C_HOSTS_Lin_Lyt – Blackman & Eastop's Aphids on the World's Plants

*Linaria*	Plantaginaceae
*Linaria alpina*	[Aphis sambuci]; Myzus ascalonicus
L. buriatica	[Acyrthosiphon dauricum]
*L. canadensis* = Nuttallanthus canadensis
*L. cymbalaria* = Cymbalaria muralis
L. dalmatica = L. genistifolia ssp. dalmatica
L. genistifolia	Brachycaudus linariae; Myzus linariae
L. genistifolia ssp. dalmatica	Acyrthosiphon ilka; Myzus linariae
L. heterophylla	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus linariae
L. × incompleta	[Aphis franzi]; Brachycaudus rinariatus
L. melanantha	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
L. pelisseriana	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
L. popovii	[Aphis sp. (Uzbekistan; Davletshina 1964)]
*L. propinqua*	Myzus linariae, persicae
L. purpurea	Brachycaudus linariae
*L. repens*	Brachycaudus linariae; Dysaphis gallica;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae
*L. vulgaris*	[Aphis linariae Lichtenstein (nomen nudum)];
	Brachycaudus linariae, rinariatus;
	[Hyperomyzus rhinanthi]; [Macrosiphoniella linariae];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Key to apterae of Linaria:-

1	Cauda short, helmet-shaped, pentagonal or bluntly triangular, not more than 1.2 × its basal width in dorsal view	…..2
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-like, more than 1.3 × its basal width in dorsal view	…..6
2	ANT PT/BASE less than 2. SIPH shorter than R IV+V. ABD TERG 7 with large marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Protaphis middletonii
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 2.4. SIPH longer than R IV+V. ABD TERG 7 without MTu	…..3

3	ABD TERG 1-5 with extensive dark sclerotisation. Cauda with 10-15 hairs	…..4
–	ABD TERG 1-5 without dark sclerotisation. Cauda with 4-6 hairs	…..5
4	ANT III and IV with numerous rhinaria. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III. SIPH much shorter than (0.6-0.75 × ) ANT III. ABD TERG 1-5 with a solid dark shield, fused with marginal sclerites	…..Brachycaudus rinariatus
–	ANT III and IV without rhinaria. Hairs on ANT III minute, the longest c.0.2 × BD III. SIPH slightly longer than ANT III. ABD TERG 1-5 with variably developed sclerotisation, usually with intersegmental gaps and not fused with marginal sclerites	…..Brachycaudus linariae

5	SIPH smooth, pale 0.8-2.0 × cauda. Head smooth with ANT tubercles and median frontal tubercle undeveloped. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	SIPH imbricated, dark at least towards apices, 2.4-3.3 × cauda. Head with evident ANT tubercles and a scabrous median frontal tubercle. Spiracular apertures small and reniform	…..Dysaphis gallica

6	Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles smooth and divergent	…..7
–	Head spinulose or nodulose with inner faces of ANT tubercles scabrous and steep-sided	…..8

7	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III	…..Acyrthosiphon ilka

8	SIPH tapering, with a slight “S” curve. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings	…..Myzus ornatus
–	SIPH slightly to moderately clavate. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings	…..9
9	SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III	…..10
–	SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III	…..11
10	Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view. SIPH almost smooth or weakly imbricated, with narrowest part of basal stem not wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle smooth or slightly wrinkled	…..Myzus ascalonicus
–	Inner faces of ANT tubercles with convergent apices. SIPH heavily imbricated or scabrous, with narrowest part of stem a little wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle scaly	…..Myzus cymbalariae

11	R IV+V 0.63-0.88 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.85	…..Myzus linariae
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5	…..Myzus persicae

*Lindelofia*	Boraginaceae
*Lindelofia anchusioides* = L. macrostyla
L. longiflora	Brachycaudus cardui
L. macrostyla	Brachycaudus bicolor; Myzus persicae
Lindelofia sp.	Brachycaudus helichrysi

Use key to apterae on Cynoglossum.

*Lindenbergia*	Plantaginaceae
*Lindenbergia urticifolia*	Aphis fabae
Lindenbergia sp.	Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Lindera*	Lauraceae
Lindera aggregata	Pseudomegoura magnoliae
L. communis	Aiceona osugii
L. erythrocarpa	Aulacorthum muradachi
L. glauca	Aiceona actinodaphinis
L. praecox	Aulacorthum muradachi; Thoracaphis linderae
L. pulcherrima	Aiceona parvicornis
L. sericea	Aulacorthum linderae
L. strychnifolia = L. aggregata
L. triloba	Aulacorthum muradachi; Thoracaphis linderae
L. umbellata	Aulacorthum muradachi; Thoracaphis linderae
Lindera sp.	Aphis aurantii, spiraecola; Machilaphis pseudomachili;
	?Metanipponaphis sylvestrii;
	[Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea];
	[Eutrichosiphum sp. – David & Rajasingh 1969];
	Schizoneuraphis himalayensis; [Taoia indica]

Key to species:-

1	Aptera aleyrodiform; body flattened, almost circular, with dark sclerotic dorsum. Antennae very short, 3-segmented	…..2
–	Aptera of normal aphid form. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented	…..4
2	Dorsal hairs on prosoma all short, only 14-16 µm long	…..?Metanipponaphis sylvestrii
–	Prosomal hairs or at least the marginal ones, long and thick-based	…..3
3	BL c.1.8-2 mm. Abdominal plate with only one pair of long marginal hairs, the rest being minute	…..Thoracaphis linderae
–	BL 0.9-1.1 mm. Abdominal plate (fused ABD TERG 2-7) with at least 3 pairs of long marginal hairs	…..Schizoneuraphis himalayensis*
4	SIPH merely small pores, not surrounded by hairs. Posterior abdomen with extensive wax gland pore plates (or possibly M. machili – check couplet 4 of key to aphids on Persea)	…..Machilaphis pseudomachili

–	SIPH as pores on hairy cones or tubular. No extensive wax pore plates	…..5
5	SIPH pores placed on hairy cones. ANT PT/BASE less than 1. Eyes reduced	…..6
–	SIPH tubular. ANT PT/BASE more than 2. Eyes well developed	…..7
6	R IV+V 0.76-0.80 × HT II. SIPH cones small, basal diameter maximally 0.12 mm	…..Aiceona osugii (or parvicornis)
–	R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. SIPH cones large, of basal diameter more than 0.2 mm	…..Aiceona actinodaphnis

7	SIPH with numerous long hairs …..Greenideini sp. (try key to aphids on Litsea)
–	SIPH without hairs	…..8
8	Antennal tubercles weakly developed. SIPH and cauda of aptera both black	…..9
–	Antennal tubercles well developed, steep-sided. SIPH pale or dark, cauda pale	…..10
9	Stridulatory mechanism present, consisting of a conspicuous pattern of ridges on ventrolateral areas of abdominal sternites 5 and 6, and a row of short peg-like hairs on the hind tibia (fig. 122)	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–	Stridulatory mechanism not present	…..Aphis spiraecola
10	SIPH swollen on distal half	…..Neoaulacorthum magnoliae
–	SIPH tapering/cylindrical from base to flange	…..11
11	SIPH of aptera much darker than cauda. R IV+V 0.8-1.0× HT II	…..Aulacorthum muradachi

–

SIPH of aptera pale, or dark only at apices. R IV+V 1.2-1.4× HT II

…..Aulacorthum linderae*

*Lindernia*	Linderniaceae
*Lindernia crustacea*	Aphis gossypii

*Linnaea*	Caprifoliaceae
*Linnaea borealis*	Aulacorthum solani; Illinoia simpsoni;
(incl. var. americana)	Neomyzus circumflexus

Key to apterae on Linnaea:-

–	SIPH swollen on distal part, but the subapical part narrower and with polygonal reticulation (4-6 rows of large polygonal cells)	….. Illinoia simpsoni
–	SIPH cylindrical or tapering on distal part and/or without polygonal reticulation	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Linosyris* see Galatella	Asteraceae
*Linosyris tatarica* = Galatella tatarica
L. *villosa* = Galatella villosa

*Linum*	Linaceae
Linum album (?)	Aphis linorum
L. alpinum	[Macrosiphum hartigi]
L. austriacum	Aphis craccivora, linorum; [Dysaphis pyri]
L. capitatum	Aphis lini
L. corymbulosum	Acyrthosiphon mordvilkoi
L. grandiflorum	Acyrthosiphon ilka; Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae
L. indehiscens = L. usitatissimum
L. lewisii	Macrosiphum dewsler
L. nervosum	Aphis lini, linorum
L. perenne	Acyrthosiphon mordvilkoi; Aphis linorum;
	[Macrosiphum sp. (aphidtrek.org)];
	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
L. perenne ssp. alpinum = L. alpinum
L. purpureum ? (= L. olgae?)	Aphis linorum
L. strictum	[Acyrthosiphon pisum]; Aphis craccivora
L. usitatissimum	Acyrthosiphon ilka, mordvilkoi;
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, lini, linorum;
	Linaphis lini; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
Linum spp.	Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi;
	[Sitobion avenae]; Smynthurodes betae

Key to apterae on Linum:-

1	SIPH pale, long , tapering or cylindrical on distal half, and without subapical polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles with smooth, broadly divergent inner faces, and median frontal tubercle evident	…..Acyrthosiphon ilka group (incl. mordvilkoi)
–	SIPH (if present) either not pale, long and tapering, or with subapical polygonal reticulation, and other characters not in above combination	…..2
2	ANT III longer than IV + V together	…..3
–	ANT III shorter than IV + V together	…..5
3	ANT III 2.2-3.7 × SIPH. SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which is broadly triangular and bears 6-9 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with paired dark markings	…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–	ANT III 1.0-1.8 × SIPH. SIPH 1.1-1.6 × cauda which is elongate triangular or tongue-shaped and bears 4-7 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings	…..4
4	ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. (Al. with 9-25 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 2-8 on IV and 0-3 on V	…..Lipaphis erysimi
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 1.4. (Al. with 4-8 secondary rhinaria on ANT III only)	…..Linaphis lini

ANT PT/BASE c. 1.2-1.3. SIPH much shorter than (c. 0.6-0.7 ×) cauda. Abdomen with variably developed paired dark markings on ABD TERG 1-4, and cross-bands on 5-8

…..Aphis lini

–	ANT PT/BASE either less than 0.5 or more than 2. SIPH (if present) 0.7-3.2 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings	…..6
6	ABD TERG 1-7 with large, rather flat marginal tubercles (MTu), occupying a large part of each marginal sclerite (sometimes small or absent on 5 and/or 6)	…..Aphis linorum
–	MTu not large and flat and only ever regularly present on ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..7
7	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation and R IV+V 0.57-0.70 × HT II	…..Macrosiphum dewsler
–	Without that combination of characters; if SIPH have polygonal reticulation then R IV+V is more than 0.75 × HT II	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Liparis*	Orchidaceae
*Liparis bowkeri*	Aulacorthum solani; Sitobion eulophiae
L. javanica	Neomyzus circumflexus
L. neglecta = L. bowkeri
L. nugentiae = Stichorkis nugentiae
Liparis sp.	Cerataphis orchidearum

Use key to apterae of orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium.

