C_HOSTS_Epa_Exo – Blackman & Eastop's Aphids on the World's Plants

*Ephedra*	Ephedraceae
*Ephedra alai* *(?alata)*	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. alata ssp. alenda	[Aphis craccivora]
E. arvense (?)	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. capitata (?)	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. ciliata = E. foliata
*E. distachya*	Ephedraphis ephedrae, [ephedrae ssp. taurica]
E. equisetina	Ephedraphis ephedrae, [ephedrae ssp. taurica]
E. fedtschenkoae	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. foliata	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. fragilis	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. gerardiana	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. intermedia	Ephedraphis ephedrae, [ephedrae ssp. taurica]
E. lomatolepis	Ephedraphis ephedrae, [ephedrae ssp. taurica]
E. major (incl. sssp. procera)	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. monosperma	Ephedraphis gobica
E. nebrodensis = E. major
E. ramosissimum (?)	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. regeliana	Ephedraphis ephedrae
E. sinica	Ephedraphis gobica
E. strobilacea	Ephedraphis ephedrae, ephedrae ssp. taurica
Ephedra sp.	[Brachyunguis tamaricis (Lichtenstein) (as tamaricifoliae)]; Ephedraphis gobica ssp. xinjiangica, mongolica

Couplet for separating apterae of Ephedraphis spp.:-

1	Cauda rounded or helmet-shaped, as short as or shorter than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-1.8	…..2
–	Cauda long and finger-like, much longer than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-c.2.5	…..3

2	SIPH 0.13-0.27 mm, 2.1-3.1 × CAUDA	….. Ephedraphis ephedrae
–	SIPH 0.08-0.12 mm, 1.3-1.8 × CAUDA	….. Ephedraphis mongolica
3	ANT PT/BASE c.2.5	…..Ephedraphis gobica s. str.*
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.0	……Ephedraphis gobica ssp. xinjiangica*

*Epidendrum* (including Anacheilium)	Orchidaceae
*Epidendrum atropurpureum* = Psychilis atropurpurea
E. campylostalix = Prosthechea campylostalix
E. cochleatum = Prosthechea cochleata
E. crassifolium = E. ellipticum
E. crassilabium = Prosthechea vespa
E. difforme	Sitobion luteum
E. ellipticum	Aphis fabae; Sitobion luteum
E. fragrans = Prosthechea fragrans
E. ibaguense	Myzus persicae; Sitobion anselliae
E. phoeniceum = Encyclia phoenicea
E. ramosum	Cerataphis orchidearum
E. repens	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
E. secundum	Aphis gossypii; Cerataphis orchidearum
E. teretifolium = Jacquiniella teretifolia

Use key to apterae of orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium.

*Epifagus*	Orobanchaceae
*Epifagus virginiana*	Prociphilus erigeronensis

*Epilobium*	Onagraceae
*Epilobium adenocaulon* = E.ciliatum
E. adnatum = E. tetragonum
E. alpestre	Aphis epilobii
E. alpinum = E. palustre
E. alsinifolium	Aphis fabae
E. amurense ssp. cephalostigma	Aphis onagraphaga (= pollinaria?)
E. angustifolium	Aphis asclepiadis, epilobiaria, epilobii, fabae, frangulae, gossypii, grossulariae, mirifica, nasturtii, oenotherae, [onagraphaga], praeterita, salicariae, [triglochinis], varians, Aphis sp.(USA: Washington, BMNH colln, leg. D. Carroll);
	[Cavariella aegopodii];
	Macrosiphum [cholodkovskyi], [chukotense], euphorbiae, fuscicornis, lisae, rosae, tinctum, valerianae;

	Myzus persicae;
	Uroleucon epilobii, [Uroleucon sp.(USA; Leonard 1968]
E. billardierianum (incl. ssp. cinereum)	Aphis carverae
E. brachycarpum	Aphis sp. (western USA; BMNH collection, and see aphidtrek.org)
E. cephalostigma = E. amurense ssp. cephalostigma
E. ciliatum (incl. ssp. watsonii)	Acyrthosiphon malvae;
	Aphis epilobii, grossulariae, nasturtii, oenotherae, Aphis sp. (USA: California, Oregon and Washington, BMNH colln), Aphis sp. (New Zealand; BMNH colln);
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus lythri, ornatus, persicae
E. collinum	Aphis epilobii, grossulariae, pollinaria; Macrosiphum tinctum
E. coloratum	Aphis oenotherae, varians
E. densiflorum = Boisduvalia densiflora
E. denticulatum	Casimira canberrae
E. dodonaei	Aphis frangulae, oenotherae, [plantaginis of Passerini 1863], praeterita
*E. fleischeri*	Aphis sp. near mirifica (Italy; BMNH collection)
E. franciscanum = E. ciliatum ssp. watsonii
E. halleanum	Aphis oenotherae
E. herbaceum (?)	Aphis epilobiaria
E. hirsutum	Aphis epilobiaria, epilobii, fluvialis, grossulariae, nasturtii, [pollinosa (nomen dubium)], praeterita;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, tinctum;
	Myzus ascalonicus, lythri, persicae
E. hirtigerum	Casimira canberrae
E. junceum = E. denticulatum
E. lamyi = E. tetragonum ssp, lamyi
E. lanceolatum	Aphis epilobiaria, epilobii, fabae, praeterita, salicariae; Macrosiphum tinctum
E. latifolium	Aphis nasturtii
E. lineare = E. palustre
E. minutiflorum	Aphis epilobii, grossulariae
E. molle = E. parviflorum
E. montanum	Aphis epilobiaria, epilobii, frangulae, grossulariae, oenotherae, pollinaria, praeterita, spiraephaga;
	Brachycaudus cardui; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, tinctum; Myzus lythri, ornatus
E. nerterioides	Myzus ascalonicus
E. obscurum	Aphis epilobii, grossulariae, pollinaria, salicariae, spiraephaga

E. palustre	Aphis epilobiaria, epilobii, frangulae, grossulariae,
	oenotherae, pollinaria, praeterita, varians;
	Macrosiphum tinctum
*E. paniculatum* = E. brachycarpum
E. parviflorum	Aphis epilobiaria, epilobii, fabae, frangulae, grossulariae, holmani, pollinaria, praeterita; Brachycaudus cardui; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, tinctum;
	Myzus ascalonicus
E. pubescens = E. parviflorum
E. roseum	Aphis epilobii, grossulariae, pollinaria, praeterita; Macrosiphum tinctum; Myzus lythri
E. rotundifolium	Aphis sp. (New Zealand; BMNH collection)
E. tetragonum (incl. ssp. lamyi)	Aphis epilobiaria, epilobii, grossulariae, pollinaria, praeterita, spiraephaga;
	Myzus ascalonicus, lythri
E. tianshanicum	Aphis grossulariae
E. watsonii = E. ciliatum ssp. watsonii
E. velutinum = E. hirsutum
E. virgatum = E. obscurum
Epilobium spp.	Aphis [despecta (nomen dubium)], [malvae Walker of Buckton], nelsonensis, nivalis, [Aphis sp. (French Alps; Stroyan, 1984: 89)];
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Eriosoma nigrum; [Macrosiphum pallidum]

Key to apterae on Epilobium:-

1	Eyes 3-faceted. SIPH consisting of shallow cones with sclerotic rims, their bases ringed by long hairs. Marginal wax glands on abdomen each consist of a ring of cells around a circular central area. Dorsum almost wholly sclerotic (on roots)	…..Eriosoma nigrum
–	Eyes multi-faceted. SIPH tapering, cylindrical, or conical without a basal ring of hairs. No discrete wax glands. Dorsum membranous or with black sclerotic shield	…..2
2	Head spiculose or nodulose. ANT tubercles well developed, SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..3
–	Head without spicules or nodules. ANT tubercles variously developed or undeveloped, if well developed then SIPH have a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..4
3	ANT 0.5-0.6 × BL, with PT/BASE 2.4-3.0, and ANT III without rhinaria. Dorsal cuticle wrinkled or warty, and SIPH coarsely imbricated	…..Myzus lythri
–	ANT 1.1-1.3 × BL, with PT/BASE 4.0-5.5, and ANT III usually with 1-3 small rhinaria near base. Dorsal cuticle smooth, SIPH moderately imbricated	…..Aulacorthum solani
4	ANT tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..5
–	ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces divergent. SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..29
5	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spiracular apertures rounded. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..6
–	Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. At least ABD TERG 1, and usually also 7, with MTu	…..7
6	Dorsum with an extensive solid black shield. SIPH dark, 2.1-3.4 × cauda	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH pale, 1.1-1.3 × cauda	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
7	ABD TERG 7 without MTu. First tarsal segments with 2-2-2 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.95-4.0, PT 1.2-1.8 × SIPH. (Al. with media of forewing once-branched)	…..Casimira canberrae
–	ABD TERG 7 with MTu. First tarsal segments with 3-3-2 or 3-3-3 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-3.7, PT 0.6-1.4 × SIPH. (Al. with media of forewing twice-branched)	…..8

8	R IV+V with 6-12 accessory hairs	…..9
–	R IV+V with only 2 accessory hairs	…..16
9	Hairs on ANT III very long, fine and wavy, the longest of them 1.8-4 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.0	…..Aphis varians
–	Hairs on ANT III straight or curved, not fine and wavy, maximally 1-2 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.4	…..10
10	ABD TERG 2-6 bearing in total 1-10 MTu (only less than 3 in some small specimens)	…..Aphis grossulariae
	– ABD TERG 2-6 without Mtu	…..11
11	R IV+V 0.17-0.20 mm long. Tarsi almost completely smooth. SIPH sometimes with a few fine hairs	…..Aphis epilobiaria
–	R IV+V 0.10-0.17 mm long. Tarsi with some imbrication, or if smooth then R IV+V is 0.10-0.12 mm. SIPH always without hairs	…..12
12	SIPH only 1.05-1.35 × R IV+V, 0.11-0.13 × BL and 0.9-1.2 × cauda. R IV+V with 9-11 accessory hairs	…..Aphis fluvialis
–	SIPH 1.4-2.55 × R IV+V, 0.11-0.21 × BL and 0.9-2.1 × cauda. R IV+V with 6-10 accessory hairs	…..13
13	SIPH 0.9-1.1 × cauda. R IV+V 1.05-1.30 × HT II. Cauda 1.5-2.0 × R IV+V. Tarsi almost completely smooth. Head, ANT and legs dusky	…..Aphis sp.(USA: California, Oregon; BMNH collection)
–	SIPH 1.05-2.1 × cauda. R IV+V 1.27-1.80 × HT II. Cauda 1.05-1.75 × R IV+V. Tarsi with some imbrication	…..14
14	Cauda 1.35-1.75 × R IV+V and 0.95-1.30 × ANT BASE VI. RIV+V 0.105-0.142 mm long, 1.18-1.55 × HT II. Head, ANT and legs all rather dusky/dark	…..Aphis epilobii
–	Cauda 1.05-1.35 × RIV+V and 1.25-1.95 × ANT BASE VI. R IV+V 0.125-0.17 mm long, 1.4-1.95 × HT II. Head, ANT and legs usually quite pale	…..15
15	ANT PT/BASE 2.55-3.70. ANT PT 1.8-2.6 × R IV+V and 0.85-1.45 × SIPH. R IV+V 0.125-0.145 mm long, 1.25-1.50 × HT II and 1.25-1.75 × ANT BASE VI	…..Aphis sp. (New Zealand; BMNH collection)
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.90-2.55. ANT PT 1.1-1.6 × R IV+V and 0.60-0.95 × SIPH. R IV+V 0.145-0.175 mm long, 1.45-1.80 × HT II and 1.35-2.00 × ANT BASE VI	…..Aphis oenotherae
16	ANT PT/BASE 3.3-4.7. SIPH 1.2-1.9 × cauda which bears 5-8 hairs	…..Aphis praeterita
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.0-3.5, if more than 3.2 then cauda bears 11-24 hairs	…..17
17	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.9 × BD III. Posterior hair on hind trochanter usually shorter than width of trochantro-femoral suture	…..18
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.9-3.6 × BD III. Posterior hair on hind trochanter usually longer than width of trochantro-femoral suture	…..27
18	SIPH only 0.4-0. 6 × cauda, which bears 8-15 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.32. Well-developed MTu usually present on all of ABD TERG 1-7	…..Aphis holmani
–	SIPH 0.7-2.5 × cauda which bears 3-17 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-3.2. MTu only always consistently present on ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..19
19	ANT 5-segmented, in both apt. and al. SIPH short and rather thin, 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which has a marked constriction and bears only 3-5 hairs	…..Aphis nelsonensis
–	ANT usually 6-segmented (occasionally 5-segmented in small apt.). SIPH 0.7-2.5 × cauda which bears 4-17 hairs	…..20
20	R IV+V 0.65-092 × HT II. SIPH 0.7-1.1 × cauda which bears 7-17 hairs	…..Aphis spiraephaga
–	R IV+V (0.82-)0.93-1.57 × HT II. SIPH 0.78-2.5 × cauda which bears 4-12 hairs	…..21
21	ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.7. SIPH short and thick, less than 2 × their basal widths, 0.78-0.95 × cauda	…..Aphis nivalis
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.5-3.2. SIPH more than 2 × their basal widths, 0.84-2.5 × cauda	…..22
22	SIPH less than 2 × ANT BASE VI (or BASE V when ANT 5-segmented). ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.2. SIPH 0.84-1.43 × cauda (Al. never with secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..23
–	SIPH more than 2 × ANT BASE VI (or BASE V). ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.2. SIPH 0.85-2.5 × cauda (Al. with 0-7 secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..24
23	SIPH pale. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II	…..Aphis sp. (Washington, USA, BMNH collection)
–	SIPH dark. R IV+V 0.82-1.25 × HT II	…..25
24	SIPH 0.9-1.4 × cauda which bears 5-11 hairs	…..Aphis mirifica
–	SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda which bears 3-6 hairs	…..Aphis carverae
25	ANT III 0.25-0.63 mm long, 2.5- 4.0 × R IV+V. HT I with 3 hairs (median sense peg present)	…..Aphis asclepiadis
–	ANT III 0.15-0.32 mm long, 1.3-2.6 × R IV+V. HT I with 2 hairs (no sense peg)	…..26
26	SIPH 0.85-2.2 × cauda which bears 4-11 hairs. (Al. with (0-)1-7 secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis frangulae
–	SIPH 1.3-2.5 × cauda which bears 4-8 hairs. (Al. never with secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis gossypii

27	SIPH usually rather distinctly and evenly curved outwards from base to flange. ANT III 1.5-2.6 × SIPH, 1.9-3.1 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.9-3.2 × BD III. ABD TERG 1-4 each with 6 spinopleural hairs, and ABD TERG 8 with 5-10 hairs. Cauda with 6-11 hairs. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs	…..Aphis salicariae
–	SIPH not appreciably curved. ANT III 0.8-1.6 × SIPH, 0.8-1.8 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.75-2.15 × BD III. ABD TERG 1-4 with 2-4 spinopleural hairs, and ABD TERG 8 with 2-5 hairs. Cauda with 7-24 hairs	…..28
28	SIPH 0.4-0.84 × cauda, which is 2.0-2.2 × R IV+V and has 7-15 hairs. ABD TERG 8 with only 2 hairs. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs	…..Aphis pollinaria
–	SIPH 0.8-1.7 × cauda. Cauda 1.35-1.95 × RIV+V and bearing 6-24 hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 2-5 hairs. First tarsal segments with 3-3-2 hairs	…..Aphis fabae group
29	ANT I and II dark	…..30
–	ANT I and II pale	…..31
30	ANT III with 10-36 rhinaria, not in a row	…..Macrosiphum rosae
–	ANT III with 4-9 rhinaria, in a row	…..Macrosiphum valerianae
31	SIPH less than 1.5 × cauda; dark with about basal 0.25 pale, and with polygonal reticulation extending over distal 0.25-0.35	…..Uroleucon epilobii*
–	SIPH more than 1.6 × cauda, mainly pale or dusky, with polygonal reticulation extending over distal 0.08-0.2 of length	…..32
32	SIPH more than 2.5 × cauda	…..Macrosiphum fuscicornis*
–	SIPH 1.6-2.2 × cauda	…..33
33	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.5 × BD III. R IV+V 0.4-0.5 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 3.8-4.4	…..Macrosiphum lisae
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.3 × BD III. R IV+V 0.8-1.1 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 4.6-6.5	…..34
34	R IV+V 0.98-1.11 × HT II. Posterior part of head (between eyes) usually with 1-2 small spinal tubercles (STu), and similar STu often also ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8 . Marginal tubercles (MTu) usually present on ABD TERG 2-4	…..Macrosiphum tinctum
–	R IV+V 0.8-1.02 × HT II. STu and MTu absent or only irregularly present, and rarely on head	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

*Epimedium*	Berberidaceae
*Epimedium koreanum*	Aulacorthum solani

*Epipactis*	Orchidaceae
*Epipactis atropurpurea* = E. atrorubens
*E. atrorubens*	Aphis epipactis, fabae, [ilicis]; Dysaphis neostroyani
E. consimilis = E. helleborine
E. helleborine (incl. latifolia)	Aphis epipactis, fabae, [ilicis]
*E. latifolia* = E. helleborine
E. palustris	Aphis epipactis, fabae
E. persica	Aphis fabae, gossypii; Myzus persicae
E. royleana	Aulacorthum solani

Use key to aphids on orchids under Cymbidium.

