undeveloped, or weakly developed with inner faces broadly divergent (All apt. in spring populations fundatrices producing al. progeny) …..37

- Head spiculose. ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, with inner faces usually

steep-sided …..40

37 (Fund. only) SIPH 0.12-0.17 × BL, which is 1.8-2.6 mm. R IV+V shorter than HT II (all morphs) …..38

- (Fund. only) SIPH c.0.1 × BL, which is 2.8-3.5 mm. RIV+V longer than HT II (all morphs)

…..39

38 (Fund.) ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.2. (SIPH of al. fundatrigenia 1.5-1.6 × cauda, 0.12-0.14 × BL)

…..Rhopalomyzus lonicerae

- (Fund.) ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.3. (SIPH of al. fundatrigenia 2.3-2.7 × cauda, 0.15-0.17 × BL)

…..Rhopalomyzus hissarica

39 (Fund. and al.) Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.6 × BD III …..Rhopalomyzus poae

- (Fund. and al.) Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.4 × BD III …..Rhopalomyzus grabhami

40 (Fund. only) ANT PT/BASE a little less than 1. (All second generation are alatae with

dark-bordered wing veins) …..Neotoxoptera abeliae

- (All morphs) ANT PT/BASE more than 1. (Al. without dark-bordered wing-veins) …..41

41 ANT I and II dark, and femora mainly dark. ANT III usually with a single rhinarium on a slight swelling near base …..Neoaulacorthum magnoliae

- ANT I and II and femora pale. ANT III without rhinaria …..42

42 SIPH 0.20-0.28 × BL, which is 1.2-2.5 mm …..Myzus persicae (or antirrhinii)

- (Fund.) SIPH 0.14-0.17 × BL, which is 2.6-3.5 mm …..43

43 R IV+V with 4 accessory hairs …..Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola

- R IV+V with c.14 accessory hairs …..Neorhopalomyzus lonicerisuctus*

44 Cuticle of head densely spiculose dorsally and ventrally. SIPH with or without hairs …..45

- Cuticle of head smooth or with spicules only ventrally. SIPH without hairs …..52

45 ANT III with (0-)1-3 small rhinaria near base …..Aulacorthum solani

- ANT III without rhinaria …..46

46 SIPH without hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. Cauda with 4-6 hairs …..47

- SIPH usually with one or more hairs. ANT PT/BASE more than 3 (except fund.). Cauda with 6-13 hairs …..48

47 ANT tubercles very well developed, with inner faces apically convergent. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings. SIPH with coarse, non-spinulose imbrication .....Myzus ornatus

- ANT tubercles rather weakly developed, with inner faces divergent. Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental markings. SIPH with spinulose imbrication .....Myzus sp.

(?mumecola; on L. quinquelocularis, India, BMNH colln and Chowdhuri et al. 1969)

48 Cauda tongue-shaped, broadly rounded at apex, about 2 × its basal width in dorsal view (Fig.38h). SIPH tapering from a broad base to a narrow apex, with a small flange, and bearing 6-20 hairs that are 14-22 μm long (Fig.38i) …..Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae

- Cauda helmet-shaped, flask-shaped, pentagonal or triangular, less than 1.5 × its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH cylindrical on distal half or swollen subapically, with or without a flange, and bearing 0-20 hairs that are 5-55 μm long …..49

49 SIPH 2.5-3.5 × cauda, with well-marked spinulose imbrication at least on basal part, bearing (0-)6-20 hairs, and with a subapical constriction and a swollen apical rim or small flange

…..50

- SIPH 3.6-5.0 × cauda, almost smooth, with 0-7 hairs, and completely flangeless …..51

50 BL 1.8-2.5 mm. ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH 0.56-0.64 mm long, with 8-16 hairs which are maximally only 5-11 μm long (Fig.38j) …..Trichosiphonaphis polygonifoliae

- BL 0.9-1.2 mm. ANT tubercles well developed with inner faces almost parallel. SIPH

0.26-0.36 mm long, with longest hairs 7-18 μm

…..Trichosiphonaphis sp. (Japan; BMNH collection, see text under polygoniformosanus)

51 Dorsal hairs very long and fine. SIPH with 0-5 very fine hairs 22-55 μm long (Fig.38k)

…..Trichosiphonaphis corticis

- Dorsal hairs very short. SIPH with 0-7 hairs (most often 0) only 5-7 μm long

…..Trichosiphonaphis alpestris

52 Cauda helmet-shaped or broadly rounded, shorter than, or not more than 1.2 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..53