*Lipocarpha*	Cyperaceae
*Lipocarpha chinensis*	Aphis gossypii

*Lippia*	Verbenaceae
*Lippia citriodora* = Aloysia citriodora
*L. grandiflora*	Aphis gossypii
L. javanica	Aphis gossypii
L. macrophylla	Aphis gossypii
L. nodiflora = Phyla nodiflora
L. triphylla = Aloysia citriodora
*L. turbinata*	Aphis lippiae
L. urticoides = Aloysia virgata

Couplet for separating these two species:-

–	ANT PT/BASE more than 2. Cauda tongue-shaped	…..Aphis gossypii
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 2. Cauda more-or-less triangular	…..Aphis lippiae

*Liquidambar*	Sweet Gums Altingiaceae
Liquidambar formosana	Aphis gossypii; Longistigma liquidambaris;
	Myzus persicae; Stomaphis liquidambarus
L. orientalis	Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus, persicae
L. styraciflua	American Red Gum
	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
	[Macrosiphum opportunisticum]; Myzus ornatus

Key to aphids on Liquidambar:-

1	BL less than 4 mm. Cauda tongue-shaped	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
–	BL more than 4 mm. Cauda broadly rounded	…..2
2	Rostrum longer than body. Forewing of alata with veins bordered with fuscous, and with pterostigma not extending to wing-tip	…..Stomaphis liquidambarus
–	Rostrum much shorter than body. Forewing of alata with wing veins not or only very lightly bordered, and with pterostigma extended to wing-tip	…..Longistigma liquidambarus

*Liriodendron*	Magnoliaceae
Liriodendron tulipifera	Tulip Tree
	Aphis fabae; Illinoia liliodendri;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

1	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT III of aptera without any secondary rhinaria	…..use key to polyphagous aphids
–	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III of aptera with 0-7 secondary rhinaria on basal half	…..2
2	SIPH 2.4-2.8× cauda. SIPH of aptera clearly darker than cauda and usually somewhat swollen on distal half. Longest hairs on ANT III not more than 0.5× longer than basal diameter of segment	…..Illinoia liriodendri
–	SIPH 1.7-2.3× cauda; in aptera not darker than cauda except at apices, and cylindrical on distal half. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5× longer than basal diameter of segment	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

*Liriope*	Asparagaceae
*Liriope muscari*	Hydronaphis liriopes; Myzus ascalonicus;
	Rhopalosiphum padi
L. platyphylla = L. muscari

Key to apterae on Liriope:-

–	Head densely spinulose but with ANT tubercles weakly developed, divergent. ANT with many sec. rhin. (III 23-29, IV 0-13). Dorsal abdomen with a large irregularly-shaped dark central sclerite, large post-siphuncular sclerites and a cross-band on ABD TERG 7. SIPH dark, clavate	….. Hydronaphis liriopes
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Lisianthus*	Gentianaceae
*Lisianthus glandulosus*	Aphis aurantii, spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Lissanthe*	Epacridaceae
*Lissanthe strigosa*	Ceriferella leucopogonis

*Listera* see Neottia	Orchidaceae
Listera ovata = Neottia ovata
Listera sp. (Neottia sp.?)	Sinomegoura citricola

Use key to polyphagous aphids (or try key to orchids under Cymbidium).

*Litchi*	Lychee	Sapindaceae
Litchi chinensis	Aphis aurantii, craccivora;
	Greenidea decaspermi, ficicola
–	SIPH with numerous long hairs	…..Greenidea spp.
–	SIPH without any hairs	…..use key to polyphagous aphids

*Lithocarpus* (= Pasania)	Fagaceae
Lithocarpus bennettii	Eutrichosiphum nigrum;
	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) pallidipes;
	Mesotrichosiphum brevisetosum;
	Nipponaphis semiglabra
L. chintungensis (?)	Neothoracaphis saramaoensis
L. cuspidatus = Castanopsis cuspidata
L. dasystachyus	Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum
L. dealbatus	[Allotrichosiphum assamense];
	Lachnus [acutihirsutus], tropicalis
L. densiflorus	Tan Oak
	Tuberculatus (Pacificallis) pasaniae
L. edulis	Eutrichosiphum apicifuscum, heterotrichum, nigrisiphon;
	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) kuwanai, nigra;
	Neothoracaphis saramaoensis; Nipponaphis monzeni;
	[Tuberculatus pilosus]
L. elegans	Lachnus tropicalis
*L. fenestratus*	[Eutrichosiphum assamense]
L. glaber	Eutrichosiphum dubium, heterotrichum, pasaniae;
	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) kuwanai;
	Mollitrichosiphum lithocarpi, nigrofasciatum
L. grifithii (?)	[Eutrichosiphum jugeshwari, manipurense]
L. indutus	Sinonipponaphis hispida
L. konishii	Eutrichosiphum dubium
L. ovalis	Eutrichosiphum pasaniae, sinense
L. rhombocarpus = L. taitoensis
L. spicatus	Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum, pasaniae
L. sundaicus	Metanipponaphis vandergooti
*L. taitoensis*	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) nigra
L. uraianus	Eutrichosiphum pasaniae; Mollitrichosiphum lithocarpi
Lithocarpus spp.	[Aiceona retipennis]; Dermaphis japonensis, takahashii;
	Eutrichosiphum flavum; Lithoaphis lithocarpi;
	Metanipponaphis lithocarpicola; [Neohormaphis wuyiensis];
	Parathoracaphis setigera; Uichancoella gabrieli

Key to aphids on Lithocarpus:-

1	Body of aptera aleyrodiform; oval, strongly sclerotised dorsally with head, thorax and ABD TERG 1 more-or-less fused (as prosoma). Legs and antennae much reduced. SIPH pore-like or absent. Antenna of alata with annular rhinaria	…..2
–	Aptera of normal aphid form with well-developed legs and antennae. SIPH either truncated cones or tubes densely clothed with long hairs. Antenna of alata with oval or transversely elongate rhinaria	…..12
2	Aptera without SIPH	…..3
–	Aptera with SIPH as a pair of pores (sometimes very small) on the abdominal plate (= fused ABD TERG 2-7; see fig. 36B)	…..6
3	Body of aptera elongate oval and dorsally flattened	…..4
–	Body of aptera broadly oval, convex dorsally	…..5
4	Body of aptera with stout, spine-like marginal hairs, and hind legs concealed beneath body (fig. 91F)	…..Parathoracaphis setigera
–	Body of aptera with small inconspicuous marginal hairs and hind legs projecting behind body	…..Neothoracaphis saramaoensis
5	Marginal hairs of aptera 120-160 µm long (fig. 91L)	…..Dermaphis japonensis
–	Marginal hairs of aptera maximally about 100 µm long	…..Dermaphis takahashii
6	Prosoma of aptera densely covered with non-articulated hair-like processes, 15-40 µm long, lacking only on muscle plates (fig. 57A)	…..Sinonipponaphis hispida
–	Prosoma of aptera without hair-like processes	…..7
7	Prosoma ornamented with blunt conical nodules, often longer than their basal widths (fig. 91A). Prosomal hairs very long and very fine	…..Nipponaphis monzeni
–	Prosoma variably sculptured, if pustulate then pustules are low pustules, all or mostly shorter than their basal widths. Prosomal hairs long or short	…..8
8	Prosoma of aptera densely ornamented with numerous separate oval or rounded papillae or pustules (e.g., fig. 36C). Marginal hairs numerous, minute	…..9
–	Prosoma of aptera variably sculptured, but without a dense ornamentation of separate rounded papillae or pustules. Marginal hairs more than 20 µm long	…..10
9	Prosoma of aptera with 3-13 hairs 30-50 µm long on medial area of each segment. Total antennal length 0.13-0.14× BL	…..Metanipponaphis vandergooti
–	Prosoma of aptera without any hairs on medial area (?). Total length of antenna only about 0.06-0.07× BL	…..Metanipponaphis lithocarpicola
10	Prosoma of aptera fused with abdominal plate (e.g., fig. 36C). Marginal hairs short and spine-like, about 28 µm long, and with 5 pairs of very short spinal hairs	…..Lithoaphis lithocarpi*

–	Prosoma and abdominal plate at least partially separate. Marginal hairs not spine-like, 50-180 µm long	…..11
11	Prosoma of aptera with marginal hairs very long, stout basally but with finely-pointed apices, about 160 µm long (fig. 57B); with 5 pairs of similar large spino-pleural hairs, the 3 thoracic tergites also bearing several somewhat shorter, thinner hairs	…..Uichancoella gabrieli

–	Prosomal hairs of aptera all 50-80 µm long	…..Nipponaphis semiglabra*
12	SIPH as truncated cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. ABD TERG 1 and 2 each with a pair of large spinal processes. (All viviparae alate)	…..Tuberculatus (Pacificallis) pasaniae

–	SIPH as hairy tubes or broad flat hairy cones. Cauda much broader than long, anal plate entire. ABD TERG 1 and 2 without processes. (Viviparae apterous or alate)	…..13
13	SIPH as broad flat hairy cones. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5	…..Lachnus tropicalis
–	SIPH as hairy tubes. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.8 (usually more than 1.0, except in one species with 4-segmented antennae)	…..14
14	Cauda with a median papilla. SIPH with reticulation on basal part	…..15
–	Cauda without a median papilla. SIPH without reticulation	…..17
15	BL of aptera 1.3-2.2 mm. Head and legs mainly pale	….. Greenidea pallidipes*
–	BL of aptera 2.2-3.4 mm. Head and legs mainly dark	…..16
16	Ventral abdomen smooth, or only locally and weakly spinulose, the spinules much smaller than hair sockets. Tibiae dark brown on basal half and pale brown on distal half	…..Greenidea kuwanai

–	Ventral abdomen of aptera distinctly spinulose, each spinule about as long as the diameter of the sockets of the ventral hairs. Tibiae entirely dark	…..Greenidea nigra
17	Antennae of aptera 4-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE c.0.5	…..Mesotrichosiphum brevisetosum*

–	Antennae of aptera 5- or 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE more than 0.7	…..18
18	Hind tibia with a series of narrow tranverse (stridulatory) ridges spaced out over proximal 0.5-0.9 of length (fig. 57D). Body elongate	…..19
–	Hind tibia without stridulatory ridges. Body elongate oval or pear-shaped	…..21
19	Dorsal thorax and abdomen with dark pleural areas linked across ABD TERG 3-4 by a broad cross-band	…..Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum
–	Dorsal abdomen without such markings	…..20
20	Ventro-lateral areas of abdomen densely spinulose (fig. 57C). ANT III of aptera at least 1.8 × ANT IV + V together	…..Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus
–	Ventro-lateral areas of abdomen not spinulose. ANT III of aptera about 1.5 × ANT IV + V together	…..Mollitrichosiphum lithocarpi*
21	R IV+V very long, 2.5-3.5 × HT II	…..22
–	R IV+V 1.4-2.4 × HT II	…..24
22	SIPH of aptera pale, shorter than head width across eyes, with long hairs all of similar length (except near base)	…..Eutrichosiphum flavum
–	SIPH of aptera dark, longer than head width across eyes, with hairs of different lengths interspersed, the shortest hairs being about half as long as the longest (fig. 92G)	…..23
23	ANT III of aptera not longer than ANT VI (BASE + PT) and bearing 13-18 hairs, with long hairs only on anterior side	…..Eutrichosiphum dubium
–	ANT III of aptera 1.1-1.5 × ANT VI and bearing 32-53 hairs, with long hairs on both anterior and posterior sides (fig. 92J)	…..Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum
24	Abdominal tergum smooth, lacking spinules except sometimes marginally. First tarsal segments with 5 or 7 hairs	…..25
–	Abdominal tergum spinulose. First tarsal segments with 7 hairs	…..27
25	ANT PT/BASE less than 1. Legs mainly black	…..Eutrichosiphum nigrum*
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Legs pale	…..26
26	First tarsal segments with 7 hairs. Posterior margin of prothorax smooth. SIPH paler on basal 0.7, dark only towards apices. (Alate morphs with large oval secondary rhinaria)	…..Eutrichosiphum apicifuscum
–	First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Posterior margin of prothorax spinulose. SIPH wholly dark. (Alate morphs with transversely narrow secondary rhinaria	…..Eutrichosiphum nigrisiphon

27	Tergum dark. SIPH wholly black	…..Eutrichosiphum pasaniae
–	Tergum pale. SIPH basally pale, black over distal c.0.7	…..Eutrichosiphum sinense

*Lithodora*	Boraginaceae
*Lithodora diffusa* = Glandora diffusa
*L. fruticosa*	Uroleucon jaceae

(See key under Lithospermum.)