*Epiphyllum*	Cactaceae
*Epiphyllum ackermanii* = Disocactus ackermanii
*Epiphyllum* sp.	Aphis craccivora, fabae, spiraecola; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus

Use key to polyphagous aphids

*Equisetum*	Equisetaceae
*Equisetum arvense*	Aphis equiseticola; Macrosiphum equiseti; Neomyzus circumflexus; [Paracletus cimiciformis]; Sitobion avenae
E. fluviatile	Aulacorthum solani
E. laevigatum	Anoecia equiseti
E. pratense	Aphis equiseticola; Macrosiphum equiseti
E. sylvaticum	Aphis equiseticola, gossypii; Macrosiphum equiseti; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion fragariae

E. telmateia	Macrosiphum equiseti
Equisetum sp.	[Myzus cerasi]

Key to apterae on Equisetum:-

1	SIPH poriform. Cauda broadly rounded. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Hairs on body and appendages numerous, long and fine-pointed (on roots)	…..Anoecia equiseti
–	SIPH tubular. Cauda tongue-or finger-like. ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Hairs shorter and sparser	…..2
2	SIPH without any subapical reticulation. Cauda with 4-8 hairs	…..3
–	SIPH with subapical rows of polygonal reticulation, although these are sometimes rather ill-defined. Cauda with 7-11 hairs	…..7
3	Head spiculose, with well-developed, steep-sided ANT tubercles. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..4
–	Head smooth, with ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …..5
4	Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation, including a U-shaped dorsal abdominal patch	…..Neomyzus circumflexus

–	Dorsum pale	…..Aulacorthum solani
5	SIPH shorter than cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.5	…..Aphis equiseticola
–	SIPH 1.3-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-5.2	…..6
6	SIPH cylindrical for most of length, slightly swollen distally and with a subapical constriction. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-5.2	…..Rhopalosiphum padi
–	SIPH tapering from base to flange. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2	…..Aphis gossypii
7	Head spinulose ventrally. SIPH pale or dusky, like cauda. Cauda 1.05-1.55 × HT II. ABD TERG 8 with 5-10 hairs	…..Macrosiphum equiseti
–	Head smooth. SIPH black. cauda pale, 0.75-1.05 × HT II. ABD TERG 8 with 4-6 hairs	…..7
7	SIPH 1.0-1.4 × cauda, which tapers to an almost pointed apex	…..Sitobion avenae
–	SIPH 1.7-2.7 × cauda, which is rounded at apex	…..Sitobion fragariae

*Eragrostis*	Poaceae
*Eragrostis amabilis*	Tetraneura basui, fusiformis, radicicola, yezoensis
E. arenicola	Aphis gossypii
E. aspera	Aphis gossypii; Tetraneura fusiformis
E. chariis = E. nutans
E. cilianensis	Anoecia corni, vagans; Aphis gossypii;
	Geoica utricularia; Hysteroneura setariae;
	Schizaphis graminum; [Slavum lentiscoides];
	Tetraneura caerulescens, ulmi
E. ciliaris	Aphis gossypii; Tetraneura fusiformis
E. curvula	Hysteroneura setariae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi;
	Sitobion africanum, avenae, graminis,
	[Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)]
E. echinochloidea	Hysteroneura setariae
E. elegans = E. japonica
E. ferruginea	Tetraneura fusiformis
E. gangetica	Aphis gossypii; Hysteroneura setariae;
	Sitobion graminis, miscanthi;
	Tetraneura fusiformis, radicicola, yezoensis
E. interrupta	Tetraneura fusiformis
E. japonica	Aphis gossypii; Tetraneura ulmi
E. macilenta	Sitobion neusi
E. major = E. cilianensis
E. megastachya = E. cilianensis
E. minor	Anoecia corni, haupti, vagans; Colopha ulmicola;
	Geoica utricularia; Schizaphis graminum;
	Sitobion avenae; [Slavum lentiscoides];
	Smynthurodes betae; Tetraneura caerulescens, ulmi
E. multicaulis	Sitobion akebiae, avenae; Tetraneura fusiformis
E. namaquensis = E. japonica
E. nigra	Anoecia furcata, radiciphaga; Forda marginata;
	Geoica lucifuga; Tetraneura fusiformis, sikkimensis
E. niwahokori = E. multicaulis
E. nutans	Hysteroneura setariae
E. obtusa	Rhopalosiphum padi
E. olivacea	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion graminis;
	Tetraneura fusiformis
E. patula	Geoica lucifuga; Hysteroneura setariae;
	Sitobion africanum, graminis, neusi, yakini
E. pectinacea	Anoecia corni
E. pilosa	Aphis gossypii; Hysteroneura setariae;
	Rhopalosiphum maidis; Schizaphis graminum;
	Sitobion africanum; Tetraneura ulmi
E. plana	Hysteroneura setariae;
	Sitobion graminis, [Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)]
E. poaeoides = E. minor
E. squamata	Hysteroneura setariae
E. superba	Sitobion miscanthi
E. tef	Hysteroneura setariae; Schizaphis graminum;
	Smynthurodes betae; Tetraneura ulmi
E. tenella = E. amabilis
E. tenuifolia = E. patula
E. tremula	Aphis gossypii
E. unioloides	Forda trivialis ssp. lambersi (= marginata?);
	Hysteroneura setariae
*E. virescens*	Hysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Sitobion avenae
Eragrostis spp.	Anoecia fulviabdominalis; Aploneura lentisci;
	Pseudoregma panicola; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale;
	Sipha flava, maydis

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Eranthemum*	Acanthaceae
*Eranthemum nervosum*	Aphis gossypii

*Eranthis*	Ranunculaceae
*Eranthis hyamelis*	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to key to polyphagous aphids

*Erechtites*	Asteraceae
*Erechtites arguta* = Senecio glomerata
*E. hieraciifolia*	Aleurodaphis blumeae;
	Aphis aurantii, fabae, gossypii, [impatientis], spiraecola;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
	Uroleucon ambrosiae, [parvotuberculatum],
	pseudambrosiae
*E. prenanthoides*	Aphis fabae, lugentis, Aphis sp. (California, BMNH
	collection);
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi
*E. quadridentata* = Senecio quadridentatus
*E. valerianifolia*	Acyrthosiphon bidenticola; Aphis gossypii, spiraecola;
	Hyperomyzus lactucae; Myzus persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Uroleucon ambrosiae
*E. verbenifolia* (?)	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola;
	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi

Key to aphids on Erechtites:-

1	Body flattened and dorsum sclerotic, with fused head and pronotum, fused ABD TERG 1-7, and a crenulate rim due to a continuous marginal row of wax glands. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed	…..Aleurodaphis blumeae
–	Body not flattened, segments not fused, no crenulate margin of wax glands. Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire	…..2
2	SIPH dark with extensive subapical polygonal reticulation. Cauda long and pale	…..3
–	SIPH and cauda pale or dark, but if SIPH are dark then they lack polygonal reticulation	…..4
3	HT II rather long and thin, about 6 × its maximum thickness, and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V	…..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
–	HT II shorter, less than 5 × its maximum thickness and 0.7-0.85 × R IV+V	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae
4	SIPH pale, smooth and markedly clavate. ANT III with 7-24 secondary rhinaria (88% with 11 or more). ANT PT/BASE 5.2-7.3	…..Hyperomyzus lactucae
–	SIPH pale or dark, tapering/cylindrical or slightly clavate; if at all clavate then ANT PT/BASE less than 5.2. ANT III with 0-10 secondary rhinaria	…..5
5	ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..6
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..9
6	Ventral hair on hind trochanter 12-19 μm, 0.2-0.4 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Large MTu regularly present on ABD TERG 1-4(-5) and 7. R IV+V 0.18-0.19 mm, with (3-)-4 accessory hairs; 1.11-1.43 × cauda, and 4.0-6.5 × distance between the 2 hairs on anterior half of subgenital plate	…..Aphis sp. ex E. prenanthoides, USA, BMNH collection
–	Ventral hair on hind trochanter more than 0.55 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. MTu only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-5. R IV+V 0.07-0.17 mm, with 2 accessory hairs; 0.6-1.1 × cauda, and less than 3 × distance between the 2 hairs on anterior half of subgenital plate (unless many hairs are present)	…..7
7	ANT III, IV and often V with secondary rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-2.4. Tibiae black. HT I with 3 hairs (sense peg present)	…..Aphis lugentis
–	ANT without secondary. rhinaria (except in alatiforms). ANT PT/BASE 2.1-5.3. Tibiae pale at least on basal half. HT I with only 2 hairs (no sense peg)	…..8
8	SIPH 0.8-0.9 × cauda (both being black). ABD TERG 2-4 with 1-3 MTu in total	…..Aphis sp. ex E. arguti, USA, BMNH collection

–	SIPH (0.8-) 0.9-2.8 × cauda, which is pale or dark. ABD TERG 2-4 only sporadically with MTu, often without any	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24
9	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..10
–	Cauda tongue or finger-like, longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spiracular apertures reniform	…..11
10	Dorsum with an extensive dark shield. BL 1.5-2.5 mm. SIPH dark, 0.19-0.32 mm, 2.3-3.0 × their basal diameters	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsum without any dark markings. BL 0.9-1.5 mm. SIPH pale, 0.065-0.165 mm, 0.9-2.0 × their basal diameters	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
11	ANT PT/BASE 5.9-7.5. ANT dark except at base, and SIPH dark except for basal 0.2-0.3 of length	..…Acyrthosiphon bidenticola
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 5.9. ANT mainly pale, SIPH uniformly dark or pale	……go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4

*Eremocitrus*	Rutaceae
*Eremocitrus glauca* (= Citrus glauca)	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Eremodaucus*	Apiaceae
*Eremodaucus lehmannii*	[Brachycaudus helichrysi]

*Eremogone*	Caryophyllaceae
*Eremogone blepharophylla*	Myzus ascalonicus
*E. rigida*	Aphidura amphorosiphon
*E. saxatilis*	[Macrosiphum chukotense]

Use key to apterae on Silene.

*Eremophila*	Scrophulariaceae
*Eremophila alternifolia*	Myzus persicae
*E. bignoniflora*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae
*E. gilesii*	Aphis gossypii
*E. maculata*	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a, 100)]
*E. serrulata*	Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Eremopogon see Dichanthium

Poaceae

*Eremopyrum* (or Eremopyron)	Poaceae
*Eremopyrum buonaepartis*	Forda marginata; Geoica lucifuga, utricularia;
	Paracletus bykovi
*E. orientale*	Forda hirsuta; Geoice [anchusae], setulosa, utricularia;
	[Slavum lentiscoides]
*E. triticeum*	Diuraphis noxia

(or use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria)

*Eremosparton*	Leguminosae
*Eremosparton aphyllum*	Acyrthosiphon gossypii; Aphis craccivor, gossypii

See key to apterae on Ammodendron.

*Eremostachys*	Lamiaceae
*Eremostachys labiosa*	Brachycaudus cerasicola
E. loasifolia	Aphis sp. (frangulae group; BMNH collection,
	Afghanistan)
*E. vacillans* = E. loasifolia

Couplet for separating these two species:-

–	Dorsum with an extensive black sclerotic shield. Cauda semicircular to helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH shorter than R IV+V	….. Brachycaudus cerasicola
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Eremurus*	Asphodelaceae
*Eremurus comosus*	Dysaphis eremuri
*E. cristatus*	Dysaphis eremuri
*E. lactiflorus*	Dysaphis eremuri
*E. olgae*	Dysaphis eremuri, eremuri ssp. baisunensis
*E. regelii*	Dysaphis eremuri
*E. robustus*	Aphis craccivora; Dysaphis eremuri
*E. stenophyllus*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Metopolophium dirhodum]
*E. tianschanicus*	Dysaphis eremuri
*E. turkestanicus*	Aphis craccivora
Eremurus sp.	Aphis fabae

Key to apterae on Eremurus:-

–	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width and much shorter than R IV+V	…..Dysaphis eremuri
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width and longer than R IV+V	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Eria*	Orchidaceae
*Eria bambusifolia*	Sitobion indicum, luteum

Use key to apterae on orchids under Cymbidium.

*Erianthemum*	Loranthaceae
*Erianthemum dregei*	Sitobion sp. nr loranthi
*Erianthemum* sp.	Aphis gossypii

See key to apterae under Loranthus.

Erianthus see Saccharum

Poaceae

Erianthus see Saccharum

Poaceae

*Erica*	Ericaceae
*Erica arborea*	Aphis arbuti, aurantii, gossypii, spiraecola,
	[Aphis sp. (Ilharco 1984)];
	Neomyzus circumflexus
*E. australis*	Aphis gossypii; Ericaphis ericae; Myzus ornatus
*E. azorica*	Aphis aurantii, gossypii
*E. bauera*	Aphis gossypii
*E. caffra*	Aulacorthum solani; Ericaphis ericae
*E. carnea* = E. herbacea
*E. cinerea*	Aphis multiflorae; Ericaphis latifrons
*E. glandulosa*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae
*E. gracilis*	Aphis fabae, spiraephaga; Ericaphis ericae
*E. herbacea*	Ericaphis latifrons
*E. lusitanica*	Myzus ornatus
*E. multiflora*	Aphis aurantii, multiflorae
*E. regia*	Aphis spiraecola
*E. scoparia*	Aphis fabae, multiflorae, spiraecola, spiraephaga
*E. stricta* = E. terminalis
*E. terminalis*	Myzus ornatus
*E. tetralix*	Ericaphis ericae
E. umbellata	Ericaphis latifrons
E. urceolata	Myzus ornatus
*E. verticillata*	Aphis multiflorae

Key to apterae on Erica:-

1	SIPH uniformly dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..2
–	SIPH pale or dusky, sometimes dark-tipped. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..7
2	ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.0. Stridulatory apparatus present	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.4-3.6 No stridulatory apparatus	…..3
3	Black cauda, usually with an evident constriction at midlength, 0.9-1.2 × ANT III and bearing 7-15 hairs. Hind femur with long fine hairs similar in length to trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	Cauda pale or dark with no evident constriction, 1-2 × ANT III (if less than 1.2 × ANT III then cauda pale with 4-7 hairs and/or hind femur with only short hairs	…..4
4	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-3.4 × BD III, and longest hairs on hind femur longer than trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 11-27 hairs	…..Aphis fabae (or arbuti)
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.9 × BD III, and longest hairs on hind femur shorter than trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 4-17 hairs	…..5
5	SIPH 1.3-2.5 × cauda, which is paler than SIPH and bears 4-8 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2	…..Aphis gossypii
–	SIPH 0.7-1.1 × cauda, which is as dark as SIPH and bears 4-17 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.3	…..6
6	R IV+V 1.09-1.24 × HT II. Cauda with 4-7 hairs	…..Aphis multiflorae
–	R IV+V 0.65-0.92 × HT II. Cauda with 7-17 hairs	…..Aphis spiraephaga
7	ANT 1.1-1.3 × BL. ANT III usually bearing 1-2 small rhinaria near base	…..Aulacorthum solani
–	ANT 0.5-1.0 × BL. ANT III without rhinaria	…..8
8	ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5. SIPH slightly clavate	…..Myzus persicae
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. SIPH tapering or cylindrical, often with an outward curve towards apex, and the aperture may be oblique	…..9
9	ANT tubercles well-developed, nodulose, with their inner faces very steep-sided, parallel or apically convergent. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental spots	…..Myzus ornatus
–	ANT tubercles rather low, spiculose or almost smooth, with inner faces divergent. Dorsal abdomen without any intersegmental spots	…..10
10	R IV+V 0.8-1.2 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..Ericaphis latifrons
–	R IV+V 1.3-1.7 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs	…..Ericaphis ericae

*Ericameria*	Asteraceae
*Ericameria bloomeri*	Pleotrichophorus lagacei
*E. nauseosa* (incl. graveolens, latisquamea)	Aphis chrysothamni, chrysothamnicola, crypta, gregalis,
	[hermistonii], ornata;
	Pleotrichophorus elongatus, gregarius, neosporadicus,
	oestlundii, packi, packi ssp. brevis, palmerae,
	sporadicus, stroudi, utensis, wasatchii, xerozoous;
	Protaphis middletonii;
	Uroleucon aaroni, [ambrosiae], erigeronense, escalantii
*Ericameria* sp.	[Pseudoepameibaphis sp. (Nevada, USA; A. Jensen,
	aphidtrek.org)]

Use key to apterae on Chrysothamnus.