- Cauda triangular with a rather pointed apex, or tongue-shaped, if tongue-shaped then more than 1.3 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view …..61

53 (Fund.) Dorsal and antennal hairs short and inconspicuous. SIPH 0.08-0.09 × BL, and more than 5 × longer than their basal widths. ANT without sec. rhinaria. Marginal and spinal tubercles (MTu and STu) not evident. (All progeny of fund. are alate)

…..Loniceraphis paradoxa*

- Dorsal and antennal hairs long and fine-pointed. SIPH 0.17-0.25 × BL, thick, 3-5 × longer than their basal width. ANT with sec. rhinaria. MTu and STu often present ….54

54 Hairs on ANT III all less than 1.5 × BD III …..55

- Longest hairs on ANT III more than 1.5 × BD III …..56

55 ANT PT/BASE 3.2-4.2. ANT III with 8-20 rhinaria. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 44-49, IV 7-16, V 0-3) …..Amphicercidus flocculosus

- ANT PT/BASE less than 3. ANT III with 22-77 rhinaria. (Al. with 113-163 rhinaria on ANT III, 0 on IV and V) …..Amphicercidus sinilonicericola*

56 ANT III with only 3-4 rhinaria (except in alatiform individuals). Cauda with 6 hairs …..57

- ANT III with 6-49 rhinaria. Cauda with 6-19 hairs …..58

57 ROSTRUM total length 0.4-0.5 × BL ..… Amphicercidus lonicericola*

- ROSTRUM total length 0.25-0.3 × BL …..Amphicercidus alticola s.str.*

58 ANT PT/BASE 3.7-4.0. ANT III with 25-49 rhinaria …..Amphicercidus lonicerae*

- ANT PT/BASE 1.6-3.7. ANT III with 6-28 rhinaria …..59

59 Cauda with c.6 hairs ….. Amphicercidus alticola ssp. tschatshica*

- Cauda with 10-19 hairs …..60

60 ABD TERG 2-7 with MTu (placed pleurally on 7), and ABD TERG 7 and 8 with STu, all well developed. ANT PT/BASE 2.9-3.7. ANT III with 6-11 rhinaria

…..Amphicercidus tuberculatus

- Small MTu and Stu irregularly present on ABD TERG 2-5 and ABD TERG 7-8. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.8. ANT III with 8-28 rhinaria …..Amphicercidus japonicus

61 SIPH thin, cylindrical for most of length and pale, or only dusky towards apices, and almost flangeless (Fig.38l). Cauda with a rather pointed apex, not more than 1.3 × its basal width. ABD TERG 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Alphitoaphis lonicericola

- SIPH tapering from base to flange, and wholly dark. Cauda with rounded apex, and more than 1.3 × its basal width. ABD TERG 7 with MTu …..62

62 Hairs on ANT III long and fine, the longest more than 2.1 × BD III …..Aphis xylostei*

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-2.1 × BD III

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

Lophanthus Lamiaceae

Lophanthus schrenkii Klimaszewskia lophanthi

L. pinetorum Rhinariaphis tuberculata

Use key to apterae on Nepeta.

Lophochloa see Rostraria Poaceae

L. cristata = Rostraria cristata

L. phleioides = Rostraria cristata

Lopholaena Asteraceae

Lopholaena coriifolia Aphis gossypii

Lophospermum Plantaginaceae

Lophospermum erubescens [Myzus persicae (1 male, as Macrosiphum lophospermum)]

Loranthus Mistletoes Loranthaceae

Loranthus acaciae = Plicosepalus acaciae

L. cordifolius = Tapinanthus cordifolius

L. dregei = Erianthemum dregei

L. europaeus Aphis fabae

L. pentandrus = Dendrophthoë pentandra

L. sutchuenensis = Taxillus sutchuenensis

Loranthus spp. Aphis gossypii; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus;

Greenidea rappardi; Sitobion loranthi;

Tuberaphis loranthi, scurrulae

Key to apterae on Loranthus (also Erianthemum, Scurrula, Tapinanthus and Taxillus):-

(Note: Most plants described in Loranthus are now placed in other genera, e.g. Dendrophthoe, Erianthemum, Macrosolen, Scurrula, Tapinanthus, Taxillus, so many records of aphids from “Loranthus sp.” or “mistletoe”, particularly those from East Asia and Africa, should more properly be referred to one or other of those genera.)