*Lithospermum*	Boraginaceae
*Lithospermum arvense*	Aphis craccivora, fabae; Brachycaudus bicolor, cardui;
	Macrosiphoniella lithospermi;
	Uroleucon jaceae, [picridis (misidentified cichorii?)]
*L. diffusum* = Glandora diffusa
L. erythrorhizon	Brachycaudus cardui
L. fruticosum = L. fruticosa
L. officinale = L. arvense
L. pilosum see L. ruderale
L. ruderale	Aphis lithospermi
L. tenuiflorum = Buglossoides tenuiflora
Lithospermum sp.	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Key to apterae on Lithospermum:-

1	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH with a subapical annular incision	…..2
–	Cauda tapering, tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. SIPH without a subapical annular incision	…..4
2	Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Mesosternum without mammariform processes	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Dorsum with a dark shield or extensive dark markings. SIPH 2.1-3.4 × cauda. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes	…..3
3	Broad, flat, pale marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1-7, larger than the spiracles and occupying almost the whole of the sclerites on which they are placed. ABD TERG 7 often, and 6-8 sometimes, with spinal tubercles (STu)	…..Brachycaudus bicolor
–	MTu irregularly present on ABD TERG 2-4, sometimes also on 1 and/or 5, but never on 6 and 7, and generally smaller than the spiracles. No STu	…..Brachycaudus cardui
4	SIPH and cauda both black	…..5
–	SIPH and cauda (or at least cauda) pale	….. go to key to polyphagous aphids
5	SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 14 or more rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..6
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with well-developed MTu	…..7
6	Presiphuncular sclerites present	…..Macrosiphoniella lithospermi*
–	Presiphuncular sclerites absent	…..Uroleucon jaceae
7	ABD TERG 1-5 with black cross-bands. ANT flagellum (III-VI) dark except at base of III. SIPH about equal in length to cauda	…..Aphis lithospermi*
–	ABD TERG 1-5 without dark cross-bands. ANT flagellum pale except for apex of V, VI, and terminal process. SIPH longer than cauda (except in very small specimens)	…..Aphis fabae

*Litsea*	Lauraceae
*Litsea amara* = L. umbellata
*L. chinensis* see L. glutinosa
*L. citrata* = Actinodaphne citrata
*L. corymbosa* (?)	Nipponaphis [machilicola], manoji;
	Schizoneuraphis himalayensis, machiliphaga
*L. cubeba*	Eutrichosiphum sankari; Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus;
	Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea
*L. glauca* = Neolitsea sericea
*L. glutinosa*	Eutrichosiphum dubium, [jugeshwari], litseae;
	[Lachnus tropicalis]; Parathoracaphis manipurense;
	Schizoneuraphis gallarum; Sinomegoura citricola;
	[Thoracaphis sp.]
*L. khasyana*	Eutrichosiphum flavum
*L. monopetala*	Aiceona actinodaphnis, robustiseta, titabarensis;
	Aphis aurantii, citricidus, gossypii, spiraecola;
	[Brachycorynella montana];
	Greenidea ficicola; Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii;
	Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea;
	[Kurisakia indica];
	Nipponaphis manoji, [Nipponaphis sp. (Raha &
	Raychaudhuri 1981)];
	Schizoneuraphis himalayensis, machiliphaga,
	[querciphaga];
	Sinomegoura citricola
*L. polyantha* = L. monopetala
*L. populifolia*	Aiceona actinodaphnis
*L. pungens*	Aiceona actinodaphnis
*L. rotundifolia*	Aiceona titabarensis
*L. salicifolia*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Sinomegoura citricola
*L. sebifera* = L. glutinosa
*L. umbellata*	Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea;
	Schizoneuraphis litseicola; Sinomegoura citricola
*L. veitchiana*	Aiceona actinodaphnis
*L. wilsonii*	Aiceona actinodaphnis
Litsea sp.	Eutrichosiphum makii

Key to aphids (apterae only) on Litsea:-

1	Aptera aleyrodiform; dorsum with head, thorax and ABD TERG 1 fused as prosoma, ABD TERG 2-7 reduced and fused together (as abdominal plate); and much reduced, 3- or 4-segmented antennae	…..2
–	Aptera of normal aphid form, with 4- to 6-segmented antennae	…..8
2	Aptera without SIPH; marginal hairs stout, dagger-like, about 40 µm long	…..Parathoracaphis manipurense

–	Apterae with SIPH as small pores; marginal hairs variable, not dagger-like	…..3
3	Aptera with large areas of dorsal cuticle of prosoma granular or almost smooth, regions of pustulate ornamentation being localised. Longest prosomal hairs very thick (6-10 µm basal diameter) and more than 100 µ long, with raised bases	…..4
–	Aptera with dense pustulate ornamentation extending over most of dorsal area of prosoma (fig. 58C). Longest prosomal hairs are fine and much less than 100 µm long, without raised bases	…..6
4	Aptera with prosomal hairs maximally 140 µm long. Abdominal plate with the first 3 pairs of submarginal hairs long, stout and dark, much larger and thicker (e.g., basal diameter 3-4 × more) than the posterior 3 pairs (fig. 58D)	…..Schizoneuraphis himalayensis
–	Aptera with prosomal hairs up to 160-170 µ long. Abdominal plate with either 2 or 3 pairs of long stout submarginal hairs on anterior half, but with the most posterior pair also large (e.g. figs 58E, F)	…..5
5	Aptera with thick dorsal prosomal hairs having acuminate apices (fig. 58A). Abdominal plate with only 2 long stout pairs of submarginal hairs on anterior half (fig. 58E)	…..Schizoneuraphis gallarum

–	Aptera with thick dorsal prosomal hairs having fine-pointed apices (fig. 58B). Abdominal plate with first 3 pairs of submarginal hairs all long and stout (fig. 58F)	…..6
6	Aptera with numerous small fine dorsal prosomal hairs (40-60 µm long) in the pleural region as well as marginally, in addition to the large spinal and submarginal hairs	….. Schizoneuraphis litseicola
–	Aptera with small hairs marginally but without small hairs in the pleural region	…..Schizoneuraphis machiliphaga

7	Aptera with dorsal hairs of prosoma less than 2 × middle diameter of ANT III, and pointed at apices (fig. 58C, as N. litseae)	…..Nipponaphis distychii
–	Aptera with dorsal hairs of prosoma long and fine, 3-4 × middle diameter of ANT III, and pointed at apices	…..Nipponaphis manoji
8	SIPH as large pores on shallow cones, surrounded by long hairs	…..9
–	SIPH tubular, much longer than basal width	…..11
9	Aptera with SIPH cones pale and dorsal abdomen without pigmented sclerites. R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II	…..Aiceona robustiseta
–	Aptera with SIPH cones dark and with small dark, hair-bearing sclerites on dorsal abdomen. R IV+V 1.0-1.25 × HT II	…..10
10	ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.45. ABD TERG 7 with 11-22 hairs, and ABD TERG 8 with 8-14 hairs	…..Aiceona titabarensis
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.48-0.65. ABD TERG 7 with 6-10 hairs, ABD TERG 8 with 4-9 hairs	…..Aiceona actinodaphnis

11	SIPH without hairs.	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
–	SIPH much longer than cauda with numerous long hairs	…..12
12	Hind tibiae curved sharply in middle and with a series of 14-22 transverse ridges on basal part (fig. 57D). Body and SIPH elongate	…..Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus
–	Hind tibiae not sharply curved and without transverse ridges. Body elongate oval or pear-shaped	…..13
13	Antennae 4- or 5-segmented. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. SIPH of aptera tapering, broader at base than in middle	…..Greenideoida (Pentatrichosiphum) lutea
–	Antennae 5- or 6-segmented. First tarsal segments with 7 hairs. SIPH of aptera cigar-shaped, broader in middle than at base	…..14
14	SIPH with reticulation, either basally or over most of length	…..15
–	SIPH without reticulation	…..16
15	SIPH reticulated only at base, and rather densely spinulose over most of length (fig. 48D)	…..Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii
–	SIPH reticulated over most of length, spinulose only on distal part (fig. 48E)	…..Greenidea ficicola

16	Antennae 5-segmented	…..17
–	Antennae 6-segmented	…..18
17	Abdominal tergum spinulose. R IV+V 2.1-2.7 × HT II	…..Eutrichosiphum sankari
–	Abdominal tergum smooth. R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II	…..Eutrichosiphum makii
18	ANT PT/BASE 1.6-1.9. SIPH dark, with interspersed long and short hairs over most of length (as in fig. 92G)	…..Eutrichosiphum dubium
–	ANT PT/BASE about 0.8. SIPH pale, with long hairs over most of length and short hairs only near base	…..Eutrichosiphum litseae* or E. flavum

*Livistona*	Arecaceae
Livistona altissima = Saribus rotundifolius
L. chinensis	Cerataphis brasiliensis

Use key to aphids on palms under Calamus.

*Lobelia*	Campanulaceae
*Lobelia assurgens*	Neomyzus circumflexus
*L. pyramidalis*	Brachycaudus helichrysi
L. syphilitica	[Capitophorus elaeagni]
*Lobelia* sp.	Aulacorthum solani

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Lobularia*	Brassicaceae
Lobulariamaritima	Aphis gossypii; [Brachycaudus cardui];
	Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae;
	Smynthurodes betae
Use key to apterae on Brassica.

*Lochia*	Caryophyllaceae
*Lochia trichophylla*	Aphis gossypii

Lochnera see Catharanthus

Apocynaceae

*Loeflingia*	Caryophyllaceae
*Loeflingia hispanica*	Aphis craccivora

*Logfia*	Asteraceae
*Logfia arvensis* = Filago arvensis
*L. gallica*	Aphis [filaginis (nomen nudum)], frangulae;
	Pemphigus populinigrae
L. minima	Pemphigus populinigrae
Use key to apterae under Filago.

*Loliolum*	Poaceae
*Loliolum subulatum*	Forda hirsuta, marginata, pawlowae; Sitobion avenae;
	Tetraneura uilmi

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Lolium*	Poaceae
*Lolium italicum* = L. multiflorum
*L. multiflorum*	Anoecia zirnitsi; Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae;
	Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis;
	Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Tetraneura ulmi
L. perenne	Anoecia corni, krizusi, vagans; Atheroides serrulatus;
	Diuraphis noxia; Forda formicaria, marginata;
	Geoica setulosa, utricularia; Melanaphis pyraria;
	Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae; Myzus persicae;
	Paracletus cimiciformis;
	Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;
	Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis;
	Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Tetraneura ulmi;
	Utamphorophora humboldti
L. persicum	Diuraphis noxia; Metopolophium festucae
L. remotum	Sitobion avenae
L. rigidum	Forda marginata; Melanaphis pyraria;
	Schizaphis graminum; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale;
	Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae
L. temulentum	Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis, vagans; Aphis craccivora;
	[Loniceraphis paradoxa]; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis;
	Sitobion avenae
Lolium sp.	Aploneura lentisci; Diuraphis frequens; [Dysaphis tulipae];
	Geoica lucifuga, utricularia group; Sipha flava;
	[Sitobion longisiphon Rusanova 1942 (nomen nudum)];
	Smynthurodes betae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Lomatium* (including Leptotaenia)	Apiaceae
*Lomatium multifida*	Aphis asclepiadis; Cavariella aegopodii
L. nudicaule	Aphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii; Hyadaphis foeniculi
L. triternatum	Aphis asclepiadis
Lomatium sp.	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [valerianae]

Use key to apterae on Apium, which includes these species.