*Erigeron* (including Leptilon, Phalacroloma, Stenactis)	Asteraceae
*Erigeron acris* (= acer) (incl. ssp. podolicus)	Acuticauda erigerontis; Acyrthosiphon malvae group;
	Aphis erigerontis, gossypii, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Macrosiphoniella [aktaschica], erigeronis;
	Myzus ornatus; Pleotrichophorus remaudierei;
	Uroleucon erigeronense, monticola, simile
*E. alpinus*	Uroleucon simile
E. annuus	Aphis craccivora, fabae, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella yomenae;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
	Uroleucon chrysopsidicola, erigeronense, gravicorne,
	luteolum, monticola, olivei, paucosensoriatum
*E. armerifolius*	Myzus persicae
*E. asteroides* (?)	Aphis craccivora
*E. aurantiacus*	Uroleucon calendulae, simile
*E. bonariensis*	= Conyza bonariensis
*E. canadensis* = Conyza canadensis
*E. chinensis* = Conyza laevigata
*E. crispus* = Conyza bonariensis
*E. eximius*	Uroleucon erigeronense
*E. flahaultianus* = Conyza bonariensis var. leiotheca
*E. floribundus*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*E. grandiflorus*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
*E. jamaicensis*	Uroleucon erigeronense, gravicorne
*E. karvinskianus*	Myzus ornatus; Uroleucon gravicorne
*E. khorassanicus*	Macrosiphoniella erigeronis; Uroleucon simile
*E. lachnocephalus*	Uroleucon simile
*E. linifolius* = Conyza bonariensis
*E. oligocephalus* = Chamaegeron oligocephalus
*E. peregrinus*	Brachycaudus helichrysi
*E. philadelphicus*	[Anoecia cornicola]; Aulacorthum solani;
	[Geoica utricularia]; Illinoia goldamaryae;
	Pemphigus sp.;
	Pleotrichophorus ?patonkus (BMNH collection);
	[Macrosiphum erigeron-philadelphicum (Rafinesque) –
	invalid name];
	Protaphis middletonii; Uroleucon canadense, gravicorne
E. podolicus = E. acris ssp. podolicus
*E. politus*	[Macrosiphoniella aktaschica];
	Uroleucon erigeronense, simile
*E. pulchellus*	Uroleucon erigeronense, gravicorne, simile
E. ramosus = E. strigosus
*E. seravschanicus*	Uroleucon simile
*E. simplex* = E. grandiflorus
*E. speciosus*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ascalonicus;
	Uroleucon simile
E. strigosus (incl. var. septentrionalis)	[Aphis erigeron-strigosum Rafinesque – invalid name];
	Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	[Macrosiphum gibbosa (Rafinesque) – invalid name];
	Protaphis middletonii;
	Uroleucon erigeronense, gravicorne
*E. subtrinervis*	Uroleucon erigeronense
*E. sumatrensis* = Conyzus bonariensis var. leiotheca
E. superbus = E. eximius
*Erigeron* spp.	Aphis lugentis; [Capitophorus formosartemisiae];
	[Cedoaphis maxsoni]; [Eutrichosiphum pseudopasaniae];
	[Impatientinum asiaticum ssp. dalhousiensis];
	[Uroleucon asterophagum]; Pemphigus brevicornis;
	[Sitobion miscanthi, sikkimenses, smilacicola];
	Uroleucon ambrosiae, astronomus, bereticum,
	brevitarsus, [cichorii], penae, simlaense, stoetzelae,
	[zymozionense], Uroleucon sp. (BMNH collection,
	California)

Key to apterae on Erigeron:-

1	SIPH with subapical reticulation (at least 2-3 rows of closed polygonal cells)	…..2
–	SIPH without any distinct subapical zone of reticulation (or SIPH absent)	…..24
2	SIPH with zone of polygonal reticulation extending over distal 0.15-0.5 of length, and comprising many small cells of maximum diameter less than 0.25 of diameter of SIPH at that point. Flange weakly developed	…..3
–	SIPH with zone of polygonal reticulation extending over 0.03-0.2 of length, often somewhat constricted, and comprising large cells of diameter more than 0.3 of diameter of SIPH at that point. Flange well developed	…..23
3	SIPH uniformly pigmented, dusky or dark	…..4
–	SIPH mainly dark but with a pale basal section	…..18
4	SIPH less than 0.4 mm long, about as long as or a little shorter than cauda, with reticulation over about distal 0.5 of length. ANT III with only 1-4 rhinaria near base	…..Macrosiphoniella erigeronis*

–	SIPH more than 0.4 mm long, longer than cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.15-0.45 of length. ANT III usually with more than 5 rhinaria	…..5
5	Conspicuous dark, crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present	…..6
–	No crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites	…..7
6	No large post-siphuncular sclerites. ANT III with 20-40 rhinaria. Cauda black. SIPH reticulated on distal c.0.4 of length	…..Macrosiphoniella yomenae
–	Large postsiphuncular sclerites present. ANT III with 10-23 rhinaria. Cauda pale/dusky. SIPH reticulated over distal c.0.3 of length	..…Uroleucon calendulae*
7	Dorsal hairs arising from pigmented tubercles. R IV+V with more than 30 accessory hairs	…..Uroleucon sp. (California, BMNH collection)
–	Dorsal hairs without raised bases. R IV+V with less than 20 accessory hairs	…..8
8	Coxae with dark pigmentation. Cauda dusky or dark	…..9
–	Coxae and cauda both pale, or only slightly dusky	…..11
9	Cauda paler than SIPH. First tarsal segments with 3-5 hairs	…..10
–	Cauda dark like SIPH. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs	…..12
10	ANT III with more than 30 rhinaria. R IV+V with 4-5 accessory hairs. SIPH with reticulation over c.0.25 of length	…..Uroleucon simlaense
–	ANT III with less than 15 rhinaria. R IV+V with 6-10 accessory hairs. SIPH with reticulation over 0.37-0.43 of length	…..Uroleucon penae*
11	R IV+V c.0.23 mm long, with 17-24 accessory hairs	…..Uroleucon astronomus
–	R IV+V less than 0.20 mm long, with fewer than 15 accessory hairs	…..13
12	SIPH 1.70-1.83 × cauda. ANT III with 38-44 rhinaria extending over 0.60-0.65 of length.	…..Uroleucon tschuense*
–	SIPH 1.3-1.6 × cauda. ANT III with 38-62 rhinaria extending over 0.67-0.95 of length.	…..Uroleucon simile

13	R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II, which is only 0.10-0.12 mm long	…..Uroleucon chrysopsidicola
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.3 × HT II, which is 0.13-0.18 mm long	…..14
14	SIPH 1.7-2.2 × cauda. Dorsal abdominal hairs long, pointed and rather numerous; ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 hairs	.….Uroleucon monticola
–	SIPH 1.1-1.8 × cauda. Dorsal abdominal hairs pointed or blunt; ABD TERG 8 with 2-5 hairs	.….15
15	Hind tibiae wholly dark. ANT I and II dark. ANT III with 4-16 rhinaria	…..Uroleucon paucosensoriata
–	Hind tibiae with paler basal section. ANT I and II pale. ANT III with 7-50 rhinaria	…..16
16	Cauda pale, contrasting with dark brown to black SIPH and distal 0-25-0.5 of hind femur. ANT III with rhinaria often restricted to more swollen basal half of segment	…..17
–	Cauda dusky, not contrasting with dark SIPH and distal part of hind femur. ANT III with 15-35 rhinaria distributed over almost entire length of segment	…..Uroleucon bereticum
17	SIPH usually longer than (0.95-1.25 ×) ANT III, and 0.29-0.35 × BL. Cauda with 21-36 hairs. ANT III with 7-17 rhinaria	..…Uroleucon olivei
–	SIPH usually shorter than (0.7-1.05 ×) ANT III, and 0.21-0.29 × BL. Cauda with 12-27 hairs. ANT III with 8-35 rhinaria	.….Uroleucon ambrosiae
18	Marginal abdominal tubercles (MTu) absent	…..19
–	MTu usually present on some abdominal segments	…..20
19	SIPH 1.8-2.4 × cauda, which has 6-10 hairs, the most distal of which are shorter than the more proximal (lateral) hairs, and often blunt. HT II at least 0.11 mm long	…..Uroleucon erigeronense
–	SIPH 1.6-1.7 × cauda, which has 13-17 hairs, all long. HT II 0.11 mm or less	…..Uroleucon brevitarsus

20	Second tarsal segments with proximal ventral hairs normally developed	…..21
–	Second tarsal segments with proximal ventral hairs absent, atrophied or minute	…..22
21	R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II	…..Uroleucon macgillivrayae
–	R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II	…..Uroleucon luteolum
22	ANT III with 11-32 rhinaria distributed over almost the whole length of segment	…..Uroleucon gravicorne
–	ANT III with 5-21 rhinaria restricted to 0.8 of length of segment	…..Uroleucon stoetzelae
23	Hairs on ANT III very short and inconspicuous, the longest about 0.33 × BD III. SIPH clearly somewhat swollen proximal to reticulated subapical zone, which is only 0.03-0.05 of total length of SIPH	…..Illinoia goldamaryae
–	Hairs on ANT III conspicuous, the longest 0.5 × BD III or longer. SIPH cylindrical or very slightly swollen proximal to reticulated subapical zone, which is 0.13-0.2 of its total length	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
24	Dorsal hairs with expanded or fan-shaped apices, and arising from tuberculate bases …..25
–	Dorsal hairs with blunt or pointed apices, and without tuberculate bases	…..26
25	SIPH shorter than cauda, which is about twice as long as its basal width	…..Pleotrochophorus ?patonkus
–	SIPH about 2 or more × cauda, which is 1.2-1.4 × longer than its basal width	…..Pleotrichophorus remaudierei

26	ANT shorter than BL, and with secondary rhinaria at least on ANT III and/or IV	…..27
–	ANT longer or shorter than BL, but if shorter then without any rhinaria on ANT III-IV (except in alatiform specimens)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
27	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH smooth, with a very marked subapical annular incision	…..Acuticauda erigerontis
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 with large MTu. SIPH with faint to moderate imbrication and without any subapical annular incision	…..28
28	Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III (5-)13-30, IV 7-21, V 3-18, VI 0-7. SIPH 0.12-0.16 mm long	…..Aphis erigerontis
–	Sec. rhin. distributed ANT III 1-12, IV 0-11, V 0-5, VI 0. SIPH 0.13-0.28 mm long …..29
29	ANT with more rhinaria on III than on IV. Tibiae with pale middle section. Cauda shorter than R IV+V	…..Protaphis middletonii
–	ANT generally with more rhinaria on IV than on III. Tibiae entirely dark. Cauda longer than R IV+V	…..Aphis lugentis

*Eriobotrya*	Rosaceae
Eriobotrya deflexa	Aphis gossypii
E. dubia	Nippolachnus bengalensis;
	Tuberolachnus sclerata
E. japonica	Japanese Medlar, Loquat
	Aphis aurantii, citricidus, craccivora, [eugeniae],
	gossypii, pomi, spiraecola, [verbasci];
	Brachycaudus persicae; [Hyalomyzus eriobotryae];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [rosae]; Myzus persicae;
	Nippolachnus himalayensis, piri, [xitianmushanus];
	Pyrolachnus [macroconus], pyri;
	[Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae]; [Smynthurodes betae];
	Tuberolachnus macrotuberculatus, sp. nr sclerata
E. pactata (?)	Tuberolachnus sclerata
E. petiolata	Nippolachnus himalayensis;
	Prociphilus sp. nr himalayensis; Tuberolachnus sclerata

Key to aphids on Eriobotrya:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 1	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1	…..8
2	Body densely hairy. SIPH as large pores on hairy cones	…..3
–	Body sparsely hairy. SIPH not on hairy cones	…..Prociphilus sp. nr himalayensis
3	Legs pale. Body elongate oval, at least 2× its maximum width	…..4
–	Legs mainly dark. Body broadly oval, less than 2× its maximum width	…..5
4	ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.35, without any fine hairs distal to primary rhinarium. R IV+V	0.14-0.18 mm long, 0.62-0.75 × HT II, and bearing 9-16 accessory hairs
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.41-0.75, with some long fine hairs distal to primary rhinarium. R IV+V 0.17-0.22 mm long, 0.7-1.0 × HT II, and bearing more than 20 accessory hairs	…..Nippolachnus piri
5	Hairs on antennae and frons very long and fine, maximally 3 or more × basal diameter of ANT III	…..Nippolachnus himalayensis
–	Hairs on antennae and frons maximally 2.5 × basal diameter of ANT III or shorter	…..6
6	ABD TERG 4 with a large spinal tubercle	…..7
–	ABD TERG 4 without a large spinal tubercle	…..Pyrolachnus pyri
7	Spinal tubercle low and broad-based, less than 0.2 × higher than its basal width. SIPH cone with basal width 4.5-5.0 × diameter of pore	…..Tuberolachnus sclerata
–	Spinal tubercle tongue-shaped, as long as or longer than its basal width. SIPH cone small, its basal width 2-3 × diameter of pore	…..Tuberolachnus macrotuberculatus*
8	Dorsal abdomen with an extensive black shield. Cauda shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..Brachycaudus persicae
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Eriocephalus*	Asteraceae
*Eriocephalus africanus*	Brachycaudus helichrysi

*Eriochloa*	Poaceae
*Eriochloa polystachya*	Rhopalosiphum maidis
*E. punctata*	Rhopalosiphum maidis; Sipha flava
*E. subglabra* = E. polystachya

(or use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Eriocoma see Oryzopsis