1 Head fused with prothorax. Eyes 3-faceted. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE less than 0.3. SIPH as pores. Anal plate bilobed …..2

- Head not fused with prothorax, and without spine-like hairs. Eyes multifaceted. ANT usually 6-segmented, with ANT PT//BASE more than 0.5. SIPH tubular. Anal plate entire

…..4

2 Marginal wax glands present in a longitudinal row on each segment (Fig.39a; sometimes lacking on ABD TERG 5-8). Head with a pair of mammariform or conical tubercles situated anterio-ventrally near ANT bases, each bearing a thick spine-like hair (Fig.39b). R IV+V rather short and blunt, 0.85-1.07 × HT II. SIPH pores with 5-20 encircling hairs (Fig.39c). BL 1.5-2.1 mm …..3

- Marginal wax glands not evident. Head without a pair of anterio-ventral tubercles. R IV+V acute, with RV somewhat attenuated; 1.3-1.6 × HT II. SIPH with 2-4 encircling hairs

…..Tuberaphis takenouchii

3 Cauda with the distal part in form of a broad knob (Fig.39d). Tergum pale. ABD TERG 5-8 often without marginal wax glands …..Tuberaphis loranthi

- Cauda broadly rounded (Fig.39e). Tergum dark. ABD TERG 1-8 all with longitudinal rows of marginal wax glands …..Tuberaphis scurrulae

4 SIPH with numerous long hairs. Cauda broadly rounded, with a median stylus-like process

…..Greenidea rappardi

- SIPH without hairs. Cauda tongue-or finger-shaped …..5

5 ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.7. SIPH pale, shorter than their basal widths and about 0.5 × cauda

…..Brachyunguis harmalae

- ANT PT/BASE more than 2. SIPH dark at least distally, much longer than their basal widths, and more than 0.7 × cauda …..6

6 SIPH pale basally, 0.8-1.0 × the large black cauda .....Sinomegoura citricola

- SIPH wholly dark, longer than cauda .....7

7 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 1-2(-4) small rhinaria near base. ANT PT/BASE 5.1-9.0 .….8

- SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE less than 5

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 25

8 SIPH 0.64-0.96 mm long, 0.34-0.38 × BL and 2.3-2.7 × cauda, their midlength diameter

2.0-2.5 × that of hind tibia. ANT PT/BASE 7.5-9.0 …..Sitobion loranthi*

- SIPH 0.39-0.48 mm long, 0.20-0.27 × BL and 1.5-1.9 × cauda, their midlength diameter 1.50-1.66 × that of hind tibia. ANT PT/BASE 5.1-6.0 …..Sitobion asirum*

Loropetalum Hamamelidaceae

Loropetalum chinense Micromyzodium kuwakusae

Lotus Fabaceae

Lotus allionii = L. cytisoides

L. angustifolius Acyrthosiphon loti; Aphis loti

L. angustissimus Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis loti;

Therioaphis brachytricha

L. conjugatus ssp. requienii Acyrthosiphon pisum

L. corniculatus Acyrthosiphon kondoi, loti, pisum;

Aphis craccivora, [crepidis], fabae, loti, lotiradicis;

Aulacorthum solani; [Macrosiphum sp. (Leonard 1974)];

Megoura viciae; Nearctaphis bakeri;

Rhopalosiphoninus heikinheimoi; [Sipha glyceriae];

Therioaphis brachytricha, trifolii

L. creticus Aphis craccivora

L. cytisoides Acyrthosiphon loti; Aphis craccivora, loti;

Therioaphis litoralis

L. frondosus Aphis loti, lotiradicis

L. gebelia Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis loti; Therioaphis litoralis, loti

L. graecus = Dorycnium graecum

L. hirsutus = Dorycnium hirsutum

L. hispidus Aphis craccivora

L. krylovii Aphis craccivora

L. lamprocarpus = L. palustris

L. lanuginosus Aphis craccivora

L. latifolius Therioaphis loti

L. maritimus Aphis craccivora, loti

L. ornithopodioides Aphis craccivora

L. palustris Aphis craccivora

L. parviflorus Acyrthosiphon loti

L. pedunculatus Aphis craccivora, lotiradicis

L. peregrinus Therioaphis loti

L. rectus = Dorycnium rectum

L. scoparius = Syrmatium glabrum

L. subbiflorus Acyrthosiphon loti, pisum

L. suffruticosus Therioaphis obscura

L. tenuifolius = L. tenuis

L. tenuis Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora

L. uliginosus (incl. Acyrthosiphon loti, pisum;

pedunculatus auctt. non Cav.) Aphis craccivora, loti, lotiradicis;

Megoura viciae; Therioaphis brachytricha

Lotus sp. [Geoica lucifuga]; Paracletus cimiciformis];

[Therioaphis subalba]