*Lonchocarpus*	Fabaceae
Lonchocarpus sp.	Aphis craccivora

*Lonicera* (including Xylosteum)	Caprifoliaceae
*Lonicera albertii*	[Macrosiphum rosae]
*L. alpigena*	Aphis gossypii; Prociphilus xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae, poae; Trichosiphonaphis corticis
L. altaica = L. caerulea var. altaica
L. altmannii	Amphicercidus lonicericola; Avicennina sogdiana;
	Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi;
	Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii, tataricae;
	Loniceraphis paradoxa; Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae, tianshanica;
	Semiaphis aizenbergi
L. angustifolia	[Prociphilus sp. with 2n=10 (Dutta & Gautam 1993)];
	[Semiaphis sp. (Chowdhuri et al. 1969)]
*L. anisotricha*	Avicennina turkestanica; Brevicoryne lonicerina
L. arborea	Brachycorynella lonicerina;
	Hyadaphis coerulescens, passerinii;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. × bella	Hyadaphis tataricae; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. bracteolaris	Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi; Loniceraphis paradoxa;
	Prociphilus umarovi; Rhopalomyzus narzikulovi
L. × brownii	Hyadaphis passerinii
L. caerulea	Amphicercidus japonicus;
	Hyadaphis coerulescens, tataricae;
	Loniceraphis paradoxa; Prociphilus konoi, xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae, tianshanica;
	Semiaphis aizenbergi, heraclei, sphondylii
L. caerulea var. altaica	Hyadaphis passerinii, tataricae; Prociphilus xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae, poae,
	Semiaphis aizenbergi, sphondylii
L. caerulea var. edulis	Brachycorynella lonicerina; Hyadaphis passerinii;
	Prociphilus konoi, xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;
	Semiaphis heraceli, rabotkinae, sphondylii
L. caerulea ssp. stenantha see L. stenantha
*L. caerulea* ssp. villosa see L. villosa
L. canadensis	Hyadaphis foeniculi; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. caprifolia	Alphitoaphis lonicericola;
	Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii, tataricae;
	Prociphilus umarovi; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;
	Trichosiphonaphis corticis
L. caucasica	Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. chamissoi	Amphicercidus japonicus
L. chrysantha (incl. × gibbiflora, Amphicercidus japonicus; oehneana) Aphis gossypii;
	Brachycorynella lonicerina; Hyadaphis tataricae;
	Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;
	Prociphilus konoi, xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
*L. ciliosa*	Hyadaphis passerinii
L. coerulea = L. caerulea
*L. confusa*	Hyadaphis foeniculi; Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;
	[Trichosiphonaphis polygoniformosana];
	Semiaphis heraclei
L. coreana	Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola
L. demissa	Prociphilus xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. dioica (incl. glauca, glaucescens, parviflora)	Alphitoaphis lonicericola; Gypsoaphis oestlundi
L. edulis = L. caerulea	var. edulis
*L. elisae*	[Aulacorthum muradachi]
L. etrusca	Aulacorthum solani; Hyadaphis foeniculi (? – see text)
*L. ferdinandii*	Myzus persicae
L. flava	Hyadaphis foeniculi
L. fragrantissima	Hyadaphis passerinii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
L. × gibbiflora see L. chrysantha
L. glabrata	Amphicercidus japonicus
L. glauca see L.dioica
*L. glehnii*	Trichosiphonaphis polygoni
L. gracilipes (incl. var. glabra)	Prociphilus konoi, lonicerae; Pseudomegoura magnoliae;
	Semiaphis heraclei
L. heckrotii	Aphis gossypii; Hyadaphis passerinii
L. heterophylla =L. karelinii
L. hispida	Brevicoryne lonicerina;
	Prociphilus sp. near umarovi, xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus alaica, lonicerae, tianshanica
L. iberica	Hyadaphis passerinii; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
*L. iliensis*	Semiaphis iliensis
L. implexa	Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii
L. insularis	Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;
	Trichosiphonaphis polygonifoliae
L. involucrata	Amphicercidus flocculosus; Aulacorthum solani;
	Delphiniobium canadense; Hyadaphis foeniculi, tataricae; Illinoia crystleae;
	[Neomyzus circumflexus]; Prociphilus xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus grabhami, lonicerae, poae;
	[Wahlgreniella sp. (Oregon, USA; A. Jensen,
	aphidtrek.org)]
L. involucrata var. ledebourii	Hyadaphis tataricae; Illinoia crystleae ssp. bartholomewi;
	Macrosiphum raysmithi; Rhopalomyzus grabhami
L. japonica	Amphicercidus japonicus, sinilonicericola; [Aphis crinosa];
	Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
	Neotoxoptera abeliae;
	Prociphilus dilonicerae, lonicerae, trinus, xylostei;
	Semiaphis heraclei;
	Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae, polygonifoliae,
	[ polygoniformosana], Trichosiphonaphis sp. (BMNH
	collection)
*L. kamtschatica*	Aphis fabae, gossypii; Prociphilus xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
*L. karataviensis*	Brachycorynella lonicerina; Hyadaphs coriandri
*L. karelinii*	Avicennina sogdiana, turkestanica; Hyadaphis tataricae;
	Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus codonopsidis; tianshanica;
	Semiaphis aizenbergi
L. koehneana see L. chrysantha
*L. korolkowii*	Brachycorynella lonicerina;
	Hyadaphis coerulescens, passerinii, tataricae;
	Loniceraphis paradoxa; Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus [codonopsidis (ovip. amd males only)],
	hissaricus, lonicerae, tianschanicus
L. lanceolata	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
L. ledebourii = L. involucrata var. ledebourii
*L. ligustrina* ssp. yunnanensis	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus
L. maackii	Amphicercidus japonicus; Hyadaphis tataricae;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;
	Prociphilus xylostei, xylostei ssp. ussuricus;
	Pseudomegoura magnoliae; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;
	Semiaphis heraclei;
	Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae, polygoni
L. macrantha	Aphis spiraecola; Myzus ornatus;
	Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae
L. maculata (?)	Hyadaphis foeniculi
L. maximowiczii	Amphicercidus japonicus; Prociphilus konoi;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. microphylla	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycorynella lonicerina;
	Hyadaphis coriandri, passerinii, tataricae;
	[Metopolophium mukhamedievi];
	Prociphlus sp. near umarovi, xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus alaica, lonicerae;
	Semiaphis aizenbergi, longissima
L. morrowii (incl. insularis)	Amphicercidus japonicus; Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;
	Prociphilus konoi, oriens, xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;
	Trichosiphonaphis polygonifoliae
L. × muendeniensis	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. × muscaviensis	Prociphilus xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. myrtillus	Brachycorynella lonicerina
L. nigra	Hyadaphis bicincta, foeniculi; Macrosiphum oredonense;
	Prociphilus xylostei; Rhopalomyzus poae;
	Semiaphis pastinacae, sphondylii
L. nitida = ligustrina ssp. yunnanensis
*L. × notha*	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. nummulariifolia	Amphicercidus alticola, alticola ssp. tschatcalica;
(incl. persica)	Aphis fabae; Brachycorynella lonicerina;
	Hyadaphis coerulescens, coriandri, ferganica, foeniculi,
	levantina, passerinii;
	Loniceraphis paradoxa;
	Rhopalomyzus hissarica, narzykulovi
L. obovata	Brachycorynella lonicerina
L. olgae	Brachycorynella lonicerina
L. pallasii	[Acyrthosiphon sp. aff. knechteli]; Prociphilus xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae; Semiaphis sphondylii
L. paradoxa	Hyadaphis passerinii
L. parviflora see L. dioica
L. periclymenum	Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycorynella lonicerin ;
	Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;
	Semiaphis sphondylii
L. ×permixta	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. persica see L. nummularifolia
L. pileata	Hyadaphis passerinii
L. praecox = L. elisae
L. praeflorens	Neotoxoptera abeliae; Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae
L. prolifera	Hyadaphis passerinii; Prociphilus xylostei
L. × purpusii	Hyadaphis tataricae
L. pyrenaica	Hyadaphis foeniculi; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. quinquelocularis	Amphicercidus lonicerae, tuberculatus;
	Hyadaphis coriandri, tataricae;
	Myzus sp. (? mumecola – BMNH collection and
	Chowdhuri et al. 1969);
	Prociphilus himalayensis, Prociphilus sp. (BMNH
	collection, India)
*L. rupicola* var. syringantha	Hyadaphis foeniculi
L. ruprechtiana	Amphicercidus japonicus; Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii;
	Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola;
	Prociphilus xylostei ssp. ussuricus;
	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. × salicifolia	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. segreciensis	Prociphilus xylostei
L. semenovii	[Avecinnina sp. (Kazakhstan)]
L. sempervirens	Gypsoaphis oestlundi;
	Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii, tataricae
L. seravschanica	Avicennina sogdiana
L. simulatrix	Avicennina sogdiana; Brachycorynella lonicerina;
	Hyadaphis coerulescens, passerinii;
	Loniceraphis paradoxa; Prociphilus xylostei, umarovi;
	Rhopalomyzus hissarica, tianshanica;
	Semiaphis aizenbergi
L. sovetkinae	Prociphilus xylostei
L. stenantha	Brachycorynella lonicerina; Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi;
	Hyadaphis tataricae; Loniceraphis paradoxa;
	Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei; Rhopalomyzus tianshanica;
	Semiaphis aizenbergi
L. steveniana	Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
L. syringantha = L. rupicola var. syringantha
L. tatarica (incl. ×zabelii)	Amphicercidus japonicus;
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii;
	Avicennina sogdiana, turkestanica;
	Brachycorynella lonicerina;
	Hyadaphiscoriandri, foeniculi, passerinii, tataricae;
	Loniceraphis paradoxa; Myzus persicae;
	Prociphilus umarovi, xylostei;
	Rhopalomyzus codonopsidis, lonicerae, poae;
	Semiaphis aizenbergi, heraclei, [nolitangere], sphondylii;
	Trichosiphonaphis corticis, [foliotus Shaposhnikov in
	Juchnevitch 1968], polygonifoliae
L. × tellmanniana	Hyadaphis [foeniculi], passerinii
L. tianshanica	Loniceraphis paradoxa; Rhopalomyzus tianshanica
L. utahensis	Macrosiphum schimmelum;
	Rhopalomyzus grabhami, lonicerae
L. villosa	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
L. webbiana	[Hyadaphis sp. (Pakistan; BMNH collection, leg. MA
	Ghani, fundatrix only)]
L. xylosteum	Aphis [frangulae], xylostei; [Brachycaudus prunicola];
(= Xylosteum vulgare)	Brachycorynella lonicerina;
	Hyadaphis foeniculi, [passerinii], tataricae;
	Prociphilus xylostei; Rhopalomyzus lonicerae;
	Semiaphis pastinacae, sphondylii;
	Trichosiphonaphis alpestris, corticis
L. ×zabelii see L. tatarica
L. zeravshanica	Avicennina sogdiana; Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi
Lonicera spp.	Hillerislambersia darjeelingi; Myzus antirrhinii;
	[Myzus komaumii Shinji 1943 (as lonicerae Shinji 1944)];
	Neorhopalomyzus lonicerisuctus; [Neotoxoptera oliveri]

Key to apterae (except couplets 2-7) on Lonicera:-

1	ANT PT/BASE much less than 0.5. Wax gland plates present on head (Fig.38a), thorax and abdomen. Eyes 3-faceted. SIPH absent. (Apt. fundatrix, all progeny of which are al. having unbranched media in forewing and ANT with narrow, transversely elongate secondary rhinaria)	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. No wax gland plates. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH present (sometimes very small). (Al. have forewing with 1- or 2-branched media and ANT with round or oval secondary rhinaria)	…..8
2	(Couplets 2-7 apply only to al. fundatrigeniae/ emigrants produced in leaf-curls in spring.) ANT III with 42-56 sec. rhinaria (IV with 16-25, V 3-6, VI BASE 0-2)	…..Prociphilus dilonicerae*

–	ANT III with 9-29 sec. rhinaria (IV 4-16, V 4-10, VI BASE 0-2)	…..3
3	ANT V without sec. rhinaria (III 18-27, IV 4-9, V 0, VI BASE 0)	…..Prociphilus xylostei

–	ANT V with 4-10 sec. rhinaria	…..4
4	BL 3.5-5.5 mm. ANT III with 21-29 rhinaria (IV 8-16, V 4-10, VI BASE 0)	…..Prociphilus oriens

–	BL 2.0-3.6 mm, if more than 3.0 mm then ANT III with 9-16 rhinaria	…..5
5	ANT IV with c.15 sec. rhinaria (III c.25, IV c.15, V c.9, VI BASE 0)	…..Prociphilus lonicerae*

–	ANT IV with 4-10 sec. rhinaria (III 9-c.22, IV 4-10, V 4-8, VI BASE 0-2)	…..6
6	ANT III with 9-16 sec. rhinaria (IV 4-8, V 4-7, VI BASE 0)	…..Prociphilus umarovi (incl. himalayensis, trinus*)
–	ANT III with 17-c.22 sec. rhinaria (IV 8-10, V 5-8, VI BASE 0-2)	…..7
7	R IV+V 0.104-0.116 mm long, 0.41-0.49 × HT II. ANT VI BASE without sec. rhinaria (III 17-22, IV 8-10, V 5-8, VI 0)	…..Prociphilus konoi
–	R IV+V 0.137 mm long, 0.6 × HT II. ANT VI BASE with sec. rhinaria (1 specimen; III 22 and 22, IV 8 and 9, V 5 and 8, VI BASE 2 and 2)	…..Prociphilus sp. on L. quinquelocularis (India, BMNH collection)
8	SIPH very short, flangeless, usually less than 0.5 × cauda and never more than 0.66 × cauda, or present merely as pores or shallow cones	…..9
–	SIPH 0.66-c.5 × cauda, and usually with a distinct flange	…..11
9	Cauda semicircular, much shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH as pores with partly sclerotised rims (Fig.38b)	…..Gypsoaphis oestlundi
–	Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than, or at least as long as, its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH as shallow cones or short tubes	…..10
10	SIPH as shallow cones, much shorter than wide (Fig.38c)	…..Brachycorynella lonicerina
–	SIPH as short flangeless tubes, at least as long as wide, and often curved inwards distally (Fig. 38d)	…..Semiaphis spp.
	(incl. aizenbergi, heraclei, iliensis, longissima, pastinacae, rabotkinae*, sphondylii, see text under these names; in the present state of knowledge it is not possible to provide a key to apterae of Semiaphis species in spring populations on Lonicera.)
11	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells)	…..12

–	SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation	…..19
12	Cauda helmet-shaped, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH very thick, tapering from base to apex, much more than 2 × thicker than hind tibia at their respective midlengths. Dorsal hairs very long and fine-pointed	….. Hillerislambersia darjeelingi
–	Cauda finger-like, much longer than wide. SIPH cylindrical or slightly inflated on distal part, less than 2 × thickness of hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal hairs variable	…..13
13	Abdominal spiracular apertures covered by opercula, and the cuticle surrounding them very rugose. Thoracic spiracles much larger than abdominal ones (Fig.38e)	…..Delphiniobium canadense