Poaceae

Eriodendron see Ceiba

Malvaceae

*Eriogonum*	Polygonaceae
*Eriogonum alatum*	Braggia eriogoni
*E. arborescens*	Braggia eriogoni ssp.californica; Myzus persicae
*E. arcuatum*	Braggia eriogoni
E. bakeri = E. arcuatum
*E. compositum*	Braggia columbiana, longicauda;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*E. corymbosum*	Braggia agathona, uncompahgrensis, urovaneta
*E. effusum*	Braggia eriogoni
E. elatum	Braggia columbiana, longicauda
*E. fasciculatum* (incl. var. polifolium)	Braggia deserticola; eriogoni ssp. californica
E. flavum	Uroleucon coloradense
*E. heracleoides*	Braggia eriogoni
E. inflatum	Braggia eriogoni
E. latifolium (incl. ssp. nudum)	Braggia urovaneta ssp. pachysiphon
*E. pyrolifolium*	Braggia columbiana, eriogoni
E. racemosum	Braggia urovaneta
E. strictum	Braggia columbiana
E. umbellatum	Braggia agathona, columbiana, echinata, eriogoni
Eriogonum spp.	Aphis craccivora;
	Braggia deserticola ssp. thanatophila, eriogoni ssp. atra;
	Cedoaphis maxsoni; [Uroleucon martini];
	[Pleotrichophorus amsinckii]

Key to apterae on Eriogonum:-

1	Cauda broadly conical, triangular or helmet-shaped, shorter than, or not more than 1.25 × its basal width (e.g. Fig.27a, c)	…..2
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-like, much longer than its basal width	…..10
2	Cuticle of head densely spiculose. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH more than 4 × their basal widths. ANT PT/BASE 4-5	…..Cedoaphis maxsoni
–	Cuticle of head without spicules, often reticulate. ABD TERG 1, and usually also 7, with MTu. SIPH less than 3 × their basal widths. ANT PT/BASE 1-2	…..3
3	Dorsal hairs very thick, with basal diameters often exceeding 6 mm, and arising from tuberculate bases more than 12 mm high (Fig.27e, f)	…..4
–	Dorsal hairs thinner and without, or with only small low, tuberculate bases (Fig.27g)	…..5
4	Dorsal hairs rod-like, almost cylindrical, up to 50 mm long, with broad rounded apices (Fig. 27e)	…..Braggia echinata
–	Dorsal hairs tapering, 50-100 mm long, with thin blunt or rounded apices (Fig.27f)	…..Braggia uncompahgrensis
5	Dorsal hairs maximally about as long as ANT BD III. SIPH very short, at most about as long as their basal widths. MTu usually absent from ABD TERG 7	…..Braggia deserticola s.lat.
–	Dorsal hairs mostly longer than BD III or, if shorter, then SIPH much longer than their basal widths. MTu present on ABD TERG 7	…..6
6	ANT III and IV, or III-V, usually with secondary rhinaria. Cauda less than 0.75 × its basal width (e.g. Fig.27a)	…..7
–	ANT usually without secondary rhinaria; if 1 or 2 secondary rhinaria are present, then cauda is more than 0.75 × its basal width (Fig.27c)	…..9
7	R IV+V 0.19-0.24 mm long. First tarsal segments all with 2 hairs (no medial sense pegs)	…..Braggia columbiana
–	R IV +V usually less than 0.19 mm long, but if borderline then at least the first tarsal segments of the fore tarsi have 3 hairs (2 subapical hairs and a medial sense peg)	…..8
8	First tarsal segments all with 2 hairs. Hairs on ANT III sparse, short and thin, maximally about 20 mm and shorter than BD III	…..Braggia agathona
–	First tarsal segments all with 3 hairs, or with 3 hairs at least on fore tarsi. Hairs on ANT III maximally 25-35 mm, about as long as BD III	…..Braggia eriogoni s.lat.
9	Cauda 0.13-0.23 mm long. HT II 6-9 × longer than its midpoint width	…..Braggia longicauda
–	Cauda 0.08-0.12 mm long. HT II 3-6 × longer than its midpoint width	…..Braggia urovaneta s. lat.
10	ANT tubercles weakly developed. Dorsum with an extensive black shield. SIPH and cauda both black	…..Aphis craccivora
–	ANT tubercles well developed. Dorsum without a black shield. SIPH pale or dark, cauda pale	…..11
11	Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles scabrous and apically convergent. SIPH pale, and slightly clavate, without subapical reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria	…..Myzus persicae
–	Head smooth, with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. SIPH cylindrical over most of length, with polygonal reticulation over distal 0.3-0.4. ANT III with 1-40 rhinaria	…..12
12	SIPH mainly pale with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.13-0.21. ANT III with 1-7(-10) rhinaria on basal part	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH mainly dark with paler basal part, and with polygonal reticulation over distal 0.3-0.4. ANT III with 18-40 rhinaria extending over most of segment	…..Uroleucon coloradense*

*Eriophorum*	Cyperaceae
*Eriophorum angustifolium*	Ceruraphis eriophori; Cavariella aquatica;
	Colopha compressa; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi;
	Schizaphis [scirpi], scirpi ssp. eriophori
*E. vaginatum*	Ceruraphis eriophori; Colopha compressa;
	Schizaphis scirpi ssp. eriophori; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
Eriophorum spp.	Anoecia pskovica; Metopolophium dirhodum

Use key to apterae on Carex; apterae running to Schizaphis scirpi are probably ssp. eriophori.

*Eriophyllum*	Asteraceae
*Eriophyllum lanatum*	Macrosiphoniella sunshine; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Pleotrichophorus [amsinckii], longirostris;
	[Uroleucon erigeronense]
E. stoechadifolium	Pleotrichophorus longirostris
Eriophyllum sp.	Brachycaudus helichrysi

Key to apterae on Eriophyllum:-

1	Dorsum with fan-shaped hairs. R IV+V stiletto-shaped and similar in length to the short, thin SIPH	…..Pleotrichophorus longirostris
–	Without that combination of characters	…..2
2	Cauda helmet-shaped. Siphunculi short, without polygonal reticulation	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi

–	Cauda finger-like. Siphunculi long with distal zone of polygonal reticulation	…..3
3	R IV+V stiletto-shaped, 1.3-1.6 × HT II. Siphunculi with distal reticulation over more than one third of length	….. Macrosiphoniella sunshine
–	R IV+V wedge-shaped, 0.8-1.0 × HT II. Siphunculi with distal reticulation over less than one quarter of length	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

*Eriosema*	Leguminosae
*Eriosema affine*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii
*E. glomeratum*	Aphis craccivora
E. griseum	Aphis gossypii
E. psoraloides	Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Uroleucon compositae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Eriosolena see Daphne

Thymeliaeaceae

*Eriosorus*	Adiantaceae
*Eriosorus aurita* (?)	Macromyzus maculatus
E. peruviana	Micromyzodium filicium
Eriosorus spp.	Amphorophora ampullata ssp. bengalensis;
	Micromyzus niger; Shinjia orientalis

Use key to apterae on ferns under Polypodium.

*Erithalis*	Rubiaceae
*Erithalis fruticosa*	Aphis spiraecola

*Eritrichium*	Boraginaceae
*Eritrichium villosum*	[Metopolophium festucae]

*Erlangea*	Asteraceae
*Erlangea cordifolia* = Gutenbergia cordifolia
*E. longipes* = Bothriocline longipes
*E. rogersii* = Bothriocline inyangana
E. ugandensis = Bothriocline ugandensis

*Erodium*	Geraniaceae
*Erodium aethiopicum*	Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aphis gossypii
*E. bipinnatum* = E. aethiopicum
*E. botrys*	Myzus persicae
E. bryoniifolium = E. oxyrhinchum ssp. bryoniifolium
*E. cheilanthifolium*	Acyrthosiphon malvae
E. chium	Acyrthosiphon malvae
*E. ciconium*	Aulacorthum solani
*E. cicutarium* (incl. ssp. dunense)	Acyrthosiphon [kondoi], malvae, malvae ssp. geranii;
	Aphis fabae, [urticaria Kaltenbach of Rusanova 1942];
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, pallidum;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri
*E. crispum*	Acyrthosiphon malvae
*E. cygnorum*	[Acyrthosiphon kondoi]
*E. gruinum*	Myzus persicae
*E. littoreum*	Acyrthosiphon malvae
*E. malacoides*	Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aphis craccivora
*E. moschatum*	Acyrthosiphon malvae ssp. geranii;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
*E. oxyrhinchum* ssp. *bryoniifolium*	Aphis craccivora
*E. trichomanefolium*	Acyrthosiphon malvae ssp. geranii
*Erodium* sp.	Myzus ascalonicus

Key to apterae on Erodium:-

Thoracic spiracles much larger than abdominal spiracles. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4. ANT III with 3-36 rhinaria. Dorsum usually with a pattern of dark intersegmental pleural markings

…..Nasonovia ribisnigri

–

Thoracic spiracles similar in size to abdominal ones. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-7.5. ANT III with 0-24 rhinaria. Dorsum with or without any dark pigmentation

…..2

2	SIPH dark except at bases, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III, and usually also tibiae, entirely dark. ABD TERG 7 and 8 each usually with a pair of spinal tubercles (STu)	…..Macrosiphum pallidum
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Erophila*	Brassicaceae
*Erophila verna*	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	[Utamphorophora humboldti]

Use key to polyphagous aphids

*Eruca*	Brassicaceae
*Eruca japonica* (?)	Aphis spiraecola
*E. vesicaria* (incl. ssp. sativa)	Aphis gossypii; Brevicoryne brassicae;
	Lipaphis erysimi; Pemphigus populitransversus;
	Myzus persicae

Use key to apterae on Brassica.

Erucago see Bunias

Brassicaceae

*Erucaria*	Brassicaceae
*Erucaria boveana* = E. rostrata
*E. hispanica*	Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae
*E. pinnata*	Myzus persicae
*E. rostrata*	Acyrthosiphon gossypii; Lipaphis erysimi;
	Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Erucaria:-

1	ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria near base. SIPH 2.5-3.5 × cauda, with distal part thin and cylindrical. ANT VI BASE 2.0-2.6 × R IV+V	…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
–	ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH 0.65-2.5 × cauda, if much longer than cauda then with distal part somewhat swollen. ANT VI BASE less than 1.5 × R IV+V	…..2
2	Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles apically convergent. SIPH 1.9-2.5 × cauda	…..Myzus persicae
–	Head smooth, with ANT tubercles little developed. SIPH 0.65-1.5 × cauda	…..3
3	ANT III 2.2-3.7 × SIPH. SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which is broadly triangular and bears 6-9 hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 8-18 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with paired dark markings	…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–	ANT III 1.0-1.8 × SIPH. SIPH 1.1-1.6 × cauda which is elongate triangular or tongue-shaped and bears 4-7 hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 2-7 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings	…..Lipaphis erysimi

*Erucastrum*	Brassicaceae
*Erucastrum abyssinicum*	Brevicoryne brassicae
*E. austroafricanum*	Lipaphis erysimi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae
E. gallicum	Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae
*E. nasturtiifolium*	Breviucoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi
*E. polichii* = E. gallicum

Use key to apterae on Erysimum.

Ervatamia see Tabernaemontana

Apocynaceae

Ervum see Vicia (but Ervum lens = Lens esculenta)

Leguminosae

*Erycibe*	Convolvulaceae
*Erycibe grandiflora*	[Cervaphis rappardi, schouteniae]

*Eryngium*	Apiaceae
*Eryngium alpinum*	Aphis eryngiiglomerata, fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi
*E. bourgatii* (incl. ssp. heldreichii)	Aphis fabae, solanella; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus, persicae
E. campestre	Aphis craccivora, eryngiiglomerata, fabae, solanella;
	Dysaphis apiifolia, foeniculus, Dysaphis sp. (Stroyan 1985);
	Helosiphon eryngii; Hyadaphis coriandri;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Myzus cymbalariae];
	Protaphis kvavadzei
*E. creticum*	Aphis spiraecola
*E. foetidum*	Aphis craccivora
*E. giganteum*	Aulacorthum solani
E. heldreichii see E. bourgatii
*E. incognitum* = E. macrocalyx
E. macrocalyx	Dysaphis foeniculus
E. maritimum	Aphis eryngiiglomerata; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Cavariella aegopodii;
	Dysaphis apiifolia, foeniculus, Dysaphis sp. (Stroyan 1985);
	Hyadaphis coriandri; Myzus ascalonicus
*E. nasturtiifolium*	Aphis craccivora
E. paniculatum	Aphis asclepiadis, fabae (as eryngii Blanchard)
*E. planum*	Aphis eryngiiglomerata, fabae,
	[Aphis spp. (Bozhko 1976a, 71; Leonard 1973, 15)];
	Macrosiphum gei
*E. serbicum*	Aphis eryngiiglomerata
*E. tricuspidatum*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
E. ×zabelii (?)	Aphis fabae
Eryngium sp.	[Aphis dispar Walker, diversa Walker – nomina dubia]

Key to apterae on Eryngium:-

1	ABD TERG 8 with a backward-pointing process above cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.25. SIPH clavate	…..Cavariella aegopodii
–	No supracaudal process. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.3. SIPH tapering, cylindrical or clavate	…..2
2	ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.0. SIPH 0.025-0.031 × BL	…..Protaphiskvavadzei
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.7-7.1. SIPH 0.045-0.45 × BL	…..3
3	Cauda as short as or shorter than its basal width	…..4
–	Cauda much longer than its basal width	…..8
4	Cauda with 30-40 hairs. SIPH constricted apically, with a swollen hemispherical “collar” and a small aperture. Very large, flat marginal tubercles (MTu) are present on ABD TERG 1-4 and 7. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent	…..Helosiphon eryngii
–	Cauda with 4-6 hairs. SIPH without a swollen “collar” and with aperture of normal size. MTu and STu present or absent	…..5
5	SIPH smooth, pale, with subapical annular incision. No dark dorsal cross-bands. MTu and STu rarely present	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	SIPH imbricated, dark, without a subapical incision. Dark cross-bands usually present on ABD TERG 7 and 8. MTu regularly on ABD TERG 1-5, and STu usually on head and ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8	…..6
6	SIPH 2.5-3.5 times longer than their basal width, 1.2-1.5 × R IV+V and 15-25 times as long as the very short, blunt and inconspicuous hairs on front of head	…..Dysaphis apiifolia
–	SIPH short and broad-based, rarely more than twice as long as their basal widths, 0.75-1.05 × R IV+V and 2.5-5.0 times as long as the long and fine hairs on front of head	…..7
7	ABD TERG 8 usually (mean 1.6) and 7 often (mean 0.5) with STu. (Al. with 18-39 rhinaria on ANT III at a density of 44-90 per mm, and with Stu on ABD TERG 7 and 8 occurring as in aptera)	…..Dysaphis foeniculus
–	STu absent always from ABD TERG 7 and usually (mean 0.25) from 8. (Al. with 34-50 rhinaria at a density of 92-136 per mm, and STu usually absent from ABD TERG 7 and 8)	…..Dysaphis sp. (Stroyan 1985)
8	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Head smooth, with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces divergent	…..9
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. If head is smooth then ANT tubercles are absent or weakly developed	…..10
9	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 38-63 µm, 0.6-1.4 × ANT BD III. Anterior half of subgenital plate usually (77%) with only 2 hairs (18% with 3, 5% with 4-6 hairs)	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 66-106 µm, 1.4-2.0 × ANT BD III. Anterior half of subgenital plate with 2-11 hairs, usually (77%) with 4-8 hairs	…..Macrosiphum gei
10	Well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 2-4 as well as 1 and 7. Hairs on legs all short; e.g. those on hind femur maximally 15 μm, those on hind tibia maximally 25 μm	…..Aphis eryngiiglomerata
–	MTu absent from ABD TERG 2-4, or irregularly present and small. If there are MTu on 1 and 7 then hairs on legs are much longer	…..11
11	SIPH short and thick, 1.6-2.7 × their minimum diameter on basal half and 0.9-1.3 × HT II. Small MTu often present on ABD TERG 5 (sometimes also on 4)	…..Hyadaphis coriandri
–	SIPH more slender, 1.5-7.5 × HT II. MTu irregularly present on ABD TERG 2-4, but very rarely on 5	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Erysimum*	Brassicaceae
*Erysimum alliaria* = Allliaria petiolate
*E. altaicum*	Pseudobrevicoryne erysimi
E. annus (?)	Anoecia corni; Brevicoryne brassicae
*E. aurantiacum* (?)	[Eumyzus impatiensae]
*E. canescens*	Brevicoryne brassicae; Pseudobrevicoryne erysimi;
	Smiela syreniae
*E. cheiranthoides*	Lipaphis turritella; Myzus cerasi, persicae;
	Pseudobrevicoryne erysimi
E. ×cheiri	Aphis sp. (fabae group; England, BMNH collection);
	[Brachycaudus cardui]; Brevicoryne brassicae;
	Lipaphis erysimi; Myzus ornatus, persicae
*E. collinum*	Lipaphis erysimi
*E. crepidifolium*	Lipaphis erysimi; Pseudobrevicoryne erysimi
E. diffusum	Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi, fritzmuelleri;
	Myzus persicae
*E. glabrum* = Turritis glabra
*E. graecum*	Lipaphis erysimi
*E. humillimum* = E. altaicum
*E. hungaricum*	Myzus persicae
*E. marschallianum*	Pseudobrevicoryne erysimi
*E. odoratum*	Lipaphis erysimi; Myzus persicae;
	Pseudobrevicoryne erysimi
E. officinale see Sisymbrium officinale
E. pannonicum = E. odoratum
E. perowskianum	Lipaphis erysimi
*E. pieninicum* = E. hungaricum
E. popovii	Pseudobrevicoryne erysimi
*E. pulchellum*	Lipaphis erysimi; Myzus ornatus
*E. quadrangulum*	Smiela syreniae
*E. repandum*	Myzus persicae
*E. rupestre* = E. pulchellum
*E. scoparium*	Myzus persicae
*E. sessiliflorum* = E. quadrangulum
*E. siliculosum*	Lipaphis jungarica; Smiela syreniae
E. vulgare = Sisymbrium officinale
*E. wahlenbergii* = E. hungaricum
*E. wilczekianum*	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
E. witmanniii	Myzus persicae
Erysimum sp.	Acyrthosiphon ilka