Key to apterae on Lotus (couplets 1-3 only can be applied to alatae):-

1 Fore coxae greatly enlarged. SIPH in form of small truncate cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed .….2

- Fore coxae normal. Form of SIPH various. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, anal plate entire

…..8

2 All viviparae are alatae …..3

- Apterae are commonly present …..4

3 (Al.) Knob of cauda trapezoid, longer than its greatest width (Fig.40a). ABD TERG 8 with 4-7 hairs, usually placed on dark sclerites. Head with dark ventral cross-band between eyes

…..Therioaphis dorycnii

- (Al.) Knob of cauda almost globular, not longer than its greatest width (Fig.40b). ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs, placed on pale or dusky sclerites. Ventral cross-band between eyes often pale or indistinct …..Therioaphis loti

4 Dorsal hairs only 7-10 μm long, much shorter than ANT BD III, with blunt apices, arising from rough convex sclerotic plates (Fig.40c) …..Therioaphis brachytricha

- Dorsal hairs 35-90 μm long, mostly much longer than ANT BD III, thick, and with knobbed or otherwise expanded apices, and arising from tuberculate or conical bases …..5

5 ABD TERG 1-5 each with 1 pair of long spinal hairs and 1 pair of long marginal hairs (sometimes there are also 1-2 much smaller hairs) …..6

- ABD TERG 1-5 with at least some tergites having more than 4 long hairs per segment

…..7

6 ABD TERG 1-7 with very large paired variably pigmented sclerotic bars, often fused across midline. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 3 are c.70 μm long, placed on processes c.35 μm high (Fig.40d) …..Therioaphis obscura

- ABD TERG 1-7 without large sclerotic bars. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 80-90 μm long, and placed on processes c.60 μm high (Fig.40e) …..Therioaphis litoralis

7 Dorsum usually unpigmented and unsclerotised. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.9, with PT about equal to HT II. SIPH small and inconspicuous, only about 0.02-0.04 mm long (Fig.40g)

…..Therioaphis bonjeaniae

- Dorsum with hairs arising from variably pigmented sclerites (Fig.40f). ANT PT/BASE more than 1.1, PT being much longer than HT II. SIPH pigmented, distinctly visible, 0.04-0.07 mm long (Fig.40h) …..Therioaphis trifolii

8 Body broadly spindle-shaped, BL 2.0-5.5 mm. ANT tubercles well-developed …..9

- Body oval, 1.1-2.9 mm. ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed ….13

9 Head and ANT I and II black. SIPH dark, swollen in middle or on distal part …..10

- Head and ANT I and II pale. SIPH mainly pale, thin and tapering or cylindrical …..11

10 Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. SIPH cigar-shaped, similar in length to the long finger-like cauda …..Megoura viciae

- Head spiculose with inner faces of ANT tubercles scabrous and almost parallel. SIPH strongly swollen over distal 0.7, and more than 2 × longer than the short triangular cauda

…..Rhopalosiphoninus heikinheimoi

11 ANT I with 9-23 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.25-0.40 mm long, 1.8-2.9 × longer than R IV+V. SIPH attenuate distally, with diameter at midlength similar to or less than middle diameter of hind tibia ..…Acyrthosiphon pisum

- ANT I with 6-10 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.13-0.20 mm long, 1-1.5 × longer than R IV+V. SIPH not attenuate distally; diameter at midlength greater than middle diameter of hind tibia

..…12

12 ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.2. R IV+V with 6 accessory hairs. SIPH 0.20-0.25 × BL

…..Acyrthosiphon loti

- ANT PT/BASE 4.3-6.0. R IV+V with 4 accessory hairs. SIPH 0.25-0.33 × BL

…..Acyrthosiphon kondoi

13 SIPH pale, short, with close-set rows of spinules (Fig.40i), 0.8-1.1 × cauda which is also short, only a little longer than its basal width. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Nearctaphis bakeri

- SIPH dark, with normal imbrication, 0.8-2.2 × cauda which is much longer than its basal width. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …..14

14 Longest hairs on ANT III finely pointed, 0.8-2.2 × BD III. Dorsal abdomen usually with well-developed black cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, but with only small, scattered sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6. Cauda with 11-25 hairs …..Aphis fabae

- Longest hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.8 × BD III. Dorsal abdomen either with extensive dark sclerotisation on ABD TERG 1-6, or if mainly membranous then cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8 are vestigeal or absent. Cauda with 4-16 hairs …..15