–	Abdominal spiracular apertures not covered by opercula, and surrounding cuticle not rugose. Thoracic spiracles similar in size to abdominal ones	…..14
14	Tibiae with pale apices, contrasting with dark tarsi	…..15
–	Tibiae with apices dark like tarsi	…..17
15	ANT III with 0-4 very small, inconspicuous rhinaria. R IV+V short, c.0.7 × HT II, with about 6 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum raysmithi
–	ANT III with 9-40 rhinaria. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II, with 13-24 accessory hairs	…..16
16	First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. ANT III with 9-15 rhinaria	…..Illinoia crystleae ssp. bartholomewi
–	First tarsal segments mostly with 4-5 hairs. ANT III with 18-40 rhinaria	…..Illinoia crystleae

17	R IV+V 0.5-0.6 × HT II. ANT PT 2.4-4.2 × SIPH	…..Macrosiphum schimmelum
–	R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × HT II. ANT PT 0.6-1.7 × SIPH	…..18
18	ANT PT/BASE 3.9-4.5. ANT III with 7-18 rhinaria. SIPH 2.5-3.1 × cauda	…..Macrosiphum oredonense
–	ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.2. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. SIPH 1.7-2.2 × cauda	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

19	SIPH short and thick or tubular and slightly to markedly swollen in middle or on distal part, the swollen section being at least 0.3 of the total length; never with hairs	…..20
–	SIPH tapering or cylindrical, or if with slight subapical swelling then they bear some (sometimes minute) hairs	…..44
20	SIPH 0.67-1.6 × cauda	…..21
–	SIPH 1.6-c.5 × cauda	…..33
21	SIPH 0.07-0.18 mm long	…..22
–	SIPH 0.19-0.46 mm long	…..27
22	Cauda helmet-shaped or very bluntly triangular, 0.67-1.3 × its basal width in dorsal view	…..23

–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, or triangular with a rather pointed apex; at least 1.4 × its basal width in dorsal view	…..24
23	ANT III with 7-8 rhinaria on distal part. (Al. with 32-42 rhinaria on ANT III and 1-2 on IV)	…..Brevicoryne lonicerina*
–	ANT III without rhinaria. (Al. with 54-55 rhinaria on ANT III, 0 on IV)	…..Brevicoryne shaposhnikovi*

24	R IV+V 0.067-0.095 mm long	…..25
–	R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long	…..26
25	SIPH dark. Prosternum with a large dark trapezoid sclerite	…..Hyadaphis bicincta
–	SIPH pale/dusky. Prosternal sclerite pale, inconspicuous	…..Hyadaphis tataricae
26	(Apt. fundatrigenia) SIPH narrow-based, not much thicker at base than at flange, slightly clavate, and more than 1.3 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE c.1.9-2.0	…..Hyadaphis polonica
–	All apt. on Lonicera are fundatrices with 5-segmented ANT, ANT PT/BASE 0.8-0.9, and broad-based SIPH 0.8-1.3 × HT II	…..Hyadaphis coriandri
27	Cauda short, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. (All apt. in spring populations are fundatrices with ANT 5-segmented, producing al. progeny)	….. Rhopalomyzus alaica*
–	Cauda 1.25-2.0 × its basal width in dorsal view. (Apt. fundatrigeniae often present in spring populations)	…..28
28	Cauda tapering, bluntly triangular, less than 0.12 × BL	…..29
–	Cauda finger-like, almost parallel-sided on distal part, and more than 0.12 × BL	…..30
29	ANT PT/BASE usually more than 2.2	…..Hyadaphis coerulescens*
–	ANT PT/BASE usually less than 1.8	…..Hyadaphis ferganica*
30	Pro- and mesosternum both with dark, clearly-defined central sclerites, the mesosternal one larger and trapezoid in shape	…..Hyadaphis levantina
–	No mesosternal sclerite	…..31
31	SIPH more than 1.45 × cauda. Prosternum with central sclerite pale or not clearly defined	…..Rhopalomyzus narzikulovi*
–	SIPH less than 1.45 × cauda. Prosternum with a dark, clearly defined trapezoid sclerite	…..32
32	Prosternal sclerite 2.7-3.6 × wider than long (Fig.38f) . SIPH 0.85-1.2 × cauda. R IV+V 0.083-0.122 mm long. (Al. rarely with secondary rhinaria on ANT V)	…..Hyadaphis passerinii

–	Prosternal sclerite 1.36-2.6 × wider than long, and often with posterior margin convex (Fig.38g). SIPH 1.05-1.4 × cauda. R IV+V 0.093-0.137 mm long. (Al. often with 1-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT V)	…..Hyadaphis foeniculi
33	Cauda short, broadly rounded or helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width	…..34
–	Cauda triangular or tongue-shaped and longer than its basal width	…..36
34	(Fund.) ANT 5-segmented, with PT/BASE 1.4-1.5. SIPH 0.12-0.14 × BL. Cauda with 4-6 hairs	…..Rhopalomyzus tianshanica*
–	(Fund. or apt.) ANT 6-segmented, with PT/BASE 3.5-7.7. SIPH 0-16-0.25 × BL. Cauda with 12-18 hairs	…..35
35	BL 2.7-3.4 mm. ANT III 0.8-1.0 × SIPH. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.2. (ANT III of al. with 21-27 secondary rhinaria)	…..Avicennina sogdiana*
–	BL 3.8-5.5 mm. ANT III 1.05-1.45 × SIPH. ANT PT/BASE 6.9-7.7. (ANT III of al. with 56-77 secondary rhinaria)	…..Avicennina turkestanica*
36	Head smooth dorsally, smooth or with some spicules ventrally. ANT tubercles undeveloped, or weakly developed with inner faces broadly divergent (All apt. in spring populations fundatrices producing al. progeny)	…..37
–	Head spiculose. ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, with inner faces usually steep-sided	…..40
37	(Fund. only) SIPH 0.12-0.17 × BL, which is 1.8-2.6 mm. R IV+V shorter than HT II (all morphs)	…..38
–	(Fund. only) SIPH c.0.1 × BL, which is 2.8-3.5 mm. RIV+V longer than HT II (all morphs)	…..39
38	(Fund.) ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.2. (SIPH of al. fundatrigenia 1.5-1.6 × cauda, 0.12-0.14 × BL)	…..Rhopalomyzus lonicerae
–	(Fund.) ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.3. (SIPH of al. fundatrigenia 2.3-2.7 × cauda, 0.15-0.17 × BL)	…..Rhopalomyzus hissarica

39	(Fund. and al.) Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.6 × BD III	…..Rhopalomyzus poae
–	(Fund. and al.) Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.4 × BD III	…..Rhopalomyzus grabhami
40	(Fund. only) ANT PT/BASE a little less than 1. (All second generation are alatae with dark-bordered wing veins)	…..Neotoxoptera abeliae
–	(All morphs) ANT PT/BASE more than 1. (Al. without dark-bordered wing-veins)	…..41
41	ANT I and II dark, and femora mainly dark. ANT III usually with a single rhinarium on a slight swelling near base	…..Neoaulacorthum magnoliae
–	ANT I and II and femora pale. ANT III without rhinaria	…..42
42	SIPH 0.20-0.28 × BL, which is 1.2-2.5 mm	…..Myzus persicae (or antirrhinii)
–	(Fund.) SIPH 0.14-0.17 × BL, which is 2.6-3.5 mm	…..43
43	R IV+V with 4 accessory hairs	…..Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola
–	R IV+V with c.14 accessory hairs	…..Neorhopalomyzus lonicerisuctus*
44	Cuticle of head densely spiculose dorsally and ventrally. SIPH with or without hairs	…..45
–	Cuticle of head smooth or with spicules only ventrally. SIPH without hairs	…..52
45	ANT III with (0-)1-3 small rhinaria near base	…..Aulacorthum solani
–	ANT III without rhinaria	…..46
46	SIPH without hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. Cauda with 4-6 hairs	…..47
–	SIPH usually with one or more hairs. ANT PT/BASE more than 3 (except fund.). Cauda with 6-13 hairs	…..48
47	ANT tubercles very well developed, with inner faces apically convergent. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings. SIPH with coarse, non-spinulose imbrication	…..Myzus ornatus
–	ANT tubercles rather weakly developed, with inner faces divergent. Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental markings. SIPH with spinulose imbrication (?mumecola; on L. quinquelocularis, India, BMNH colln and Chowdhuri et al. 1969)	…..Myzus sp.

48	Cauda tongue-shaped, broadly rounded at apex, about 2 × its basal width in dorsal view (Fig.38h). SIPH tapering from a broad base to a narrow apex, with a small flange, and bearing 6-20 hairs that are 14-22 μm long (Fig.38i)	…..Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae
–	Cauda helmet-shaped, flask-shaped, pentagonal or triangular, less than 1.5 × its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH cylindrical on distal half or swollen subapically, with or without a flange, and bearing 0-20 hairs that are 5-55 μm long	…..49
49	SIPH 2.5-3.5 × cauda, with well-marked spinulose imbrication at least on basal part, bearing (0-)6-20 hairs, and with a subapical constriction and a swollen apical rim or small flange	…..50

–	SIPH 3.6-5.0 × cauda, almost smooth, with 0-7 hairs, and completely flangeless	…..51
50	BL 1.8-2.5 mm. ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH 0.56-0.64 mm long, with 8-16 hairs which are maximally only 5-11 μm long (Fig.38j)	…..Trichosiphonaphis polygonifoliae
–	BL 0.9-1.2 mm. ANT tubercles well developed with inner faces almost parallel. SIPH 0.26-0.36 mm long, with longest hairs 7-18 μm	…..Trichosiphonaphis sp. (Japan; BMNH collection, see text under polygoniformosanus)
51	Dorsal hairs very long and fine. SIPH with 0-5 very fine hairs 22-55 μm long (Fig.38k)	…..Trichosiphonaphis corticis
–	Dorsal hairs very short. SIPH with 0-7 hairs (most often 0) only 5-7 μm long

52	Cauda helmet-shaped or broadly rounded, shorter than, or not more than 1.2 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..53
–	Cauda triangular with a rather pointed apex, or tongue-shaped, if tongue-shaped then more than 1.3 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..61
53	(Fund.) Dorsal and antennal hairs short and inconspicuous. SIPH 0.08-0.09 × BL, and more than 5 × longer than their basal widths. ANT without sec. rhinaria. Marginal and spinal tubercles (MTu and STu) not evident. (All progeny of fund. are alate)	…..Loniceraphis paradoxa*

–	Dorsal and antennal hairs long and fine-pointed. SIPH 0.17-0.25 × BL, thick, 3-5 × longer than their basal width. ANT with sec. rhinaria. MTu and STu often present	….54
54	Hairs on ANT III all less than 1.5 × BD III	…..55
–	Longest hairs on ANT III more than 1.5 × BD III	…..56
55	ANT PT/BASE 3.2-4.2. ANT III with 8-20 rhinaria. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 44-49, IV 7-16, V 0-3)	…..Amphicercidus flocculosus
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 3. ANT III with 22-77 rhinaria. (Al. with 113-163 rhinaria on ANT III, 0 on IV and V)	…..Amphicercidus sinilonicericola*
56	ANT III with only 3-4 rhinaria (except in alatiform individuals). Cauda with 6 hairs	…..57
–	ANT III with 6-49 rhinaria. Cauda with 6-19 hairs	…..58
57	ROSTRUM total length 0.4-0.5 × BL	..… Amphicercidus lonicericola*
–	ROSTRUM total length 0.25-0.3 × BL	…..Amphicercidus alticola s.str.*
58	ANT PT/BASE 3.7-4.0. ANT III with 25-49 rhinaria	…..Amphicercidus lonicerae*
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.6-3.7. ANT III with 6-28 rhinaria	…..59
59	Cauda with c.6 hairs	….. Amphicercidus alticola ssp. tschatshica*
–	Cauda with 10-19 hairs	…..60
60	ABD TERG 2-7 with MTu (placed pleurally on 7), and ABD TERG 7 and 8 with STu, all well developed. ANT PT/BASE 2.9-3.7. ANT III with 6-11 rhinaria	…..Amphicercidus tuberculatus

–	Small MTu and Stu irregularly present on ABD TERG 2-5 and ABD TERG 7-8. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.8. ANT III with 8-28 rhinaria	…..Amphicercidus japonicus
61	SIPH thin, cylindrical for most of length and pale, or only dusky towards apices, and almost flangeless (Fig.38l). Cauda with a rather pointed apex, not more than 1.3 × its basal width. ABD TERG 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Alphitoaphis lonicericola
–	SIPH tapering from base to flange, and wholly dark. Cauda with rounded apex, and more than 1.3 × its basal width. ABD TERG 7 with MTu	…..62
62	Hairs on ANT III long and fine, the longest more than 2.1 × BD III	…..Aphis xylostei*
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-2.1 × BD III	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

*Lophanthus*	Lamiaceae
*Lophanthus schrenkii*	Klimaszewskia lophanthi
L. pinetorum	Rhinariaphis tuberculata

Use key to apterae on Nepeta.