Key to apterae on Erysimum:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH as rather large pores on shallow hairy cones. Cauda very broadly rounded. Large flat rounded marginal tubercles (MTu) present on most segments	…..Anoecia corni
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.8. SIPH barrel-shaped, tubular, or conical. Cauda tongue-shaped, helmet-shaped or triangular. MTu small or absent from most segments	…..2
2	Cauda helmet-shaped or triangular, not or hardly longer than its basal width in dorsal view. ANT tubercles undeveloped, so that front of head is straight or convex in dorsal view. ANT III more than 2.4 × SIPH	…..3
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, distinctly longer than its basal width. ANT tubercles at least somewhat developed; if low then the medial tubercle is also developed, so that front of head U- or W-shaped in dorsal view. ANT III 0.8-2.3 × SIPH	…..5
3	SIPH tapering or barrel-shaped, longer than their basal widths. ANT without secondary rhinaria. Dorsum with paired dark markings	…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–	SIPH conical, shorter than their basal widths. ANT with secondary rhinaria on III, or III and IV. Dorsum without paired dark markings, either wholly dark or pale	…..4
4	Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 long, 2-3 × ANT BD III, and slightly capitate. ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.5. SIPH cones large, dark and broad-based	…..Smiela syreniae
–	Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 shorter than ANT BD III, with blunt or pointed apices. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.5. SIPH cones small and rounded apically	…..Pseudobrevicoryne erysimi
5	ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH and cauda black, SIPH tapering and similar in length to cauda which bears c.15 hairs	…..Aphis sp. (fabae group, England: BMNH collection)
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. SIPH and cauda pale or dark, cauda with 4-9 hairs	…..6
6	ANT 1.05-1.4 × BL. ANT tubercles well-developed, with inner faces smooth, broadly divergent. SIPH tapering/cylindrical for most of length, broad-based, 1.0-1.25 × ANT III	…..Acyrthosiphon ilka
–	Without that combination of characters	…..7
7	Cuticle of head often rather rough, but without spicules. Front of head with median and ANT tubercles developed to a similar extent, with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent	…..8
–	Cuticle of head spiculose. ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces steep-sided and apically convergent; median tubercle undeveloped	…..11
8	ANT tubercles and median frontal tubercle weakly developed. Dorsum with broad dark bands on all tergites. SIPH and cauda very dark	.….Lipaphis turritella
–	ANT tubercles and median frontal tubercle moderately to well developed. Dorsum without dark bands or with dark bars only on ABD TERG VII and VIII. SIPH pale or dusky with dark apices, cauda pale or dark	…..9
9	ABD TERG 8 with median process or tubercle. ANT III (of aptera) with 3-5 secondary rhinaria	…..Lipaphis jungarica
–	ABD TERG 8 without median process. ANT III without rhinaria	…..10
10	SIPH 0.15-0.17 mm, 1.0-1.3 × cauda	…..Lipaphis fritzmulleri
–	SIPH 0.18-0.29 mm, 1.3-1.6 × cauda	…..Lipaphis erysimi
11	SIPH strongly clavate, with greatest diameter of swelling 1.7-2.8 × minimum diameter of stem. ANT III usually with 1-7 rhinaria on basal half	…..Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
–	SIPH tapering, cylindrical or only moderately clavate, with greatest diameter of swollen part 1.1-1.45 × minimum diameter of stem	…..12
12	SIPH slightly to moderately clavate (with a narrower basal part). Dorsum without any dark markings. ANT 0.7-1.0 × BL, PT/BASE 2.8-4.5	…..Myzus persicae
–	SIPH tapering from base to flange. Dorsum with extensive pigmentation, or at least with dark pleural or marginal spots. ANT 0.5-0.7 × BL, PT/BASE 1.7-3.2	…..13
13	Dorsum with extensive dusky/dark sclerotisation, and large dark marginal spots. SIPH dark, 0.22-0.27 × BL	…..Myzus cerasi
–	Dorsum without extensive dusky/dark sclerotisation, but with a pattern of dark intersegmental pleural spots. SIPH pale or dusky, 0.17-0.22 × BL	…..Myzus ornatus

Erythraea see Centaurium

Gentianaceae

Erythranthe see Mimulus

Phrymaceae

*Erythrina*	Leguminosae
Erythrina coralloides	Aphis gossypii
E. falcata	Aphis gossypii
E. fusca	Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus, [Aphis sp.]
E. indica = E. variegata
E. lysistemon	Aphis gossypii
E. ovalifolia = E. fusca
E. variegata	Aphis odinae
E. vespertilio	Aphis gossypii
Erythrina spp.	Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Erythrococca*	Euphorbiaceae
*Erythrococca bongensis*	Aphis gossypii
E. microcarpa (?)	Aphis gossypii

*Erythrodes*	Orchidaceae
Erythrodes sp. (?)	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Erythrodontium* see Eurohypnum	Hypnaceae

*Erythronium*	Liliaceae
*Erythronium dens-canis*	Myzus persicae

*Erythroxylum*	Erythroxylaceae
*Erythroxylum havanense*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Escallonia*	Escalloniaceae
*Escallonia* ×langleyensis = E. ×rigida
*E. pulverulenta*	Myzus persicae
E. ×rigida	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*Escallonia* sp(p).	Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Eschscholzia*	Papaveraceae
*Eschscholzia californica*	Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Etlingera* (including Nicolaia, Phaeomeria)	Zingiberaceae
*Etlingera coccinea*	Astegopteryx styracophila
*E. elatior*	Pseudoregma [elatior?], nicolaiae
*E. hemisphaerica*	Pseudoregma sundanica
*E. speciosa* = E. elatior
Etlingera sp.	Pentalonia nigronervosa

Use key to apterae on Hedychium.

Eubotryoides see Leucothoe

Ericaceae

*Eucalyptus*	Myrtaceae
*Eucalyptus caesia*	Aphis gossypii
*Eu. camaldulensis*	Aphis aurantii, fabae, gossypii; Myzus persicae;
	[Pterochloroides persicae]; Toxoptera aurantii
Eu. cladocalyx	Aphis gossypii
*Eu. globulus*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
*Eu. gomphocephala*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
*Eu. grandis*	Aphis fabae, gossypii
*Eu. macarthurii*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Eu. macrandra	[Macrosiphum sp. (Leonard, 1972a: 113)]
Eu. marginata	Aphis gossypii
Eu. melliodora	Aphis craccivora, gossypii
Eu. pulverulenta	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Eu. robusta	Aphis aurantii, gossypii, odinae; Myzus persicae;
	[Neophyllaphis brimblecombei]
Eu. tereticornis	Aphis gossypii
Eucalyptus sp.	[Eutrichosiphum pseudopasaniae]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Euchlaena =Zea

Poaceae

*Euclea*	Ebenaceae
*Euclea crispa*	Aphis gossypii

*Eucommia*	Eucommiaceae
*Eucommia ulmoides*	[Aphis sp. – Leonard 1972a: 101];
	Myzus [cerasi], persicae

*Eucryphia*	Cunoniaceae
*Eucryphia lucida*	Aulacorthum solani

Eugenia

Myrtaceae

A small but diverse aphid fauna occurs on Eugenia, including polyphagous species and others specific to Myrtaceae. Most records do not identify the host to species, and as many Eugenia species have been transferred to Syzygium, it is impossible to assign such aphids to one or other genus. A combined key to the aphids of both plant genera is therefore provided under Syzygium.

Eugenia aquea see Syzygium aqueum
*Eu. axillaris*	Aphis spiraecola
*Eu. caryophyllata* = Syzygium aromaticum
Eu. chequen	Aphis gossypii
Eu. densiflora	Aphis gossypii; Sinomegoura citricola
Eu. heyneana = Syzygium salicifolium
Eu. jambolana = Syzygium cumini
Eu. japonica	Sinomegoura citricola
Eu. micheliae	Aphis gossypii
Eu. minutiflora = Syzygium hancei
Eu. mooneaca (mooniana?)	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Eu. operculata	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii
Eu. perox (?ferox)	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) heeri
Eu. praecox	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) heeri
Eu. spicata = Syzygium zeylanicum
Eu. tetragona	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) bucktonis, eugeniae, heeri,
	psidii
Eugenia (or Syzygium?)	spp. Aphis aurantii, eugeniae, fabae; Aulacorthum solani;
	[Chaitophorus pakistanicus];
	[Eutrichosiphum raychaudhuri, tapatii];
	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) [anonae], bucktonis;
	[Lizerius tuberculatus]; Tuberaphis breviseta

See key under Syzygium.

*Eulalia*	Poaceae
*Eulalia amaura* = Polytrias indica
*E. japonica* = Miscanthus sinensis
*E. villosa*	Sitobion graminis
*E. viminea =*	Microstegium vimineum
*Eulalia* sp.	Sipha flava

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Eulophia*	Orchidaceae
*Eulophia alta*	Aphis spiraecola; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Sitobion luteum
E. horsfallii = E. rosea
E. rosea	Sitobion eulophiae
E. streptopetala	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus; Sitobion anselliae

Use key to aphids on orchids under Cymbidium.

Eunomia

see Aethionema

Brassicaceae

*Euodia*	Rutaceae
*Euodia triphylla* = Melicope triphylla
*Euodia* sp.	Aulacorthum solani

Euonymus

Celastraceae

Several subspecies or sibling species of the Aphis fabae group use Euonymus europaeus as their primary host in Europe (Müller & Steiner 1986). These are suspected to hybridize in nature to some extent, and the morphological separations attempted in couplets 5 and 6 of the key below may not be very reliable. For biological differences between members of this group consult the text under A. fabae.

*Euonymus alatus*	Aphis fabae; [Indomegoura indica];
	Pseudomegoura magnoliae
*Eu. alatus* var. ciliatodentatus	[Myzus komaumii Shinji 1943]
Eu. atropurpureus	Aphis fabae
Eu. europaeus	Aphis [acetosae], aurantii, fabae group (cirsiiacanthoidis,
	evonymi, fabae, solanella);
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
Eu. fortunei	Aphis fabae
*Eu. grandiflorus*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. hamiltonianus*	Aphis fabae; [Dysaphis microsiphon]
*Eu. hederaceus*	Aphis spiraecola
*Eu. japonicus*	Aphis aurantii, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Pseudomegoura magnoliae
*Eu. latifolius*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. maackii*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. maximowiczianus*	Aphis evonymi, fabae
*Eu. nanus*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. obovatus*	Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae
*Eu. oxyphyllus*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. planipes*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. radicans*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. sachalinensis*	Aphis odinae
*Eu. salicifolius*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. sieboldianus*	Pseudomegoura magnoliae
*Eu. velutinus*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. verrucosus*	Aphis fabae
*Eu. yakushimensis*	Aphis fabae

Key to aphids on Euonymus:-

1	Antennal tubercles well developed	…..2
–	Antennal tubercles weakly developed	…..5
2	Antennal tubercles with inner faces convergent in dorsal view. Aptera without any secondary rhinaria on ANT III. Alata with a dark dorsal abdominal patch	…..Myzus persicae

–	Antennal tubercles with inner faces parallel or divergent in dorsal view. Aptera with one or more secondary rhinaria near base of ANT III. Alata either without dorsal abdominal markings or with transverse segmentally divided bars	…..3
3	Antennal tubercles smooth with inner faces divergent in dorsal view. SIPH tapering, with a longer-than-wide subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. (Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 of basal diameter of segment.) Alata without dorsal abdominal markings	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	Antennal tubercles with inner faces scabrous, parallel in dorsal view, SIPH without a zone of polygonal reticulation. Alata with brown transverse bars on dorsal abdomen	…..4
4	Femora and cauda mainly dark. SIPH swollen on distal half …..Pseudomegoura magnoliae
–	Femora and cauda mainly pale. SIPH tapering	…..Aulacorthum solani
5	Stridulatory mechanism present, consisting of a conspicuous pattern of ridges on ventrolateral areas of abdominal sternites 5 and 6, and a row of short peg-like hairs on the hind tibia	…..6
–	Stridulatory ridges and pegs absent	…..7
6	SIPH much shorter than (0.4-0.6×) cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.0	…..Aphis odinae
–	SIPH usually longer than (0.9-1.5×) cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.0	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

7	Dorsum with variable dark markings, usually consisting of at least dark sclerotic bands on pronotum, mesonotum and ABD TERG 7 and 8, and small dark marginal sclerites; often also with small dark sclerites scattered over other abdominal tergites. Cauda with 12-19 hairs	…..8
–	Pronotum, mesonotum and ABD TERG 7 and 8 without dark sclerotic bands and marginal sclerites not deeply pigmented. Cauda with 4-12 hairs	…..10
8	ANT III 3-5× longer than the longest hair borne upon it, which is 2-3× basal diameter of the segment. Marginal tubercles completely absent from ABD TERG 2-6. Males apterous, oviparae with hind tibiae only slightly swollen	…..Aphis evonymi
–	ANT III 4-20× longer than the longest hair borne upon it, which is 0.6-2.5 (but rarely more than 2.0)× basal diameter of the segment. ABD TERG 2-6 with a total of 0-7 (usually 1-6) marginal tubercles. Males alate, oviparae with strongly swollen hind tibiae	…..9
9	ANT III of apt. 11-20× longer than the longest hair borne upon it. Hairs on marginal sclerites of ABD TERG 3 of apt. 12-49 µm long, of al. 18-51 µm long, usually less than 2× max. diameter of the spiracular pore on that segment …..Aphis solanella
–	ANT III of apt. 4-9× longer than the longest hair borne upon it. Hairs on marginal sclerites of ABD TERG 3 of apt. 40-85 µm long, of al. 31-83 µm long, more than 2× max. diameter of spiracular pore on that segment	…..Aphis fabae/fabae ssp. cirsiiacanthoidis
10	Femoral hairs long and fine, the longest of them being longer than the diameter of the femur at its base. Cauda black, usually with a distinct constriction about one third from base, and bearing 6-12 hairs	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	Femoral hairs all rather short, not exceeding the diameter of the femur at its base. Cauda pale or dark, but usually clearly paler than siphunculi, tongue-shaped without a constriction, and bearing 4-7 hairs	…..Aphis gossypii