15 Dorsal sclerotisation variably developed, at most with separate dark cross-bands on metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6. R IV+V 1.10-1.25 × HT II. Cauda with 11-16 hairs. MTu regularly present on some of ABD TERG 2-6 (totalling 6-7) …..Aphis lotiradicis

- Dorsum usually with a solid black shield over metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6, sometimes partially fragmented, but never divided into segmental cross-bands. R IV+V 0.87-1.15 × HT II. Cauda with 4-11 hairs. ABD TERG 2-6 rarely with MTu (totalling 0-4) …..16

16 Cauda finger-like, almost parallel-sided on distal part with rounded apex (Fig.40j), 0.13-0.18 × BL, and bearing 6-11 hairs. SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda. (Al. with 0-2 rhinaria on ANT IV)

…..Aphis loti

- Cauda with distal part tapering, apex not rounded (Fig.40k), 0.09-0.13 × BL, and bearing 4-9 hairs. SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda. (Al. never with rhinaria on ANT IV) …..Aphis craccivora

Louiseania Rosaceae

Louiseania ulmifolia Aphidura bozhkoae

Loxostylis Anacardiaceae

Loxostylis alata Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Lubinia see Lysimachia Primulaceae

Luculia Rubiaceae

Luculia gratissima Myzus persicae

Luculia sp. Aphis spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Ludisia Orchidaceae

Ludisia discolor Cerataphis orchidearum

Ludwigia (including Jussiaea) Onagraceae

Ludwigia abyssinica Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus lythri

L. angustifolia (?) Aphis gossypii; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

L. bonariensis Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

L. decurrens Aphis gossypii; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

L. erecta Aphis [pomi], spiraecola

L. grandiflora Aulacorthum solani

L. linifolia Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

L. octovalvis Aphis gossypii; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae; Myzus lythri

L. palustris Neomyzus circumflexus

L. peploides [Aphis carverae]

L. peruviana Aphis gossypii; [Sitobion indicum]

L. suffruticosa (?) Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

Key to apterae on Ludwigia:-

1 Head spiculose or nodulose, with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces

steep-sided and scabrous. SIPH pale or dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu …..2

- Head smooth with ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …...go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

2 ANT 0.5-0.6 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.0 …..Myzus lythri

- ANT 1.1-1.3 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 4-5 …..3

3 SIPH slightly clavate, 2.6-3.3 × cauda which bears 4 hairs. R IV+V 1.45-1.75 × HT II., with 2 accessory hairs. Tergum sclerotic, with a wrinkled, reticulate appearance. ANT III without rhinaria …..Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

- SIPH tapering /cylindrical, 2.0-2.5 × cauda which bears 7 hairs. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II, with 5-7 accessory hairs. Tergum membranous, smooth. ANT III usually with 1-3 small rhinaria near base …..Aulacorthum solani

Luehea Malvaceae

Luehea divaricata Aphis gossypii

Luetkea Rosaceae

Luetkea pectinata Ericaphis louisae; Macrosiphum opportunisticum

Key to apterae on Luetkea:-

- SIPH 0.13-0.20 × BL, without any subapical polygonal reticulation. Antennae much shorter than body, and ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles weakly developed and rugose, with median frontal tubercle almost equally developed …..Ericaphis louisae

- SIPH more than 0.2 × BL, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Antennae longer than body, and ANT III with 1 or more small rhinaria near base. ANT tubercles well developed, with smooth inner faces …..Macrosiphum opportunisticum

Luffa Cucurbitaceae

Luffa acutangula Aphis gossypii, [umbrella];

Neoaulacorthum magnoliae

L. aegyptiaca = L. cylindrica

L. cylindrica Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii

Luffa sp. Aphis solanella, spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Lunania Flacourtiaceae

Lunania cubensis Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Lunaria Brassicaceae

Lunaria annua Aphis fabae; Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae

L. biennis = L. annua

L. rediviva Aphis fabae

Key to apterae on Lunaria:-

- ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH, which are somewhat swollen in middle (barrel-shaped) and 0.8-1.0 × the broadly triangular cauda. Dorsum with paired dark markings

…..Brevicoryne brassicae

- Without the above combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

(or try key to apterae on Brassica)

Lupinus Fabaceae

Lupinus affinis Macrosiphum albifrons

L. albiflorus (?) Macrosiphum albifrons

L. albifrons Macrosiphum albifrons

L. albus Aphis craccivora; Macrosiphum albifrons; Myzus persicae

L. angustifolius Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum;

Aphis craccivora, fabae, frangulae;

Brachycaudus helichrysi;

Macrosiphum albifrons, euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

L. arboreus Macrosiphum albifrons