*Lophochloa* see Rostraria	Poaceae
*L. cristata* = Rostraria cristata
L. phleioides = Rostraria cristata

*Lopholaena*	Asteraceae
*Lopholaena coriifolia*	Aphis gossypii

*Lophospermum*	Plantaginaceae
Lophospermum erubescens	[Myzus persicae (1 male, as Macrosiphum lophospermum)]

*Loranthus*	Mistletoes Loranthaceae
*Loranthus acaciae* = Plicosepalus acaciae
L. cordifolius = Tapinanthus cordifolius
L. dregei = Erianthemum dregei
*L. europaeus*	Aphis fabae
L. pentandrus = Dendrophthoë pentandra
L. sutchuenensis = Taxillus sutchuenensis
Loranthus spp.	Aphis gossypii; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus;
	Greenidea rappardi; Sitobion loranthi;
	Tuberaphis loranthi, scurrulae

Key to apterae on Loranthus (also Erianthemum, Scurrula, Tapinanthus and Taxillus):-

	(Note: Most plants described in Loranthus are now placed in other genera, e.g. Dendrophthoe, Erianthemum, Macrosolen, Scurrula, Tapinanthus, Taxillus, so many records of aphids from “Loranthus sp.” or “mistletoe”, particularly those from East Asia and Africa, should more properly be referred to one or other of those genera.)
1	Head fused with prothorax. Eyes 3-faceted. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE less than 0.3. SIPH as pores. Anal plate bilobed	…..2
–	Head not fused with prothorax, and without spine-like hairs. Eyes multifaceted. ANT usually 6-segmented, with ANT PT//BASE more than 0.5. SIPH tubular. Anal plate entire	…..4

2	Marginal wax glands present in a longitudinal row on each segment (Fig.39a; sometimes lacking on ABD TERG 5-8). Head with a pair of mammariform or conical tubercles situated anterio-ventrally near ANT bases, each bearing a thick spine-like hair (Fig.39b). R IV+V rather short and blunt, 0.85-1.07 × HT II. SIPH pores with 5-20 encircling hairs (Fig.39c). BL 1.5-2.1 mm	…..3
–	Marginal wax glands not evident. Head without a pair of anterio-ventral tubercles. R IV+V acute, with RV somewhat attenuated; 1.3-1.6 × HT II. SIPH with 2-4 encircling hairs	…..Tuberaphis takenouchii
3	Cauda with the distal part in form of a broad knob (Fig.39d). Tergum pale. ABD TERG 5-8 often without marginal wax glands	…..Tuberaphis loranthi
–	Cauda broadly rounded (Fig.39e). Tergum dark. ABD TERG 1-8 all with longitudinal rows of marginal wax glands	…..Tuberaphis scurrulae
4	SIPH with numerous long hairs. Cauda broadly rounded, with a median stylus-like process	…..Greenidea rappardi

–	SIPH without hairs. Cauda tongue-or finger-shaped	…..5
5	ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.7. SIPH pale, shorter than their basal widths and about 0.5 × cauda	…..Brachyunguis harmalae

–	ANT PT/BASE more than 2. SIPH dark at least distally, much longer than their basal widths, and more than 0.7 × cauda	…..6
6	SIPH pale basally, 0.8-1.0 × the large black cauda	…..Sinomegoura citricola
–	SIPH wholly dark, longer than cauda	…..7
7	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 1-2(-4) small rhinaria near base. ANT PT/BASE 5.1-9.0	.….8
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE less than 5	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 25

8	SIPH 0.64-0.96 mm long, 0.34-0.38 × BL and 2.3-2.7 × cauda, their midlength diameter 2.0-2.5 × that of hind tibia. ANT PT/BASE 7.5-9.0	…..Sitobion loranthi*
–	SIPH 0.39-0.48 mm long, 0.20-0.27 × BL and 1.5-1.9 × cauda, their midlength diameter 1.50-1.66 × that of hind tibia. ANT PT/BASE 5.1-6.0	…..Sitobion asirum*

*Loropetalum*	Hamamelidaceae
*Loropetalum chinense*	Micromyzodium kuwakusae

*Lotus*	Fabaceae
*Lotus allionii* = L. cytisoides
*L. angustifolius*	Acyrthosiphon loti; Aphis loti
L. angustissimus	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis loti;
	Therioaphis brachytricha
L. conjugatus ssp. requienii	Acyrthosiphon pisum
L. corniculatus	Acyrthosiphon kondoi, loti, pisum;
	Aphis craccivora, [crepidis], fabae, loti, lotiradicis;
	Aulacorthum solani; [Macrosiphum sp. (Leonard 1974)];
	Megoura viciae; Nearctaphis bakeri;
	Rhopalosiphoninus heikinheimoi; [Sipha glyceriae];
	Therioaphis brachytricha, trifolii
L. creticus	Aphis craccivora
*L. cytisoides*	Acyrthosiphon loti; Aphis craccivora, loti;
	Therioaphis litoralis
L. frondosus	Aphis loti, lotiradicis
L. gebelia	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis loti; Therioaphis litoralis, loti
L. graecus = Dorycnium graecum
L. hirsutus = Dorycnium hirsutum
L. hispidus	Aphis craccivora
L. krylovii	Aphis craccivora
L. lamprocarpus = L. palustris
L. lanuginosus	Aphis craccivora
L. latifolius	Therioaphis loti
L. maritimus	Aphis craccivora, loti
L. ornithopodioides	Aphis craccivora
L. palustris	Aphis craccivora
L. parviflorus	Acyrthosiphon loti
L. pedunculatus	Aphis craccivora, lotiradicis
L. peregrinus	Therioaphis loti
L. rectus = Dorycnium rectum
L. scoparius = Syrmatium glabrum
L. subbiflorus	Acyrthosiphon loti, pisum
L. suffruticosus	Therioaphis obscura
L. tenuifolius = L. tenuis
L. tenuis	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora
L. uliginosus (incl.	Acyrthosiphon loti, pisum;
pedunculatus auctt. non Cav.)	Aphis craccivora, loti, lotiradicis;
	Megoura viciae; Therioaphis brachytricha
Lotus sp.	[Geoica lucifuga]; Paracletus cimiciformis];
	[Therioaphis subalba]

Key to apterae on Lotus (couplets 1-3 only can be applied to alatae):-

1	Fore coxae greatly enlarged. SIPH in form of small truncate cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed	.….2
–	Fore coxae normal. Form of SIPH various. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, anal plate entire	…..8

2	All viviparae are alatae	…..3
–	Apterae are commonly present	…..4
3	(Al.) Knob of cauda trapezoid, longer than its greatest width (Fig.40a). ABD TERG 8 with 4-7 hairs, usually placed on dark sclerites. Head with dark ventral cross-band between eyes	…..Therioaphis dorycnii

–	(Al.) Knob of cauda almost globular, not longer than its greatest width (Fig.40b). ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs, placed on pale or dusky sclerites. Ventral cross-band between eyes often pale or indistinct	…..Therioaphis loti
4	Dorsal hairs only 7-10 μm long, much shorter than ANT BD III, with blunt apices, arising from rough convex sclerotic plates (Fig.40c)	…..Therioaphis brachytricha
–	Dorsal hairs 35-90 μm long, mostly much longer than ANT BD III, thick, and with knobbed or otherwise expanded apices, and arising from tuberculate or conical bases	…..5
5	ABD TERG 1-5 each with 1 pair of long spinal hairs and 1 pair of long marginal hairs (sometimes there are also 1-2 much smaller hairs)	…..6
–	ABD TERG 1-5 with at least some tergites having more than 4 long hairs per segment	…..7

6	ABD TERG 1-7 with very large paired variably pigmented sclerotic bars, often fused across midline. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 3 are c.70 μm long, placed on processes c.35 μm high (Fig.40d)	…..Therioaphis obscura
–	ABD TERG 1-7 without large sclerotic bars. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 80-90 μm long, and placed on processes c.60 μm high (Fig.40e)	…..Therioaphis litoralis
7	Dorsum usually unpigmented and unsclerotised. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.9, with PT about equal to HT II. SIPH small and inconspicuous, only about 0.02-0.04 mm long (Fig.40g)	…..Therioaphis bonjeaniae
–	Dorsum with hairs arising from variably pigmented sclerites (Fig.40f). ANT PT/BASE more than 1.1, PT being much longer than HT II. SIPH pigmented, distinctly visible, 0.04-0.07 mm long (Fig.40h)	…..Therioaphis trifolii
8	Body broadly spindle-shaped, BL 2.0-5.5 mm. ANT tubercles well-developed	…..9
–	Body oval, 1.1-2.9 mm. ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed	….13
9	Head and ANT I and II black. SIPH dark, swollen in middle or on distal part …..10
–	Head and ANT I and II pale. SIPH mainly pale, thin and tapering or cylindrical	…..11
10	Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. SIPH cigar-shaped, similar in length to the long finger-like cauda	…..Megoura viciae
–	Head spiculose with inner faces of ANT tubercles scabrous and almost parallel. SIPH strongly swollen over distal 0.7, and more than 2 × longer than the short triangular cauda	…..Rhopalosiphoninus heikinheimoi

11	ANT I with 9-23 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.25-0.40 mm long, 1.8-2.9 × longer than R IV+V. SIPH attenuate distally, with diameter at midlength similar to or less than middle diameter of hind tibia	..…Acyrthosiphon pisum
–	ANT I with 6-10 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.13-0.20 mm long, 1-1.5 × longer than R IV+V. SIPH not attenuate distally; diameter at midlength greater than middle diameter of hind tibia	..…12
12	ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.2. R IV+V with 6 accessory hairs. SIPH 0.20-0.25 × BL	…..Acyrthosiphon loti
–	ANT PT/BASE 4.3-6.0. R IV+V with 4 accessory hairs. SIPH 0.25-0.33 × BL	…..Acyrthosiphon kondoi

13	SIPH pale, short, with close-set rows of spinules (Fig.40i), 0.8-1.1 × cauda which is also short, only a little longer than its basal width. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Nearctaphis bakeri
–	SIPH dark, with normal imbrication, 0.8-2.2 × cauda which is much longer than its basal width. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu	…..14
14	Longest hairs on ANT III finely pointed, 0.8-2.2 × BD III. Dorsal abdomen usually with well-developed black cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, but with only small, scattered sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6. Cauda with 11-25 hairs	…..Aphis fabae
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.8 × BD III. Dorsal abdomen either with extensive dark sclerotisation on ABD TERG 1-6, or if mainly membranous then cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8 are vestigeal or absent. Cauda with 4-16 hairs	…..15
15	Dorsal sclerotisation variably developed, at most with separate dark cross-bands on metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6. R IV+V 1.10-1.25 × HT II. Cauda with 11-16 hairs. MTu regularly present on some of ABD TERG 2-6 (totalling 6-7)	…..Aphis lotiradicis
–	Dorsum usually with a solid black shield over metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6, sometimes partially fragmented, but never divided into segmental cross-bands. R IV+V 0.87-1.15 × HT II. Cauda with 4-11 hairs. ABD TERG 2-6 rarely with MTu (totalling 0-4)	…..16
16	Cauda finger-like, almost parallel-sided on distal part with rounded apex (Fig.40j), 0.13-0.18 × BL, and bearing 6-11 hairs. SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda. (Al. with 0-2 rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis loti
–	Cauda with distal part tapering, apex not rounded (Fig.40k), 0.09-0.13 × BL, and bearing 4-9 hairs. SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda. (Al. never with rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis craccivora

*Louiseania*	Rosaceae
Louiseania ulmifolia	Aphidura bozhkoae

*Loxostylis*	Anacardiaceae
Loxostylis alata	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Lubinia see Lysimachia

Primulaceae

*Luculia*	Rubiaceae
*Luculia gratissima*	Myzus persicae
*Luculia* sp.	Aphis spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Ludisia*	Orchidaceae
*Ludisia discolor*	Cerataphis orchidearum

*Ludwigia* (including Jussiaea)	Onagraceae
*Ludwigia abyssinica*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus lythri
*L. angustifolia* (?)	Aphis gossypii; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae
L. bonariensis	Hyalomyzus jussiaeae
L. decurrens	Aphis gossypii; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae
L. erecta	Aphis [pomi], spiraecola
L. grandiflora	Aulacorthum solani
L. linifolia	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae
L. octovalvis	Aphis gossypii; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae; Myzus lythri
L. palustris	Neomyzus circumflexus
L. peploides	[Aphis carverae]
L. peruviana	Aphis gossypii; [Sitobion indicum]
L. suffruticosa (?)	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