*Eupatorium* (including Osmia)	Asteraceae
*Eupatorium adenophorum* = Ageratina adenophora
*E. africanum* = Stomatanthes africanus
*E. ageratifolium* = Ageratina havanensis
*E. ageratoides* = Ageratina altissima
*E. aschenbornianum* = Ageratina pichinchensis
*E. ayapanoides* = Koanophyllon ayapanoides
*E. basifolium* = Praxelis basifolia
*E. buniifolium*	Uroleucon garnicai
*E. candolleanum*	Uroleucon chilense
*E. cannabinum*	Aphis bozkhoae, eupatorii, frangulae, gossypii, spiraecola,
	Aphis spp. (BMNH collection, France and former
	Yugoslavia);
	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Ovatomyzus boraginacearum]
*E. capillifolium*	Aphis spiraecola; Uroleucon ambrosiae, ciefi, erigeronense
*E. chinense* (incl. vars sacchalinense, simplicifolium)	Aphis tsujii; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi
*E. clementis* = Koanophyllon clementis
E. coelestinum	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae;
	Uroleucon ambrosiae
*E. fistulosum* (?)	Uroleucon ambrosiae
*E. foeniculaceum* = Eupatorium capillifolium
*E. formosanum*	Brachycaudus helichrysi
*E. fortunei*	Brachycaudus helichrysi
*E. glabratum* = Ageratina glabrata
*E. glandulosum* = Ageratina adenophora
*E. glehni*	Brachycaudus helichrysi
*E. grandiceps* = Koanophyllon grandiceps
*E. heteroclinium* = Chromolaena heteroclinia
*E. hydrodes* (?)	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
*E. hyssopifolinum*	Uroleucon ciefi, pseudambrosiae
E. incarnatum = Fleischmannia incarnata
E. inulifolium = Austroeupatorium inulifolium
E. inuloides (?)	Uroleucon obscuricaudatum
E. japonicum	Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
E. laevigatum = Chromolaena laevigata
E. latanifolium (?)	Aphis spiraecola
*E. libanoticum* = Grisebachianthus libanotica
*E. lindleyanum*	Aphis gossypii
E. macrophyllum = Hebeclinium macrophyllum
E. maculatum = Eutrochium maculatum
*E. mohrii*	Uroleucon ciefi
*E. odoratum* = Chromolaena odorata
E. pallescens = Austroeupatorium inulifolium
*E. patens*	Nietonafriella enclypteata; Uroleucon garnicai
E. paucibracteatum = Ageratina paucibracteata
*E. pauciflorum* = Praxelis pauciflora
E. perfoliatum	Aphis fabae, spiraecola; Uroleucon ambrosiae
*E. pilosum*	[Uroleucon sp. (Leonard 1968)]
E. polyodon = Koanophyllon polyodon
E. polystictum= Koanophyllon polystictum
E. purpureum = Eutrochium purpureum
***E. recurvans* = Eupatorium mohrii**
E. rhexioides = Koanophyllon rhexioides
E. rotundifolium	[Uroleucon sp. (Leonard 1968)]
E. rugosum = Ageratina altissima
*E. sachalinens* = Eupatorium glehni
*E. stoechadosmum* = Eupatorium japonicum
*E. urticifolium* Reich. = Ageratina alitissima
*E. villosum* = Koanophyllon villosum
*E. wallichii* = Eupatorium japonicum
Eupatorium spp.	?Alphitoaphis sp., BMNH colection (Washington DC,
	leg. A. Jensen);
	Aphis [kurosawai], odinae, solitaria;
	Hyperomyzus pullatus;
	Macrosiphum [gaurae], pallidum;
	Uroleucon eupatoricolens, mexicanum,
	nigrotuberculatum

Key to apterae on Eupatorium and related genera (Ageratina, Chromolaena, Eutrochium, Koanophyllon, Praxelis):-

1	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 3-4 rows of closed polygonal cells)	…..2
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation (sometimes with tranverse interconnected striae) …..15
2	SIPH either entirely dark, or pale on less than basal 0.2 of length	…..3
–	SIPH pale or dusky, or with at least basal 0.25 pale	…..12
3	Cauda dark. Many of hairs on ANT III exceeding BD III	…..Uroleucon eupatorifoliae
–	Cauda pale or slightly dusky, paler than SIPH. Hairs on ANT III usually not exceeding BD III	…..4
4	First tarsal segments with 4-5 hairs	…..5
–	First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..11
5	ABD II-V bearing dusky to black conical marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH mostly smooth basad of reticulated zone	Uroelucon nigrotuberculatum
–	ABD II-V with or without MTu, but if present these are not conical and unpigmented …..6
6	R IV+V 0.8-1.1 × HT II	…..7
–	R IV+V 1.14-2.14 × HT II	…..8
7	ANT III with 16-39 rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 5.18-6.67. Cauda with 15-29 hairs. SIPH rather thick with reticulation on distal 0.31-0.36 of length	…..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
–	ANT III with 6-13 rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 4.28-5.31. Cauda with 9-12 hairs. SIPH rather thin with reticulation on distal 0.21-0.29 of length	…..Uroleucon garnicai
8	SIPH longer than ANT III	…..Uroleucon eupatoricolens
–	SIPH shorter than ANT III	…..9
9	Cauda elongate triangular without constriction, pale, and with 7-14 hairs. R IV+V 1.14-2.14 × HT II	…..Uroleucon mexicanum
–	Cauda with a constriction, pale or pigmented, and bearing 12-32 hairs. R IV+V 1.15-1.60 × HT II	…..10
10	Cauda pale contrasting with dark SIPH, and bearing 12-20 hairs	…..Uroelucon ambrosiae
–	Cauda dusky to brown with a basal pale area, and bearing 22-32 hairs	…..Uroelucon obscuricaudatum

Dorsal hairs all arising from dark scleroites. SIPH 0.45-0.68 mm long, with distal 0.28-0.30 reticulated. Spinal and marginal tubercles (STu and MTu) absent. SIPH uniformly dark

…..Uroleucon ciefi

–	Dorsal hairs not arising from dark scleroites. SIPH 0.56-1.20 mm long, with distal 0.14-0.20 reticulated. STu present on head and ABD TERG 7 and 8; MTu on prothorax, ABD TERG 2-5, and often on ABD TERG 1 and 7. SIPH dark over most of their length, but pale on basal 0.06	…..Macrosiphum pallidum
12	ANT III with 7-20 rhinaria often extending over more than basal half	…..13
–	ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria, always restricted to basal half	…..14
13	SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.25-0.35. Cauda usually with one or more of subapical hairs blunt or with slightly expanded apices	…..Uroleucon erigeronense
–	SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.13-0.24 of length. Cauda with all hairs pointed	…..Uroleucon chilense

14	Clypeus much enlarged, almost globular. Front of head with ANT tubercles rather low and median tubercle developed. SIPH 2.0-2.9 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.17-0.24. ANT PT/BASE 4.4-5.3	…..Nietonafriella euclypteata
–	Clypeus of normal size. Front of head with ANT tubercles well developed, median tubercle undeveloped. SIPH 1.7-2.2 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.13-0.20. ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.2	.….Macrosiphum euphorbiae
15	Head with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces spiculose or scabrous	…..16
–	Head with ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, if moderately developed then with smooth inner faces	…..18
16	Longest hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 3 longer than BD III. SIPH entirely dark	…..Micromyzodium levipes*
–	Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 3 short and blunt, less than 0.5 × BD III. SIPH pale or only dark towards apices	…..17
17	Head not densely spiculose. SIPH tapering from broad base, with very coarse imbrication (Fig.15e), 3.5-4.0 × cauda. Subgenital plate strongly produced posteriorly, broadly conical (Fig.15d)	…..Myzus siegesbeckicola
–	Head densely spiculose and other characters not in that combination	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
18	SIPH distinctly swollen. Tergum with extensive sclerotisation. ANT III dark except at base, with 2-29 secondary rhinaria	…..Hyperomyzus pullatus
–	SIPH tapering/cylindrical. Tergum with or without extensive sclerotisation. ANT III with 0-10 secondary rhinaria (usually 0, except in alatiform specimens)	…..19
19	SIPH slender, pale, and almost flangeless; 2.5-3.7 × pale cauda which has a swollen basal half and slender distal half. MTu on ABD TERG 1-5, but absent from 7. ANT 5-segmented	…..?Alphitoaphis sp., BMNH collection (Washington DC, leg. A. Jensen)

–	SIPH and cauda dark or pale, SIPH relatively shorter, with a distinct flange. MTu either absent, or present on both ABD TERG 1 and 7. ANT usually 6-segmented	…..20
20	Cauda helmet-shaped, as short as or shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..21
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. MTu present on ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..22
21	Dorsum with an extensive black shield. SIPH dark, 0.19-0.32 mm, 2.3-3.0 × their basal diameters. BL 1.5-2.5 mm	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH pale, 0.65-0.165 mm, 0.9-2.0 × their basal diameters. BL 0.9-1.5 mm	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
22	Cauda dark like SIPH	…..23
–	Cauda pale or if dusky, then paler than SIPH, which may be pale, dark or dark-tipped	…..30
23	Stridulatory apparatus present, consisting of sclerotic ridges on ABD sternites 5 and 6, and a row of blunt, peg-like hairs on each hind tibia. ANT PT/BASE 2.4-5.1	…..24
–	Stridulatory apparatus absent. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.7	…..25
24	SIPH 0.35-0.7 × cauda	…..Aphis odinae
–	SIPH 0.9-1.5 × cauda	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
25	Secondary rhinaria present (in apt.) on ANT III (5-10), IV (8-9) and V (1-2)	…..Aphis bozhkoae*
–	Secondary rhinaria absent (in apt., except in alatiform specimens)	…..26
26	Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation	…..27
–	Dorsal abdomen mainly membranous, with or without dark segmental markings	…..28
27	Hairs on ANT III shorter than BD III. Cauda with 4-9 hairs	…..Aphis craccivora
–	Hairs on ANT III long and fine, mostly more than 2 × BD III. Cauda with 11-25 hairs	…..Aphis tsujii
28	Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8 and usually with dark markings anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 11-25 hairs, without a midway constriction	…..Aphis fabae
–	Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Cauda with 7-16 hairs, and usually with a distinct midway constriction. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.5	…..29
29	HT I usually with 3 hairs (i.e. median sense peg usually present, as on fore and mid-tarsi). ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.5. Hind tibia with a row of short, spine-like hairs	…..Aphis eugeniae
–	HT I with 2 hairs (no median sense peg). ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.8. Hind tibia with all hairs mong and fine-pointed	…..Aphis spiraecola
30	SIPH 0.24-0.40 × BL, about twice as long as the much paler cauda. Head, ANT I, II and basal part of III very pale, contrasting with dark rest of ANT. ANT PT/BASE 3.7-4.9	..….Aphis coreopsidis
–	SIPH only up to 0.2 × BL. Cauda pale or dark. Head and ANT segments differently pigmented. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-3.0	…..31
31	SIPH uniformly dark (sometimes dusky or paler basally in midsummer dwarfs)	…..Aphis eupatorii/frangulae/gossypii group

–	SIPH pale, or pale with dark apices	…..32
32	ANT III with (0-)1-15 rhinaria on distal half, and ANT IV with (0-)1-4; these are often bursiform (sunk in pits). RIV+V bearing 3-6 accessory hairs	…..Aphis solitaria
–	ANT III without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens). R IV+V bearing 2 accessory hairs	…..33
33	SIPH 6.5-11.2 × their width at midlength, constricted at base and cylindrical on distal half. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-1.9	…..Aphis vernoniae
–	SIPH 3.1-6.2 × their width at midlength; tapering from a broad base, and usually with dark apices. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0	…..34
34	R IV+V 0.95-1.3 × HT II, and 0.9-1.3 × ANT BASE (V) VI. ANT PT 1.9-2.8 × HT II	…..Aphis nasturtii
–	R IV+V 1.25-1.55 × HT II, and 1.3-1.6 × ANT BASE (V) VI. ANT PT 2.6-3.4 × HT II	…..35
35	Cauda with only 6 hairs. R IV+V 1.25-1.45 × HT II. ANT PT 2.6-2.9 × HT II. ABD TERG 2-4 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Aphis sp. (S France; BMNH colln)
–	Cauda with 9-13 hairs. R IV+V 1.4-1.55 × HT II. ANT PT 2.8-3.4 × HT II. ABD TERG 2-4 sporadically with MTu	…..Aphis sp.(former Yugoslavia; BMNH colln)

*Euphorbia* (including Chamaesyce)	Euphorbiaceae
*Euphorbia agraria*	Aphis agrariae
Eu. albomarginata	Aphis ?esulae (USA; BMNH collection)
Eu. aleppica	Aphis hillerislambersi
Eu. ×ambohipotsiensis	Eonaphis euphorbiae
Eu. amygdaloides	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae;
	Aphis vallei, [Aphis sp. (Holman & Pintera 1981);
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, euphorbiellum
Eu. ×andrefandrova	Eonaphis euphorbiae
Eu. antiquorum	Aulacorthum solani
*Eu. aphylla*	Acyrthosiphon ilka; Myzus persicae
*Eu. arborescens* = Eu. antiquorum
E. arguta	Myzus persicae
Eu. austriaca	Aphis euphorbiae; Macrosiphum meixneri
Eu. berteroana	Aphis craccivora
Eu. berthelotii	Aphis hillerislambersi, tirucallis
*Eu. bi*glandulosa (?)	Aphis euphorbiae
Eu. biumbellata	Aphis brotericola, hillerislambersi
*Eu. boisseriana*	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae
Eu. bourgaeana	Aphis hillerislambersi, tirucallis; Myzus persicae
Eu. breoni = Eu. milii
Eu. brittingeri = Eu. verrucosa
Eu. broteroi = Eu. oxyphylla
Eu. candelabrum	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae
Eu. capuronii	Eonaphis euphorbiae
*Eu. ceratocarpa*	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae
*Eu. chamaepeplus*	Myzus persicae
*Eu. chamaesyce*	Aphis gossypii
Eu. characias	Aphis euphorbiae, hillerislambersi, tirucallis, vallei;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, euphorbiellum;
	[Therioaphis langloisi]
**Eu. characias ssp. wulfenii**	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*Eu. cheiradenia*	Aphiseuphorbicola
Eu. clarkeana	Aphis nasturtii
*Eu. collina* = Eu. portulacoides ssp. collina
Eu. corollata	Aphis euphorbiae, pulchella
*Eu. cyparissias*	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae, cyparissiae ssp. propinquum,
	euphorbiae;
	Aphis esulae, [sp. near esulae (Remaudière 1964)],
	euphorbiae, hillerislambersi, pseudopaludicola,
	tirucallis;
	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbia, [rosae]
*Eu. delphinensis*	Eonaphis euphorbiae
*Eu. dendroides*	Aphis euphorbiae, tirucallis; Myzus persicae
Eu. denticulata	Aphis euphorbicola
Eu. didiereoides	Eonaphis pauliani
*Eu. discolor* = E. esula
Eu. dorsiventralis = E. mendezii
*Eu. dulcis*	Acyrthosiphon corsicae
*Eu. epithymoides*	Acyrthosiphum euphorbiae, thracicum; Myzus persicae
*Eu. esula*	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae, cyparissiae ssp. propinquum,
	euphorbiae, euphorbiae ssp. tadzhikistanicum;
	Aphis brotericola, esulae, euphorbiae, glareosae;
	Aulacorthum solani;	[Macrosiphoniella huochengensis];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, euphorbiellum;
	Myzus ascalonicus, persicae; Pemphigus immunis
Eu. esula ssp. tommasiniana	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae, cyparissiae ssp. turkestanicum;
	Aphis esulae, euphorbiae, gerardianae
*Eu. exigua*	Aphis hillerislambersi; Aulacorthum solani
Eu. falcata	Aphis hillerislambersi, tirucallis, [Aphis sp., Spain; Nieto
	Nafría 1985b)];
	Pemphigus immunis
Eu. ferganensis	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae ssp. turkestanicum
Eu. flavicoma	Aphis tirucallis
Eu. flavicoma ssp. occidentalis	Acyrthosiphon matilei
Eu. forsskalii	Aphis gossypii
Eu. genoudiana	Eonaphis euphorbiae
Eu. gerardiana = Eu. seguieriana
Eu. glareosa	Aphis euphorbiae, fabae, glareosae
*Eu. glomerulans* = Eu. esula
Eu. granulata	Aphis hillerislambersi
Eu. helioscopia	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae, euphorbiae, [moltshanovi],
	[pisum];
	Aphis euphorbiae, hillerislambersi, [paralios (nomen
	nudum)], , solanella, tirucallis;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
	Pemphigus immunis
*Eu. heterophylla*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii
*Eu. hirsuta*	Aphis tirucallis
*Eu. hirta*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii, euphorbiae, spiraecola,
	tirucallis;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae
Eu. horombensis	Eonaphis euphorbiae
Eu. hyberna	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae; Macrosiphum meixneri
*Eu. iberica*	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae ssp. propinquum
*Eu. illirica*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Eu. inaequilatera	Aphis craccivora; Sitobion phyllanthi
Eu. ×ingezalahiana	Eonaphis euphorbiae
Eu. insularis	Macrosiphum inexpectatum
*Eu. jaxartica*	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae; Aphis euphorbiae;
	Smynthurodes betae
*Eu. kerneri*	Aphis esulae
*Eu. lagascae*	Aphis tirucallis
Eu. lamprocarpa	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae ssp. turkestanicum, euphorbiae,
	[euphorbiae ssp. brevisiphon];
	Aphis euphorbiae, gerardianae; Pemphigus immunis;
	Trama euphorbiae
Eu. lanata = Eu. petiolata
Eu. laro = Eu. tirucalli
Eu. lathyris	Aphis sensoriataeuphorbii,
	[Aphis sp. (Holman & Pintera 1981)];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Smynthurodes betae
*Eu. lucida*	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae
*Eu. lunulata* = Eu. esula
*Eu. macroceras*	Macrosiphum dzhibladzeae
*Eu. macroclada*	Aphis brotericola, myrsinitidis, pseudeuphorbiae
Eu. maculata	Aphis craccivora; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Eu. marginata	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Eu. mauritanica	Myzus persicae
*Eu. medicaginea*	Aphis hillerislambersi
*Eu. mendezii*	Aphis gossypii
*Eu. microcarpa*	Aphis gerardianae
*Eu. microsciadia*	Aphis euphorbicola
Eu. milii	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae;
	Aphis craccivora, euphorbiae, fabae, gossypii;
	Eonaphis euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; Sitobion milii
Eu. milii var. splendens	Aphis tirucallis; Eonaphis euphorbiae
Eu. missouriensis = Eu. spathulata
Eu. missurica	Aphis euphorbiae
Eu. myrsinites	Aphis brotericola, myrsini, myrsinitidis
Eu. neriifolia	Aphis spiraecola
Eu. nicaensis	Aphis brotericola, gossypii, hillerislambersi, tirucallis,
	vallei, [Aphis sp. (Spain; Nieto Nafría 1985b)]
Eu. obtusifolia ssp. regis-jubae = Eu. regis-jubae
*Eu. oxyphylla*	Aphis brotericola
*Eu. pachyrrhiza*	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae
*Eu. palustris*	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae; Aphis paludicola
*Eu. pannonica*	Aphis glareosae
*Eu. paralias*	Aphis hillerislambersi, tirucallis, vallei
Eu. paulianii	Eonaphis euphorbiae
Eu. pekinensis	Aulacorthum euphorbophagum;
	Macrosiphum sp. (Japan, BMNH collection, leg. M.
	Miyazaki)
*Eu. peplus*	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae, euphorbiae;
	Aphis craccivora, euphorbiae, solanella, tirucallis;
	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus antirrhinii, cymbalariae, ornatus, persicae;
	Pemphigus immunis; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon
Eu. petiolata	Aphis pseudeuphorbiae
Eu. pilulifera (?)	Aphis craccivora, gossypii
*Eu. pinea* = Eu. segetalis var. pinea
Eu. piscatoria	Aphis euphorbiae, hillerislambersi,
	[paralios (nomen nudum)]
Eu. pithyusa (incl. var. ovalifolia)	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae; Aphis euphorbiae, hillerislambersi, hispanica,
	[paralios (nomen nudum)]
Eu. platyphyllos	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae, thracicum;
	Aphis euphorbiae; Neomyzus circumflexus
Eu. polychroma = Eu. epithymoides
Eu. portlandica	Aphis hillerislambersi
Eu. portulacoides	Aphis pseudopulchella
Eu. portulacoides ssp. collina	Aphis eucollinae
Eu. prostrata	Aphis craccivora, euphorbiae, tirucallis
Eu. pubescens	Acyrthospiphon euphorbiae;
	Aphis euphorbiae, gossypii, tirucallis
Eu. pulcherrima	Aphis aurantii, craccivora; Aulacorthum solani;
	Myzus persicae
*Eu. rapulum*	Smynthurodes betae
Eu. razafinjohanyi	Eonaphis euphorbiae
*Eu. regis-jubae*	Aphis hillerislambersi, tirucallis;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
Eu. salicifolia	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae; Aphis euphorbiae
Eu. schimperiana	Aphis hillerislambersi
Eu. sclerocyathium	Aphis gerardianae
Eu. segetalis (incl. var. pinea)	Aphis brotericola, euphorbiae, hillerislambersi,
	[paralios (nomen nudum)], tirucallis;
	Myzus persicae
*Eu. seguieriana* (incl. var. gerardiana)	Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae ssp. propinquum;
	Aphis euphorbiae, gerardianae, glareosae
	Aphis sp. (Hungary and Switzerland; BMNH collection)
*Eu. seguieriana* ssp. niciciana	Aphis esulae
*Eu. semiperfoliata*	Aphis vallei; Macrosiphum euphorbiellum
Eu. sequieriana see Eu. seguieriana
Eu. serrata	Aphis hillerislambersi, [paralios (nomen nudum)],
	tirucallis
Eu. serrulata = Eu. stricta
Eu. ×soanieranensis	Eonaphis euphorbiae
*Eu. soongarica*	Aphis euphorbiae;
	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae, [euphorbiae ssp. brevisiphon]
*Eu. spathulata*	Aphis euphorbiae
*Eu. spinosa*	Acyrthosiphon corsicae, euphorbiae,
	[euphorbinum (nomen nudum)], matilei;
	Aphis brotericola
*Eu. splendens* = Eu. milii var. splendens
Eu. stenoclada	Eonaphis euphorbiae; [Paulianaphis madagascariensis]
*E. stepposa*	Aphis glareosae
Eu. striatella = Eu. microsciadia
Eu. stricta	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae; Aulacorthum solani;
	Myzus persicae; Pemphigus immunis
Eu. supina = Eu. maculata
Eu. sylibum (?)	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Eu. sylvaticum = Eu. amygdaloides
Eu. terracina	Aphis euphorbiae, gossypii, tirucallis; [Pemphigus sp.]
Eu. tithymaloides	Aphis gossypii
Eu. thymifolia	Aphis gossypii
Eu. tirucalli	Aphis tirucallis; Eonaphis pauliani
*Eu. verrucosa*	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae
Eu. viguieri	Eonaphis euphorbiae
Eu. villosa = Eu. illirica
Eu. virgata = Eu. esula ssp. tommasiniana
Eu. wulfenii = Eu. characias ssp. wulfenii
Eu. ×zanaharensis	Eonaphis euphorbiae
*Eu. zeravschanica* (?)	Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae ssp. tadzhikistanicum
Euphorbia spp.	Acyrthosiphon [boreale], pareuphorbiae;
	Aphis dlabolai, maulensis, nerii, nevskyi, propinqua,
	tehuelchis, Aphis sp. near hillerislambersi (Canary
	Isles, Spain, BMNH colln);
	[Pemphigus brevicornis, fuscicornis]; Trama afghanica

Key to apterae on Euphorbia:-

	[There are numerous morphologically similar Aphis spp. on Euphorbia in south, central and east Europe, including some undescribed species. Couplets 28 onwards make an attempt to discriminate most of the taxa in this group that are represented in the BMNH collection, but a more detailed study of this group is needed. See also the key to Euphorbia-feeding Aphis spp. by Nieto Nafría 1985b, which includes other undescribed species from France and Spain.]
1	Hind tarsi greatly elongated, more than 0.6 × hind tibia	…..2
–	Hind tarsi similar in length to other tarsi	…..3
2	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5	….Trama euphorbiae*
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5	…..Trama afghanica*
3	Eyes with only 3 facets	…..4
–	Eyes multifaceted	…..7
4	Body with very large spinal and marginal spine-like processes. SIPH conical, dark, broad-based, with a subapical ring of hairs. ANT PT/BASE more than 1	…..5
–	Body without long spine-like processes. SIPH absent. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5	…..6
5	R IV+V 0.164-0.183 mm. Marginal processes present on ABD TERG 2 (as well as 3, 4 and 7)	…..Eonaphis euphorbiae
–	R IV+V 0.120-0.142 mm. Marginal processes absent from ABD TERG 2	…..Eonaphis pauliani
6	Body and appendages clothed with dense, fine hairs. ANT II at least 2 × ANT I. Anal plate enlarged, with anus in dorsal position	…..Smynthurodes betae
–	Body with sparse inconspicuous hairs. ANT I and II similar in length. Anus and anal plate normal	…..Pemphigus immunis
7	Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles parallel or convergent apically	…..8
–	Head without spicules. ANT tubercles either undeveloped or with divergent inner faces	…..10
8	SIPH long and straight, tapering/cylindrical, with a well-developed flange. ANT III usually with 1-2 small rhinaria near base. ANT tubercles with inner faces almost parallel	…..9
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
9	R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II, which is more than 0.145 mm long	…..Aulacorthum euphorbophagum
–	R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II, which is 1.10-0.14 mm long	…..Aulacorthum solani
10	ANT tubercles developed, sometimes low but projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ANT usually at least 0.9 × BL, with one or more rhinaria an basal part of ANT III. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..11
–	ANT tubercles absent, or if somewhat developed then hardly projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view, and ABD TERG 1 and 7 then have MTu. ANT less than 0.9 × BL, and usually without rhinaria on III	…..26
11	SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation, although this may only consist of a very few closed cells near apex, in which case SIPH is slightly swollen subapically, and has a slight constriction just proximal to the (small) flange	…..12
–	SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation, the subapical region having transverse somewhat spinulose imbrication, and no trace of swelling or constriction proximal to the rather well-developed flange	…..19
12	Hairs on ANT III all short and blunt, the longest much less than 0.5 × BD III. SIPH with only a few closed polygonal cells near apex	…..13
–	Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III. SIPH with at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells near apex	…..15
13	SIPH more than 1.5 × head width across (and incl.) eyes, and with at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells near apex. ANT BASE VI c.0.26 mm long, c. 1.6 × HT II	…..Macrosiphum sp. on E. pekinensis (Japan, BMNH collection)

–	SIPH shorter than head width across eyes, and with only a few closed polygonal cells near apex. ANT BASE VI 0.095-0.125 mm long, 0.6-0.9 × HT II	…..14
14	R IV+V 0.11-0.13 mm, 1.1-1.3 × ANT BASE VI and 0.83-0.89 × HT II	…..Sitobion milii
–	R IV+V 0.09-0.10 mm, 0.7-1.0 × ANT BASE VI and 0.60-0.76 × HT II	…..Sitobion phyllanthi
15	Total length of rostrum (measured from base of protractor apodeme) 0.89-1.09 × ANT III	…..Macrosiphum inexspectatum
–	Total length of rostrum 0.57-0.87 × ANT III	…..16
16	R IV+V 0.45-0.62 × ANT BASE VI. ANT III with 6-20 secondary rhinaria, often extending onto distal half	…..Macrosiphum meixneri
–	R IV+V 0.68-1.1 × ANT BASE VI. ANT III with 1-10 secondary rhinaria restricted to basal 0.2-0.5	…..17
17	R IV+V 0.65-0.76 × HT II. Cauda with 15-19 hairs	…..Macrosiphum dzhibladzeae
–	R IV+V 0.79-1.08 × HT II. Cauda with 8-12 hairs	…..18
18	R IV+V 0.69-0.79 × ANT BASE VI and 0.79-0.91 × HT II. Longest hair on ABD TERG 3 is 32-72 mm. Apical parts of femora very dark	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiellum
–	R IV+V 0.8-1.1 × ANT BASE VI and 0.83-1.08 × HT II. Longest hair on ABD TERG 3 is 21-37 mm. Apical parts of femora pale or slightly dusky	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
19	First tarsal segments with 5-7 hairs	…..20
–	First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..21
20	Anterior half of head dark, strongly demarcated from pale posterior half. ANT, tibiae and SIPH wholly or mainly dark	…..Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae
–	Front of head pale or dusky, ANT, tibiae and SIPH mainly pale with only apices dark	…..Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae ssp. propinquum
21	Cauda 2.2-2.7 × longer than its width at midlength, 1.1-1.4 × HT II and 1.7-2.1 × R IV+V	…..Acyrthosiphon corsicae
–	Cauda 2.8-4.4 × longer than its width at midlength, 1.5-3.7 × HT II and 2.7-7.5 × R IV+V	…..22
22	R IV+V 0.75-0.9 × HT II. ANT BASE VI 1.1-1.5 × R IV+V	…..Acyrthosiphon ilka
–	R IV+V 0.4-0.65 × HT II. ANT BASE VI 1.5-3.1 × R IV+V	…..23
23	BL 1.7-2.5 mm, ANT 1.5-2.3 mm. ANT III 4.6-7.5 × R IV+V and 2.7-4.0 × HT II. Cauda with 5-10 hairs	…..24
–	BL 2.3-4.4 mm, ANT 2.5-4.3 mm. ANT III 7.5-12.1 × R IV+V and 3.8-5.6 × HT II. Cauda with 9-21 hairs	…..25
24	SIPH 1.4-1.8 × cauda, which bears 7-19 hairs	…..Acyrthosiphon matilei
–	SIPH 1.9-2.0 × cauda, which bears 5-7 hairs	…..Acyrthosiphon pareuphorbiae
25	ANT III with 2-11 rhinaria, restricted to basal half. ANT PT 0.64-1.06 × ANT III and 3.4-5.1 × HT II	…..Acyrthosiphon euphorbiae
–	ANT III with 14-26 rhinaria, distributed over most of length. ANT PT 1.03-1.18 × ANT III and 4.9-5.9 × HT II	…..Acyrthosiphon thracicum
26	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH smooth, pale, with a marked annular incision proximal to the flange	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	ABD TERG 1 and usually also 7 with MTu. Spiracular apertures reniform. SIPH imbricated, pale or dark, without a subapical annular incision	…..27
27	Stridulatory apparatus present. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.0	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–	Stridulatory apparatus absent. ANT PT/BASE 0.9-4.1	…..28
28	ANT PT/BASE 0.9-2.8, but if more than 2.0 then SIPH are 0.5-1.1 × cauda and R IV+V is 0.7-1.1 × HT II	…..29
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.7-4.1; if less than 2.0 then either SIPH are 1.1-2.2 × cauda or R IV+V is 0.9-1.4 × HT II	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24
29	Cauda very short, broadly rounded, only 0.4-0.7 × as long as its basal width in dorsal view, and bearing 4-7 hairs	…..Aphis euphorbicola
–	Cauda helmet-shaped, triangular or finger-shaped, at least 0.8 × as long as its basal width, and bearing 6-34 hairs	…..30
30	MTu absent from ABD TERG 7; present on ABD TERG 1 and on some of ABD TERG 2-6	…..Aphis maulensis

–

MTu always present on both ABD TERG 1 and 7, present or absent on ABD TERG 2-6

…..31

31	MTu present on at least some of ABD TERG 2-6 as well as 1 and 7 (but these may be reduced or occasionally absent in specimens collected in autumn)	…..32
–	MTu present only on ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..37
32	Cauda with about 17 hairs	…..Aphis pseudopulchella*
–	Cauda with 4-15 hairs	…..33
33	Hairs on ANT III minute, the longest 0.3-0.4 × BD III. Dorsum invariably with extensive dark sclerotization. MTu very large; longitudinal diameter of MTu on ABD TERG 2-4 is 0.25-0.33 the distance between them	…..Aphis glareosae
–	Longest hairs on ANT III usually more than 0.4 × BD III. Dorsum with variable, sometimes extensive sclerotization. MTu variably developed	…..34
34	ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.5. MTu well developed on most of ABD TERG 1-7. ABD TERG 8 with 4-6 hairs	…..Aphis sp. on Euphorbia seguieriana, Hungary and Switzerland
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.2-2.3. MTu variably developed, those on ABD TERG 2-6 of sporadic occurrence and usually small. ABD TERG 8 with 2-4 hairs	…..35
35	Dorsal abdomen mostly membranous, with only some sparse pigmented cells. Longest hairs on ABD TERG III are 40-60 μm	…..Aphis myrsinitidis
–	Dorsal abdomen with variably developed spinal or pleurospinal sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6, sometimes merged between segments. Longest hairs on ABD TERG III are 8-33 μm	…..36

36	Cauda with 8-15 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 16-33 μm, and marginal hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 23-33 μm.	…..Aphis vallei (part)
–	Cauda with 4-10 hairs Longest hairs on ANT III 5-21 μm, and marginal hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 8-28 μm..	…..Aphis brotericola (or Aphis tehuelchis – see text)
37	Cauda helmet-shaped or triangular, 0.8-1.3 × its basal width in dorsal view	…..38
–	Cauda elongate triangular or finger-shaped, more than 1.2-2.0 × its basal width	…..41
38	ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.2. longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.0 × BD III. Cauda with 9-16 hairs	…..39
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.25-1.95. Longest hairs on ANT III either less than 0.8 × or more than 1.0 × BD III. Cauda with 7-10 hairs	…..40
39	SIPH 0.85-1.31 × cauda, which is about as long as its basal width. R IV+V 0.93-1.03 × HT II. (Al. with 6-13 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 0 on IV)	…..Aphis dlabolai*
–	SIPH 0.65-0.80 × cauda, which is 1.1-1.3 × its basal width. R IV+V 0.75-0.86 × HT II. (Al. with 12-19 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 0-4 on IV)	…..Aphis propinqua
40	SIPH only 0.27-0.46 × cauda, which is triangular. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.8 × BD III. Dorsum membranous	…..Aphis hispanica
–	SIPH 0.70-1.06 × cauda, which is helmet-shaped (with convex sides). Longest hairs on ANT III at least 0.9 × BD III. Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dark sclerotization	…..Aphis vallei (part)

41	SIPH 0.25-0.69 × cauda	…..42
–	SIPH 0.70-1.37 × cauda	…..46
42	ANT III with secondary rhinaria (in apt.) distributed III 5-16, IV 6-9, V 5-7. ANT PT/BASE c.1.6-1.7	…..Aphis sensoriataeuphorbii
–	ANT without secondary rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 0.88-1.53	…..43
43	SIPH 0.25-0.30 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE c.1.0. ANT PT 0.8-0.9 × HT II	…..Aphis sp. near hillerislambersi (Canary Isles and Spain, BMNH collection)

–	SIPH 0.39-0.67 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.63. ANT PT 1.0-1.3 × HT II	…..44
44	R IV+V 0.080-0.97 mm, 0.60-0.76 × HT II	…..Aphis gerardianae
–	R IV+V 0.098-0.12 mm, 0.73-0.92 × HT II	…..45
45	ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.63. R IV+V 0.73-0.90 × HT II. Cauda with 6-12 hairs	…..Aphis hillerislambersi
–	ANT PT/BASE c.1.0. R IV+V c.0.9 × HT II. Cauda with 6-7 hairs	…..Aphis nevskyi*
46	Hairs on ANT III finely pointed, 1.1-2.0 × BD III	…..47
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.95 × BD III	…..48
47	Cauda bearing numerous (28 or more) hairs	…..Aphis paludicola
–	Cauda bearing 7-10 hairs	…..Aphis pseudopaludicola*
48	ANT PT/BASE c.0.9	…..Aphis agrariae*
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.2-2.5	…..49
49	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.6 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.5. Dorsum membranous or with only light, pale, patchy sclerotization	…..50
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.55-0.95 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.2-1.8. Dorsal sclerotization very variable, sometimes even absent, but often dark and extensive	…..52
50	Cauda with 12-17 hairs	…..Aphis pulchella
–	Cauda with 5-10 hairs	…..51
51	Frontal hairs at least 15 µm long	…..Aphis esulae
–	Frontal hairs 9-13 µm long	…..Aphis eucollinae
52	SIPH rather robust, often with slightly convex sides, 1.5-2.3 × longer than their basal widths. Dorsal abdomen with sclerotic shield usually confined to central area, not extending laterally as far as intersegmental or marginal sclerites. (Alata often with some rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis euphorbiae

–	SIPH with tapering, often slightly concave sides, 2.0-4.2 × longer than their basal widths. Dorsal abdomen variably sclerotised. (Alata without rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..53
53	Dorsum with little or no sclerotization	…..Aphis pseudeuphorbiae
–	Dorsum usually with extensive dark sclerotization, often extended laterally to merge with marginal sclerites, but sometimes reduced or fragmented	…..Aphis tirucallis

Euphoria see Dimocarpus

Sapindaceae

*Euphrasia*	Orobanchaceae
*Euphrasia brevipila*	Hyperomyzus zirnitsi; Myzus cerasi
Eu. frigida	Hyperomyzus thorsteinni
*Eu. hirtella*	Nasonovia ribisnigri
*Eu. lutea* = Odontites vulgaris
Eu. nemorosa	Brachycaudus helichrysi
Eu. officinalis	Brachycaudus helichrysi, mimeuri; Hyperomyzus zirnitsi;
	Myzus cerasi; Nasonovia ribisnigri
*Eu. pectinata*	Aphis sibirica
*Eu. rostkoviana*	Brachycaudus persicae;
	Hyperomyzuz zirnitsi ssp. boerneri;
	Myzus cerasi; Nasonovia ribisnigri
Eu. stricta	Brachycaudus mimeuri; Hyperomyzus zirnitsi;
	Myzus cerasi; Nasonovia ribisnigri
Eu. viscosa = Odontites purpurea
Euphrasia spp.	Hyperomyzus rhinanthi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Key to apterae on Euphrasia:-

1	Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view	…..2
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, much longer its basal width	…..3
2	SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.4-2.1 × cauda. Dorsum sclerotic, usually dark	…..Brachycaudus mimeuri (or persicae – see text)
–	SIPH pale, smooth, 1.1-1.3 × cauda. Dorsum pale, membranous	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
3	SIPH very strongly swollen distally, with diameter of swollen part 1.6 or more × minimum diameter of “stem”	…..4
–	SIPH tapering or cylindrical	…..7
4	Dorsum with extensive black sclerotic markings, including a black patch on ABD TERG 2-4(-5). SIPH black, spindle-shaped. Cauda black	…..Hyperomyzus rhinanthi
–	Dorsum pale. SIPH pale, dusky, or dark-tipped, clavate. Cauda pale	…..5
5	ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.9. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III	…..Hyperomyzus thorsteinni
–	ANT PT/BASE 6.2-7.4. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III	…..6
6	ANT III with 35-42 rhinaria. (Al. with 75-101 rhinaria on III, and 16-34 on IV)	…..Hyperomyzus zirnitsi
–	ANT III with 21-37 rhinaria. (Al. with c.45 rhinaria on III and 14 on IV)	…..Hyperomyzus zirnitsi ssp. boerneri

7	Head densely ornamented with spicules and nodules. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotic shield, ornamented with wrinkles	…..Myzus cerasi
–	Head without spicules or nodules. Dorsum without an extensive dark sclerotic shield	…..8
8	SIPH shorter than cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.9	…..Aphis sibirica*
–	SIPH more than 1.6 × longer than cauda. ANT PT/BASE 5.3-11.4	…..9
9	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Dorsum without any dark markings. ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.2. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Dorsum usually with a pattern of dark markings. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4. ANT III with 3-36 rhinaria	…..Nasonovia ribisnigri

*Euptelia*	Eupteleaceae
Euptelia polyandra	Myzus persicae

*Eurhynchium* (including Rhynchostegium)	Brachytheciaceae
*Eurhynhchium confertum*	Muscaphis musci
*Eu. praelongum*	Muscaphis cuspidata, escherichi
*Eu. striatum*	Melaphis rhois

Use key to apterae of moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum.

*Eurohypnum*	Entodontaceae
Eurohypnum leptothallum	[Kaburagia rhusicola (imm. sexuparae only)]

(or use key to moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum)

Eurotia

see Krascheninnikovia

Amaranthaceae

*Eurya*	Theaceae
*Eurya japonica* (incl. var. nitida)	[Aiceona robustiseta];
	Aphis aurantii, citricidus, [euryae Shinji (nomen
	dubium)], gossypii, odinae, spiraecola;
	Ericolophium euryae;
	[Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae, grandicaudata];
	[Indomasonaphis anaphalidis];
	Sinomegoura citricola, symplocois
Eurya spp.	Aulacorthum rhamni; Eutrichosiphum roepkei;
	Greenidea symplocosis; Neomyzus circumflexus

Key to apterae on Eurya:-

1	SIPH bearing numerous very long hairs	…..2
–	SIPH without hairs	…..3
2	Cauda with a median process (stylus). SIPH more than 0.3 × BL, with pale reticulation over most of length	…..Greenidea symplocosis
–	Cauda without a median process. SIPH less than 0.3 × BL, without reticulation	…..Eutrichosiphum roepkei*
3	Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles steep-sided, parallel or apically convergent	…..4
–	Head without spicules. ANT tubercles either weakly developed or with divergent inner faces	…..5
4	Dorsal abdomen with a large, roughly horseshoe-shaped dark sclerite, and dark cross-bands on thorax	…..Neomyzus circumflexus
–	Dorsum without dark markings	…..Aulacorthum rhamni*
5	ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. MTu present on ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..6
–	ANT tubercles moderately to well-developed, projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. MTu absent from ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..9
6	Cauda paler than SIPH and bearing 4-8 hairs	…..Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda as black as SIPH and bearing 8-54 hairs	…..7
7	Cauda with 8-12 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.9. Stridulatory apparatus absent	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	Cauda with 10-54 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.0. Stridulatory apparatus present	…..8
8	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III. Cauda with 10-26 hairs	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

–

Longest hairs on ANT III 1.2-2.1 × BD III. Cauda with 19-54 hairs

….. Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus

9	BL 1.2-1.6 mm. Cauda pale. Front of head with a prominent median tubercle almost as large as ANT tubercles. Dorsum often with a dark patch. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH 2.0-2.5 × cauda	…..Ericolophium euryae
–	BL 1.7-3.2 mm. Cauda dark. Median tubercle weakly developed. Dorsum pale. ANT III usually with at least one rhinarium. SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda	…..10
10	Head width across (and including) eyes 0.9-1.1 × cauda, which bears 10-19 hairs. SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda	…..Sinomegoura citricola
–	Head width across eyes c 1.4 × cauda, which bears 6-9 hairs. SIPH c. 1.1 × cauda	…..Sinomegoura symplocois

*Euryale*	Nymphaeaceae
*Euryale ferox*	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

*Eurybia*	Asteraceae
*Eurybia conspicua*	Macrosiphum olmsteadi
*Eu. divaricata*	Aphis sp. (Leonard 1968, 4); Uroleucon crepusisiphon
Eu. integrifolia	[Uroleucon madia]
Eu. macrophylla	Macrosiphum olmsteadi; Uroleucon astronomus

Use key to apterae on Aster.

*Euryops*	Asteraceae
*Euryops arabicus*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae
*Eu. chrysanthemoides*	[Aphis lugentis], [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a)];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
	Uroleucon compositae, [Uroleucon sp. (Leonard 1972a)]
Eu. pectinatus	Aphis spiraecola, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a)];
	Myzus persicae
Eu. virgineus	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Euscaphis*	Staphyleaceae
Euscaphis japonica	Aphis gossypii, horii; [Indomasonaphis anaphalidis];
	Pseudomegoura magnoliae; Indomegoura indica; [Phorodon viburni];

Key to aphids on Euscaphis:-

1	ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..2
–	ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without Mtu	…..3
2	Hairs on ANT III long and very fine, the longest 1.7-2.1× basal diameter of segment	…..Aphis horii
–	Hairs on ANT III much shorter	…..Aphis gossypii
3	SIPH very stout, cylindrical on basal part, abruptly narrowing to apex, entirely dark, with some subapical polygonal reticulation	…..Indomegoura indica
–	SIPH slightly clavate, black only at apices, without subapical polygonal reticulation	…..Pseudomegoura magnoliae

*Eustachys*	Poaceae
*Eustachys petraea*	Hysteroneura setariae; Tetraneura fusiformis

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding species under Digitaria.

*Eustrephus*	Asparagaceae
*Eustrephus latifolius*	Aulacorthum solani

*Euterpe*	Arecaceae
Euterpe edulis	Cerataphis brasilensis
Eu. oleracea	Cerataphis brasilensis

Use key to apterae on palms under Calamus.

*Euthamia*	Asteraceae
*Euthamia caroliniana* = E. graminifolia
Eu. conyzoides (?)	Aphis gossypii
Eu. graminifolia	Pemphigus bursarius;
	?Pleotrichophorus sp. (Florida, BMNH collection, leg.
	S.E. Halbert);
	Prociphilus erigeronensis; Uroleucon lanceolatum, olivei
Eu. lanceolata = E. graminifolia
Eu. occidentalis	[Illinoia sp., Washington; A.Jensen, see aphidtrek.org]

Key to apterae on Euthamia:-

–	ANT PT/BASE 6.9-7.6. ANT PT 2.5-2.8 × SIPH which are thin and flangeless. cauda with 4-5 hairs. ANT flagellum dark except at base of III, and tibiae mostly dark, contrasting with entirely pale femora	…..?Pleotrichophorus sp. (Florida, BMNH colln)
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 6.5 and other characters not in above combination	…..go to key to apterae on Solidago

*Eutrema* (including Wasabia)	Brassicaceae
*Eutrema japonicum*	Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis pseudobrassicae;
	Myzus persicae; Pemphigus populitransversus
Eu. wasabi = E. japonicum

Use key to apterae on Brassica.

*Eutrochium*	Asteraceae
*Eutrochium maculatum*	Uroleucon ambrosiae, eupatoricolens
Eu. purpureum	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola, vernoniae;
	Uroleucon ambrosiae, eupatoricolens

Use key to apterae on Eupatorium.

*Eversmannia*	Leguminosae
*Eversmannia subspinosa*	Aphis craccivora

*Exochorda*	Rosaceae
*Exochorda racemosa*	[Lachnus tropicalis – Tao 1999]

*Exostema*	Rubiaceae
*Exostema caribaeum*	Aphis aurantii, spiraecola
E. longiflora	Aphis spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Exothea*	Sapindaceae
*Exothea paniculata*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Exotheca*	Poaceae
*Exotheca abyssinica*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae; Pseudaphis sijui;
	Rhopalosiphum maidis;
	Sitobion africanum, graminis, [Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)];
	[Uroleucon compositae]

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.