Key to apterae on Ludwigia:-

1	Head spiculose or nodulose, with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces steep-sided and scabrous. SIPH pale or dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..2
–	Head smooth with ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu	……go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24
2	ANT 0.5-0.6 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.0	…..Myzus lythri
–	ANT 1.1-1.3 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 4-5	…..3
3	SIPH slightly clavate, 2.6-3.3 × cauda which bears 4 hairs. R IV+V 1.45-1.75 × HT II., with 2 accessory hairs. Tergum sclerotic, with a wrinkled, reticulate appearance. ANT III without rhinaria	…..Hyalomyzus jussiaeae
–	SIPH tapering /cylindrical, 2.0-2.5 × cauda which bears 7 hairs. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II, with 5-7 accessory hairs. Tergum membranous, smooth. ANT III usually with 1-3 small rhinaria near base	…..Aulacorthum solani

*Luehea*	Malvaceae
Luehea divaricata	Aphis gossypii

*Luetkea*	Rosaceae
Luetkea pectinata	Ericaphis louisae; Macrosiphum opportunisticum

Key to apterae on Luetkea:-

–	SIPH 0.13-0.20 × BL, without any subapical polygonal reticulation. Antennae much shorter than body, and ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles weakly developed and rugose, with median frontal tubercle almost equally developed	…..Ericaphis louisae
–	SIPH more than 0.2 × BL, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Antennae longer than body, and ANT III with 1 or more small rhinaria near base. ANT tubercles well developed, with smooth inner faces	…..Macrosiphum opportunisticum

*Luffa*	Cucurbitaceae
Luffa acutangula	Aphis gossypii, [umbrella];
	Neoaulacorthum magnoliae
L. aegyptiaca = L. cylindrica
L. cylindrica	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii
Luffa sp.	Aphis solanella, spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Lunania*	Flacourtiaceae
*Lunania cubensis*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Lunaria*	Brassicaceae
*Lunaria annua*	Aphis fabae; Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae
*L. biennis* = L. annua
*L. rediviva*	Aphis fabae

Key to apterae on Lunaria:-

–	ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH, which are somewhat swollen in middle (barrel-shaped) and 0.8-1.0 × the broadly triangular cauda. Dorsum with paired dark markings	…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–	Without the above combination of characters (or try key to apterae on Brassica)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Lupinus*	Fabaceae
*Lupinus affinis*	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. albiflorus (?)	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. albifrons	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. albus	Aphis craccivora; Macrosiphum albifrons; Myzus persicae
*L. angustifolius*	Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum;
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, frangulae;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum albifrons, euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
L. arboreus	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. arcticus	Macrosiphum albifrons
*L. argenteus* (incl. decumbens)	Aphis lupini; Macrosiphum albifrons
L. densiflorus	Aphis sp. (?craccivora); Macrosiphum albifrons
*L. ehrenbergii* = L. mexicanus
L. hartwegii	Macrosiphum albifrons
*L. latifolius*	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. luteus	Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum;
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum albifrons;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
L. mexicanus	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. mutabilis	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. nootkatensis	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum albifrons;
	[Pseudocercidus rosae]
*L. pilosus*	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. polyphyllus	Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum albifrons
L. pubescens	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. rivularis	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. sericeus	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. subcarnosus	Macrosiphum albifrons
L. termis = L. albus
L. varius (?)	Macrosiphum albifrons
Lupinus spp.	Aphis lupinehansoni; Macrosiphum timpanogos, zionense;
	Myzus ornatus

Key to apterae on Lupinus:-

(See Blackman & Eastop, 2000, for an illustrated key to aphids on cultivated lupins.)

1	Cuticle of head smooth and ANT tubercles well-developed, their inner faces smooth and divergent	…..2
–	Head either smooth with ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, or spiculose with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces scabrous and parallel or apically convergent	…..7

2	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III	…..3
–	SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III	…..6

3	SIPH, ANT , distal parts of femora, tibiae and tarsi black	…..Macrosiphum zionense
–	SIPH, ANT and legs mainly pale	…..4
4	ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. BL 1.7-3.6 mm	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	ANT III with 11-40 rhinaria. BL 3.2-5.1 mm	…..5
5	Cauda slightly constricted at about 0.3 from base. ANT III with 11-22 rhinaria. ANT V 1.03-1.09 mm long, 0.9-1.1 × ANT IV and 0.8-0.9 × ANT III	…..Macrosiphum timpanogos*

–	Cauda without any constriction. ANT III with 17-40 rhinaria. ANT V 0.57-0.79 mm long, 0.7-0.8 × ANT IV and 0.5-0.7 × ANT III	…..Macrosiphum albifrons
6	ANT I with 9-23 hairs. Articulation between ANT III and IV blackish pigmented. ANT BASE VI 0.25-0.40 mm long, 1.8-3 × longer than R IV+V. SIPH attenuate distally, with diameter at midlength less than middle diameter of hind tibia	..…Acyrthosiphon pisum
–	ANT I with 6-10 hairs. Articulation between ANT III and IV not blackish pigmented. ANT BASE VI 0.13-0.20 mm long, 1-1.5 × longer than R IV+V. SIPH not attenuate distally; diameter at midlength greater than middle diameter of hind tibia	…..Acyrthosiphon kondoi
7	ANT I-VI rather uniformly dark. Cauda with 12 –20 hairs	…..8
–	ANT with at least III-V mainly pale. Cauda with 4-25 hairs	…..9
8	R IV+V acute, 1.2-1.4 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE less than 2. Cauda tapering almost to a point. (Al. with 3-6 rhinaria on ANT III and 0 on IV)	…..Aphis lupini
–	R IV+V blunter, about 1 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE more than 2. Cauda broader with more rounded apex. (Al. with 12-18 rhinaria on ANT III and 1-2 on IV) …..Aphis lupinehansoni
9	Dorsum with an extensive dark shield, with a pale reticulation (sometimes fragmented in small specimens)	…..10
–	Dorsum without an extensive dark shield	…..11
10	R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.05 ×). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs	…..Aphis craccivora

–	R IV+V 0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 ×). Anterior half of genital plate with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2)	…..Aphis cytisorum
11	Head smooth with ANT tubercles weakly developed, ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu), no dark markings on dorsal abdomen anterior to SIPH, and hairs on hind femur all distinctly shorter than diameter of femur at its base	…..12
–	Without the above combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
12	ANT PT/BASE 2.6-3.8. ABD TERG 8 with a dark cross-band. (Al. with 1-2 rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis frangulae
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.9-3.2. ABD TERG 8 usually without a cross-band. (Al. without rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis gossypii

Lupsia see Galactites

Asteraceae

Lupulina (-us) see Medicago

Fabaceae

*Luziola* (including Hydrochloa)	Poaceae
*Luziola* sp.	Schizaphis longicaudata; Sipha glyceriae
Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Luzula*	Juncaceae
Luzula albida = L. luzuloides
L. alpinopilosa	Melanaphis luzulella; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae
L. arctica = L. nivalis
L. banksiana	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
L. campestris	Forda formicaria; Melanaphis luzulella; Sitobion avenae
L. forsteri	Rhopalosiphum padi
*L. lutea*	Melanaphis luzulella
L. luzuloides	Ceruraphis eriophori; Melanaphis luzulella;
	Paracletus bykovi; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae
L. multiflora	Melanaphis luzulella; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Sitobion avenae, fragariae
L. nemorosa = L. luzuloides
L. nivalis	Carolinaia sp.(schlingeri?)
L. nivea	Carolinaia sp.(schlingeri ?); Sitobion avenae, fragariae
L. nutans = L. pediformis
*L. pallescens*	Sitobion avenae
*L. pediformis*	Sitobion avenae
*L. pilosa*	Ceruraphis eriophori; Melanaphis luzulella;
	Paracletus bykovi; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae
L. spadicea = L. alpinopilosa
L. spicata	Melanaphis luzulella
L. sudetica	Sitobion avenae
L. sylvatica	Forda formicaria; Melanaphis luzulella;
	Metopolophium festucae; Sitobion fragariae
Luzula sp.	[Atheroides brevicornis]; Sipha maydis

Key to apterae on Luzula:-

1	SIPH absent. Eyes of 3 facets only. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE less than 0.3	…..2
–	SIPH present as tubes or pores. Eyes multifaceted. ANT 5- or 6-segmented. ANT PT/BASE more than 1	…..3
2	Hind legs elongate, with femora and tibiae curved, and hind tarsi 0.22-0.38 mm long, 1.4-1.8 × longer than mid- tarsi. ANT densely clothed with fine hairs. Primary rhinarium on ANT V not much larger than that on ANT IV	…..Paracletus bykovi
–	Hind legs not elogate, with hind tarsi less than 0.22 mm long, less than 1.4 × longer than mid-tarsi. ANT not densely clothed with fine hairs, and primary rhinarium on ANT V very large, transversely oblong and extending around segment	…..Forda formicaria
3	SIPH as pores on shallow cones. Dorsal hairs very thick, long and spine-like. Cauda broadly rounded	…..Sipha maydis
–	SIPH tubular. Dorsal hairs not very thick and spine-like. Cauda triangular, tongue- or finger-shaped	…..4
4	ANT III bearing 2-10 rhinaria, and with longest hairs at least 2 × BD III. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. SIPH black and very rugose	…..Ceruraphis eriophori
–	ANT III without rhinaria or with 1-4 very small rhinaria, and with longest hairs less than 1.5 × BD III. Dorsum with or without sclerotisation, SIPH pale or dark	…..5
5	SIPH clavate; i.e. distinctly swollen on distal part, with a narrower section basad. Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation	…..6
–	SIPH cylindrical or tapering. Dorsal abdomen without extensive dark sclerotisation	…..7
6	ANT tubercles very well developed, their inner faces approximately parallel in dorsal view. ANT PT/BASE 4.7-5.3. Dorsal abdomen with segmentally divided sclerotisation	…..Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
–	ANT tubercles low, rounded. ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.5. Dorsal abdomen with an almost complete shield over metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6	…..Carolinaia sp. (schlingeri?)
7	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..8
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..9
8	SIPH 1.75-2.25 × cauda, which has a rounded apex	…..Sitobion fragariae
–	SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda, which has a more pointed apex	…..Sitobion avenae
9	SIPH 0.15-0.22 × BL. ANT III with 0-4 small rhinaria near base. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..10
–	SIPH 0.09-0.14 × BL. ANT III without rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with small MTu	…..11
10	ANT with each segment pale at base and dusky/dark at apex (base of VI paler than apex of V). R IV+V 0.55-0.71 × HT II. (Al. without dorsal abdominal pigmentation)	…..Metopolophium dirhodum

–	ANT progressively darker from base to apex. R IV+V 0.71-0.90 × HT II. (Al. with dark dorsal abdominal bars)	…..Metopolophium festucae
11	ANT usually 5-segmented, with PT/BASE 1.8-3.6. SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange	…..Melanaphis luzullela
–	ANT usually 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 3.1-5.2. SIPH cylindrical for most of length, slightly swollen distally with a smooth, constricted region proximal to flange	…..Rhopalosiphum padi

*Luzuriaga*	Alstroemeriaceae
*Luzuriaga radicans*	Aphis luzuriagae

*Lychnis*	Caryophyllaceae
*Lychnis alba* = Silene latifolia (incl. ssp. alba)
L. atropurpurea = Silene atropurpurea
*L. chalcedonica* = Silene chalcedonica
*L. coriacea* = Silene coronaria
L. coronaria = Silene coronaria
L. dioica = Silene dioica
L. diurna	Brachycaudus lychnidis
*L. divaricata* = Silene latifolia
*L. flos-cuculi* = Silene flos-cuculi
*L. githago* = Agrostemma githago
*L. pratensis* = Silene latifolia
L. vespertina = Silene latifolia
L. viscaria = Silene viscaria
L. viscosa = Silene viscaria
Lychnis spp.	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to apterae on Silene.

*Lycianthes*	Solanaceae
*Lycianthes pauciflora*	Aphis fabae
L. rantonnei	Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Lycium*	Solanaceae
*Lycium arabicum*	[Rhopalosiphum padi]
L. barbarum	Aphis gossypii (? – see text); Aulacorthum solani;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae, [persicae ssp. dyslycialis]
L. chilense (incl. var.	Aphis danielae; Myzus persicae
	minutifolium)
L. chinense	[Aphis schinifoliae]; Aulacorthum solani;
	Myzus antirrhinii, persicae; Neoaulacorthum magnoliae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
L. dasystemum	Brachyunguis lycii
L. depressum	Brachyunguis lycii, zawadovskii
L. europaeum	Brachyunguis lycii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae
*L. ferocissimum*	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae
*L. flexicaule*	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae
L. gillesianum	Aphis danielae
L. halimifolium = L. barbarum
L. nodosum	Aphis danielae
L. parviflorum	[?Brachyunguis tetrapteralis (as Aphis piutapa)]
L. ruthenicum	Aphis craccivora, fabae; Brachyunguis lycii;
	Myzus persicae
L. shawii	Aphis craccivora; Brachyunguis harmalae;
	Myzus persicae
L. stenophyllum	Aphis danielae
L. turcomanicum = L. depressum
Lycium sp.	Aphis spiraecola

Key to apterae on Lycium:-

1	ANT PT/BASE 0.4-1.45	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5 (or less than 0.4)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	SIPH pale, 0.3-0.9 × cauda (which is triangular and 1.0-1.5 × its basal width)	…..3
–	SIPH pale or dark, 1.07-1.41 × cauda	…..4
3	SIPH 0.3-0.5 × cauda, as short as or shorter than ANT PT	…..Brachyunguis harmalae
–	SIPH 0.5-0.9 × cauda, longer than ANT PT	…..Brachyunguis lycii
4	ANT PT/BASE 1.05-1.45. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. SIPH more than 0.2 mm long. Cauda finger-like, with a constrictiom, much longer than its basal width. ABD TERG 2-6 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Aphis danielae
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.7. Dorsum without extensive dark sclerotisation. SIPH only c.0.1 mm long. Cauda broadly conical/ helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width. ABD TERG 2-6 as well as 1 and 7 with MTu	…..Brachyunguis zawadovskii

*Lycopersicon*	Solanaceae
*Lycopersicon esculentum*	[Acyrthosiphon pisum];
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, solanella,
	spiraecola;
	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus [cardui], helichrysi;
	[Brachyunguis harmalae];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [rosae];
	[Maculolachnus submacula]; [Myzakkaia verbasci];
	Myzus antirrhinii, ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Prociphilus erigeronensis;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, solani, staphyleae ssp.
	tulipaellus;
	Rhopalosiphum [nymphaeae], padi, rufiabdominale;
	[Sitobion avenae]; Smynthurodes betae;

Key to apterae on Lycopersicon:-

1	SIPH thick and markedly clavate, so that maximum width of swollen part is more than 1.5 × minimum width of basal part	…..2
–	SIPH (if present) tapering, cylindrical or only moderately clavate	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	SIPH with swollen part 3.7-4.8 × thicker than the narrow cylindrical basal part, and a narrowly constricted subapical region with polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria	…..Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon

–	SIPH with swollen part not more than 3.2 × the minimum width of the rather thick basal part, and subapical region not narrowly constricted, with a few rows of transverse striae proximal to flange. ANT III usually with 1-4 rhinaria on a thickened part near base	…..3
3	Longest hairs on ANT III 6-10 μm, 0.2-0.4 × BD III	…..Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae ssp. tulipaellus
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 20-24 μm, 0.8-1.0 × BD III	…..Rhopalosiphoninus solani

*Lycopsis*	Boraginaceae
*Lycopsis arvensis*	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui; Myzus ornatus
Lycopsis sp.	Aphis gossypii

Use key to apterae under Lithospermum.

*Lycopus*	Lamiaceae
*Lycopus americanus*	Hyalomyzus sensoriatus
*L. asper*	Hyalomyzus eriobotryae
L. cavaleriei	Aphis lycopicola
L. europaeus	Ovatus [crataegarius], insitus, [lycopi]
*L. exaltatus*	[Brachycaudus cardui]
*L. lucidus* (incl. var. maackianus)	Aphis [gossypii], lycopicola
*L. maackianus* = L. lucidus var. maackianus
L. ramosissimus = L. cavaleriei
L. virginicus	Hyalomyzus eriobotryae; Kaltenbachiella ulmifusa;
	Tiliphagus lycoposugus

Key to apterae on Lycopus:-

1	SIPH absent. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Wax gland plates present. (On roots)	…..2
–	SIPH present, tubular. ANT PT/BASE more than 1. No discrete wax glands	…..3
2	Wax glands each comprising a ring of cells around a clear central area. BL less than 2 mm	…..Kaltenbachiella ulmifusa

–	Wax glands not in form of rings; circular, subdivided into small cells without a clear central area. BL more than 2.5 mm	…..Tiliphagus lycoposugus
3	SIPH clavate	…..4
–	SIPH tapering/cylindrical	…..5
4	ANT PT/BASE less than 3 (apterae undescribed; estimated from alatae)	…..Hyalomyzus sensoriatus

–	ANT PT/BASE more than 3.5	…..Hyalomyzus eriobotryae
5	Head densely spiculose. ANT tubercles well-developed, with inwardly directed scabrous processes bearing short hairs with blunt or slightly expanded apices. ANT 6-segmented, ANT PT/BASE 4.4-6.1	…..Ovatus insitus
–	Head smooth with ANT tubercles weakly developed. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE c. 3	…..Aphis lycopicola*

*Lycoris*	Amaryllidaceae
*Lycoris sanguinea*	Neotoxoptera formosana

*Lygos* see Retama	Fabaceae
Lygos monosperma = Retama monosperma
L. raetam = Retama raetam
L. sphaerocarpa = Retama sphaerocarpa

*Lyonia* (including Xolisma)	Ericaceae
*Lyonia calycosa* = L. latifolia var. calycosa
L. latifolia var. calycosa	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
L. mariana = Neopieris mariana
L. ovalifolia	Acutosiphon obliquoris;
	Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nerii, odinae, spiraecola;
	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii;
	Dysaphis microsiphon; Ericolophium ovalifolii;
	Myzakkaia kuwanais; Myzus persicae;
	[Schizaphis rotundiventris]; [Shinjia orientalis];
	Sinomegoura citricola;
	[Thoracaphis sp.]; Vesiculaphis pieridis
*L. rubiginosa*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; [Uroleucon ambrosiae]

Key to apterae on Lyonia:-

1	SIPH very small and thin, 0.03-0.08 mm long. Well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1-5, and head with a large pair of spinal tubercles (STu). Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view	…..Dysaphis microsiphon
–	SIPH larger, and MTu, STu and Cauda not as above	…..2
2	SIPH tapering from broad base to point apex, with pore subapical. ANT PT/BASE 0.45-0.7	…..Acutosiphon obliquoris

–	SIPH not tapering to a point, and with a terminal aperture. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-6.0	…..3
3	ANT PT/BASE 0.7-0.9. Tergum sclerotic and very coarsely corrugated. SIPH thick, strongly scabrous and warty, cylindrical for most of length and narrowing just proximal to flange	…..Vesiculaphis pieridis
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5, tergum not very coarsely corrugated, and SIPH not as above	…..4
4	SIPH pale, cylindrical, curved outward distally, c.1.5 × ANT III and more than 2.5 × cauda. ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces divergent. ANT PT/BASE c.2	…..Ericolophium ovalifolii

–	SIPH dark and/or other characters not in this combination	…..5
5	Dorsal abdomen warty with an extensive dark brown sclerotic patch. Cauda black, bearing 4 hairs, with broad basal half, mid-way constriction and narrower thumb-like tip. Head nodulose with divergent ANT tubercles and prominent median tubercle	…..Myzakkaia kuwanais*

–

Without that combination of characters

…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Lyonothamnus*	Rosaceae
*Lyonothamnus floribundus*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae

*Lysichiton*	Araceae
*Lysichiton americanus*	Macrosiphum oregonense
L. camtschatcensis	Aulacorthum solani

Key to apterae on Lysichiton:-

–	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation, and with part just proximal to this reticulation slightly swollen. SIPH 1.13-1.45 × ANT III, which bears hairs maximally 0.6-1.2 × BD III	…..Macrosiphum oregonense
–	SIPH without subapical reticulation, and with no trace of swelling. SIPH shorter than ANT III, which has hairs maximally 0.2-0.4 × BD III	…..Aulacorthum solani

*Lysimachia* (including Glaux, Lubinia,	Primulaceae
	Naumbergia, Steironema)
*Lysimachia barystachys*	Aphis gossypii
L. ciliata	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani
L. clethroides	Aphis gossypii
L. coreana (?)	[Aphis rhamnicola]
L. davurica	Aphis gossypii, lysimachiae, pashtshenkoae
L. lanceolata = Nummularia lanceolata
L. maritima	Thecabius (Parathecabius) auriculae, lysimachiae
L. mauritiana	Aphis fabae, gossypii
L. nemorum	Aulacorthum solani; [Jacksonia papillata]; Myzus persicae
L. nummularia	Aulacorthum solani; Mordwilkoja vagabunda;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae;
	Thecabius (Parathecabius) lysimachiae
L. punctata	Aphis fabae, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani
L. quadrifolia	[Cavariella sp. (Leonard 1968)];
	[Thecabius sp. (Leonard 1968)]; [Uroleucon gravicorne]
*L. stricta*	Aphis gossypii
L. terrestris	Aulacorthum solani; Mordwilkoja vagabunda
L. thyrsiflora	Aphis fabae, frangulae; Aulacorthum solani
L. vulgaris	Aphis [brohmeri], fabae, frangulae, gossypii,
	lysimachiae, nasturtii, pashtshenkoae;
	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Mordvilkoja vagabunda; [Myzus lythri]
Lysimachia spp.	[Paracletus cimiciformis]

Key to apterae on Lysimachia:-

1	SIPH absent. Eyes with only 3 facets. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. ABD TERG 3-6 each with 4, and ABD TERG 7 with 2, large wax gland plates	…..2
–	SIPH present, tubular. Eyes multifaceted. ANT PT/BASE more than 1. No discrete wax glands	…..4
2	BL 2.2-2.9 mm. ANT 6-segmented, with ANT III as long as or longer than IV+V together	…..Mordvilkoja vagabunda
–	BL 1.3-1.8 mm. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, if 6-segmented then ANT III distinctly shorter than ANT IV+V together	…..3
3	R IV+V 0.63-0.88 × HT II. (Al. sexuparae with R IV+V 0.58-0.71 × HT II and 0.62-0.71 × ANT BASE VI)	…..Thecabius (Parathecabius) lysimachiae
–	R IV+V 0.88-1.14 × HT II. (Al. sexuparae with R IV+V 0.76-0.88 × HT II and 0.77-0.88 × ANT BASE VI)	…..Thecabius (Parathecabius) auriculae
4	ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..5
–	ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4

5	SIPH 0.5-0.7 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.0	…..Aphis pashtshenkoae*
–	SIPH 0.8-2.3 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE (1.7-) 2.0-4.0	…..6
6	SIPH c.2.25 × the equally dark cauda	…..Aphis lysimachiae*
–	SIPH 0.8-2.3 × cauda, but if more than 2 × then cauda is paler than SIPH	…..7
7	SIPH darker than cauda which bears 4-8 hairs. Femoral hairs mostly short	…..Aphis frangulae group (incl. gossypii, rhamnicola)
–	SIPH and cauda both black, with cauda bearing 11-24 hairs. Femoral hairs long and fine	…..Aphis fabae

*Lythrum*	Lythraceae
*Lythrum alatum*	Myzus lythri
L. graefferi	Myzus lythri
L. hyssopifolium = L. maritimum
*L. junceum*	Myzus lythri
L. linifolium	Aulacorthum solani
L. maritimum	Aphis spiraecola; Myzus lythri
L. salicaria	Aphis fabae, frangulae, gossypii, grossulariae, nasturtii,
	[salicariae], [Aphis sp. (Finland: Albrecht 2010)];
	Myzus [langei], lythri
L. virgatum	Aphis fabae, nasturtii, [spiraephaga]; Myzus lythri
L. vulneraria	Myzus lythri

Key to apterae on Lythrum:-

1	Head densely spiculose. ANT 0.5-0.6 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.0. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH pale, cylindrical/tapering, coarsely imbricated., 2.3-2.8 × cauda	…..Myzus lythri
–	Head smooth, or if spiculose then ANT are longer and/or other characters do not apply	…..2
2	Head smooth with ANT tubercles undeveloped. R IV+V is 1.4-1.7 × HT II and bears 6-11 accessory hairs. (SIPH pale)	…..Aphis grossulariae
–	Without that combination of characters; either ANT tubercles are well developed, or R IV+V is 0.9-1.4 × HT II with only 2 accessory hairs	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids