ANT
tubercles, and also ANT I and II, scabrous. ANT III 0.7-1.7 × SIPH, which are
1.2-2.5 × cauda
…..2
–
ANT
tubercles, ANT I and II fairly smooth. ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH, which are
0.65-1.0 × cauda
…..3
2
ANT
tubercles low, with median tubercle developed to similar extent. SIPH 1.2-1.6
× cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7
…..Lipaphis
erysimi
–
ANT
tubercles well developed, with inner faces convergent apically; median
tubercle much lower. SIPH 1.9-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5
…..Myzus
persicae
3
Cauda
as dark as SIPH and broadly triangular, hardly as long as its basal width in dorsal
view. Paired spinal and pleural dark sclerites often present on ABD TERG 1-7.
Dorsal hairs pointed
…..Brevicoryne
brassicae
–
cauda pale or dusky and tongue-shaped or
elongate triangular, clearly longer than its basal width. ABD TERG 1-7
usually without dark markings (except intersegmental muscle sclerites).
Dorsal hairs short and fan-shaped, or long with blunt or slightly expanded
apices
…..4
4
SIPH
jet black, 0.65-0.8 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.7. Dorsal hairs up to 2-2.5 × BD III, with
blunt or slightly capitate apices
…..Brevicoryne
nigrisiphunculata
–
SIPH dark but not jet black, 0.8-1.2
× cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.2-1.5. Dorsal
hairs fan-shaped or spatulate, maximally about as
long as BD III
Dorsum
with an extensive dark shield, continuous over ABD TERG 1-6. ANT III with 1-7
rhinaria. SIPH black with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.12-0.19 of
length. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs
Cauda helmet-shaped. Spiracular apertures
large and rounded. SIPH with a subapical annular incision
…..Brachycaudus
cardui
–
Without that combination of characters
…..Aphis
craccivora
4
Cauda black with 11-24 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on
ABD TERG 7 and 8, and some dark markings anterior to SIPH. Femora with many
fine hairs longer than trochantro-femoral suture
…..Aphis fabae
–
Cauda pale or dark with
4-8 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with or without dusky cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and
8, usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH. Femoral hairs all much
shorter than trochantro-femoral suture
…..5
5
ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.3. SIPH
0.8-1.5 × cauda, which bears 4-6 hairs and is usually rather dark, only a
little paler than SIPH
…..Aphis sedi
–
ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2. SIPH
1.3-2.5 × cauda, which bears 4-8 hairs and is usually pale/dusky, markedly
paler than SIPH
Numerous aphids utilise species of Crataegus
as their primary hosts, so that the only morphs occurring are the fundatrix
and her progeny in spring (often causing leaf deformation or galling) and the
return migrants and sexuales in autumn. The key that follows the host list is
applicable as indicated to the spring generations of such species, but cannot
be used for the autumn presexual and sexual generations. Couplets 17-27 are
based on the intensive work of Stroyan (1958) and the key to Dysaphis
on Crataegus by Shaposhnikov & Marolev (1978); the species-level
taxonomy of the genus Dysaphis is particularly difficult, and a series
of specimens from a population will need to be examined before much reliance
can be placed on any species determination. This part of the key only applies
to alate spring migrants, but details of the appearance of the gall and the
fundatrix in life (see next section), together with the species of Crataegus
colonised, may help to confirm the identification.
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Antenna of
alata with narrow, transversely elongate of annular secondary rhinaria
…..2
–
ANT
PT/BASE more than 0.5. Antenna of alata with oval or circular secondary
rhinaria
…..6
2
SIPH pores
present, their rims partly sclerotised. Wax gland pore plates usually
consisting of a ring of large facets around an undivided or partially divided
central area (fig.
47C)
…..3
–
SIPH
absent, at least in apterae. Wax gland pore plates with numerous small facets
and no central area, or with a group of large facets including a few small
separate clear areas
…..4
3
Aptera with greatest diameter of SIPH pore
0.08-0.16 mm. ANT III usually more than 1.25 × more than ANT IV+V
…..Eriosoma crataegi
–
Aptera with maximum diameter of SIPH pore
less than 0.06 mm. ANT III usually less than 1.25 × more than ANT IV+V
…..Eriosoma lanigerum
4
Wax pore plates (in immatures) comprising
groups of 6-20 large facets often including a few small clear areas. Alata
(=sexupara) with media of forewing once-branched (adult aptera not known)
…..Schizoneurata tissoti
–
Wax pore plates with more numerous small
facets. Alata (= spring migrant) with media of forewing unbranched
…..5
5
Fundatrix
with R IV+V longer than ANT BASE V. Spring migrant alata with pterostigma of
normal length, extending about one third of distance from base of Rs to tip
of wing, and with 0-4 rhinaria on ANT V
…..Prociphilus (Neoparacletus) corrugatans
–
Fundatrix with R IV+V shorter than ANT BASE V. Spring migrant alata with pterostigma elongate distally, extending about one half of distance from base of Rs to tip of wing, and with 3-11 rhinaria on ANT V
Cauda usually short, helmet-shaped or
triangular, shorter than or about as long as its basal width in dorsal view;
if tongue-shaped and up to 1.4 × its basal width then SIPH have rows of minute
nodules or spinules on closely-spaced imbrications
…..7
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width; sometimes less than 1.4 × longer, but then SIPH do not have closely-spaced rows of minute nodules/spinules
…..28
7
Dorsal cuticle of aptera (fundatrix) very
rough with numerous small denticulate or wart-like projections, and clothed
with numerous long, fine, curved hairs mostly over 60 µm long (fig. 42A).
Alata without a solid black dorsal abdominal patch, and with SIPH more than 2
× cauda
…..8
–
Dorsal cuticle of aptera (fundatrix or
subsequent generation) smooth, with fewer, shorter hairs (maximally 50 µm).
Alata usually with a solid black dorsal abdominal patch, or if without then
SIPH less than 2 × cauda
…..10
8
SIPH of
aptera (fundatrix) 0.25-0.28 mm long, 1.6-2.0 × ANT V BASE. Alata with 12-22
secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 6-11 on IV, 2-5 on V, and ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.6
…..Muscaphis mexicana
–
SIPH of
fundatrix 0.33-0.45 mm long, 2.2-3.0 × than ANT V BASE. Alata with 25-50
secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 15-33 on IV, 9-20 on V, and ANT PT/BASE
3.0-4.5
…..9
9
Cauda of fundatrix bluntly triangular (fig. 42B).
SIPH of fundatrix 4-5 × its minimum width, and that of alata 5-6 × its
minimum width
…..Muscaphis canadensis
–
Cauda of
fundatrix helmet-shaped, with a pointed apex (fig. 42C). SIPH of fundatrix
7-8 × its minimum width, and of that of alata 6.5-8.5 × its minimum width
…..Muscaphis stroyani
10
SIPH with
closely-spaced rows of imbrications bearing numerous small nodules or spinules
(fig. 42M)
…..11
–
SIPH
normally imbricated, the imbrications sometimes spinulose but not in regular closely-spaced
rows
…..16
11
Dorsum of aptera with a solid black
central sclerite covering ABD TERG 3-5, or 3-6, and transverse bars on more
posterior tergites
…..12
–
Dorsum of aptera with separate
transverse bars on ABD TERG 5-8, and with irregular broken sclerites on more
anterior tergites
…..14
12
Tibiae black. Aptera with dorsal patch extending
laterally to marginal sclerites, at least on ABD TERG 4-5
…..Nearctaphis clydesmithi
–
Tibiae mainly pale with black apices.
Aptera with dorsal patch not extending laterally to marginal sclerites
…..13
13
Alata
with a solid black patch on ABD TERG 3-5, partially fused with bar on 6
…..Nearctaphis nigrescens
–
Alata without a solid black dorsal patch, only with transverse bars or dashes on ABD TERG 5-8
…..Nearctaphis sclerosa
14
R IV+V 0.14-0.18 mm long, usually with 4
accessory hairs. Alata without a solid black dorsal abdominal patch
…..15
–
R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long, usually with 2
accessory hairs. Alata with a solid black patch covering ABD TERG 3-5, or 3-6
…..Nearctaphis bakeri
15
Head of aptera blackish-brown, and SIPH
darker than cauda. Alata has transverse dark bars on ABD TERG 6-8, or 7 and 8
…..Nearctaphis
crataegifoliae ssp. occidentalis
–
Head of aptera pale, and SIPH paler than
cauda. Alata with a complete transverse dark bar only on ABD TERG 8
…..Nearctaphis crataegifoliae ssp. crataegifoliae
16
Spinal tubercles usually present and well
developed on head, prothorax and all abdominal segments. SIPH of aptera pale
or dusky, less than 0.14 mm long
…..Dysaphis sorbiarum
–
Spinal tubercles only on head and ABD TERG
7-8, rarely on other segments. SIPH dark, more than 0.14 mm long
…..17
17
Spring
migrant alata (henceforth “s.m.a.”) with marginal tubercles present on ABD
TERG 7 in most specimens, frequently on both sides. Hairs on ABD TERG 8
usually 10-25 µm long
…..Dysaphis apiifolia ssp. petroselini
–
S.m.a. without marginal tubercles on ABD
TERG 7 in most specimens, and very rarely on both sides. Hairs on ABD TERG 8
30-70 µm long
…..18
18
S.m.a. with total number of secondary
rhinaria on both ANT V combined 7-35, or if 5-6 then a transverse dark bar is
present on ABD TERG 2
…..19
–
S.m.a. with usually only 0-5 secondary
rhinaria on both ANT V combined, rarely up to 6 or 7. ABD TERG 2 without a
dark bar
…..21
19
ABD TERG 1 and 2 of s.m.a. without dark
bars, at most they have small scattered circular scleroites
…..Dysaphis angelicae
–
ABD TERG 2, or both 1 and 2, of s.m.a. with
a transverse dark bar, sometimes partly broken into irregular sclerites
…..20
20
ANT III of s.m.a. with 44-75 secondary
rhinaria, ANT IV with 15-35 and ANT V with 3-19. R IV+V with 4-7 accessory
hairs
…..Dysaphis ranunculi
–
ANT III of s.m.a. with 37-47 secondary
rhinaria, ANT IV with 10-19 and ANT V with 2-6. R IV+V with 2-3 accessory
hairs
…..Dysaphis virgata
21
ANT III of s.m.a. usually with 74-125
secondary rhinaria per mm of length
…..22
–
ANT III of s.m.a. usually with 130-192
secondary rhinaria per mm of length
…..24
22
HT
I of s.m.a. with 3 hairs (medial sense peg present). R IV+V with 5-9
accessory hairs
…..Dysaphis
munire
–
HT I of s.m.a. with 2 hairs (medial sense peg
absent). R IV+V usually with 2-4 accessory hairs
…..23
23
R IV+V of s.m.a. 1.01-1.25 × HT II. Hairs on
ANT III blunt or weakly capitate, 9-21 µm long, those on ABD TERG 3 12-23 µm
long
…..Dysaphis incognita
–
R IV+V of s.m.a. 0.83-0.98 × HT II. Hairs
on ANT III mostly pointed, 20-29 µm long, those on ABD TERG 3 25-35 µm long
…..Dysaphis crataegi ssp. pallida
24
S.m.a. with hairs on ABD TERG 2 and 3
pointed, the longest 20-57 µm long, but rarely less than 25 µm
…..Dysaphis lauberti
–
S.m.a. with hairs on ABD TERG 2 and 3
blunt, the longest 9-29 µm, but rarely more than 25 µm
…..25
25
S.m.a. with SIPH 2.9-3.5 × their middle
diameter
…..Dysaphis crataegi ssp. heraclei
–
S.m.a. with SIPH 3.6-5.7 × their middle
diameter
…..26
26
S.m.a. with dorsal abdominal patch on ABD
TERG 3-6 interrupted by narrow gaps or lacunae between 3-4 and 4-5, as well
as 5-6 (fig.
42F). Anterior part of subgenital plate with 4-10 hairs
…..Dysaphis crataegi ssp. kunzei
–
S.m.a. with dorsal abdominal patch on ABD TERG 3-6 almost entire, except for a narrow central gap between 5 and 6 (fig. 42G). Anterior part of subgenital plate with 2-7 hairs
…..27
27
(Requires
large samples) Most s.m.a. with at least 1 antenna bearing 1 (or more)
secondary rhinaria on ANT V [mean number per antenna 0.53 (UK) – 1.1
(Russia)]
…..Dysaphis crataegi s. str.
–
Most s.m.a. without any secondary rhinaria
on ANT V of either antenna [mean number 0.32 per antenna (UK)]
…..Dysaphis crataegi ssp. aethusi
28
Antennal tubercles undeveloped or weakly
developed. SIPH of aptera dark or, if only dark at apex, then short (less
than 0.25 mm). Cauda and anal plate dusky to dark
…..29
–
Antennal tubercles moderately to well
developed. SIPH of aptera pale or dusky, or dark only at apices and then over
0.3 mm long
…..35
29
SIPH slightly swollen or cylindrical on at least basal 0.7 of length, narrowing only towards apex, and with a well-developed apical flange (e.g. fig. 42L). Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posteriodorsad of spiracle, and usually smaller at base than the spiracular opening (fig. 42H)
…..30
–
SIPH tapering from base to apex, and
flange only moderately developed. Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed
posterioventrad of spiracle and usually larger than spiracular aperture
…..32
30
Tibiae wholly dark
…..Rhopalosiphum nigrum
–
Tibiae mainly pale or dusky, sometimes
dark at apices
…..31
31
ANT PT/BASE
less than 2.0 in fundatrix, and less than 2.5 in subsequent generations
(apterae and spring migrant alatae). SIPH of alata usually less than 0.2 mm
long (fig. 42L)
…..Rhopalosiphum rufulum
–
ANT
PT/BASE more than 2.0 in fundatrix, and more than 2.5 in subsequent
generations. SIPH of alata usually more than 0.2 mm long
…..Rhopalosiphum
oxyacanthae (or sanguinarium – see text)
32
Aptera with
transverse bars on ABD TERG 7 and 8 and at least some dark spino-pleural
markings anterior to siphunculi. Alata with a series of dorsal abdominal
transverse bars
…..Aphis fabae
–
Aptera without any dark dorsal markings,
alata usually with only marginal abdominal sclerites anterior to siphunculi
…..32
33
Cauda of aptera paler than SIPH, without any
trace of a constriction, and bearing 4-8 hairs (fig. 121U)
…..Aphis gossypii
–
Cauda of aptera as dark as SIPH, with a slight constriction near its midpoint, and bearing 7-19 hairs (fig. 121T)
…..34
34
Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 2-4.
Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13).R IV+V more than 0.130 mm
…..Aphis pomi
–
Marginal tubercles absent from ABD TERG
2-4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V less than 0.125 mm
…..Aphis spiraecola
35
Aptera with
inner faces of antennal tubercles convergent in dorsal view (e.g. fig. 42I)
…..36
–
Aptera with inner faces of antennal
tubercles parallel or divergent in dorsal view (e.g. figs 42J, K)
…..41
36
SIPH slightly to moderately swollen over
distal 0.5 to 0.7 of length. ANT PT/BASE less than 5
…..37
–
SIPH tapering gradually from base to
flange. ANT PT/BASE more than 5
…..40
37
ANT PT/BASE 2.5 or less
…..Hyalomyzus sensoriatus
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 3.0
…..38
38
R IV+V less than 1.1 × HT II. Cauda with
6-11 hairs (usually 7). Alata with a black dorsal abdominal patch
…..Myzus persicae
–
R IV+V more than 1.1 × HT II. Cauda with
4-6 hairs. Alata without a black dorsal abdominal patch
….. 39
39
SIPH of
aptera moderately swollen, and only moderately imbricated (fig. 42N).
ANT PT less than 1.1 × ANT III. Alata with 40 or more secondary rhinaria on
ANT III
…..Hyalomyzus eriobotryae
–
SIPH of aptera only slightly swollen, and coarsely imbricated (fig. 42O, as tissoti). ANT PT more than 1.2 × ANT III. Alata with 11-25 (-39) secondary rhinaria on ANT III
…..Hyalomyzus jussiaeae
40
Spring migrant alata with 60-83 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 36-52 on IV and 13-22 on V
…..Ovatus insitus
–
Spring
migrant alata with 22-49 rhinaria on ANT III, 5-20 on IV and 0-10 on V
…..Ovatus
crategarius
41
SIPH with a subapical
zone of polygonal reticulation (fig. 121C).
Longest hairs on ANT III more
than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment
…..42
–
SIPH without any polygonal reticulation.
Hairs on ANT III all less than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment
…..43
42
Alata with ANT c.1.75 × BL, and with ANT III
bearing 30-34 rhinaria. (Aptera are undescribed)
…..Macrosiphum
nevskyanum*
–
Alata with
ANT less than 1.5 × BL, and ANT III with 12-21 rhinaria
…..Macrosiphum
euphorbiae
43
SIPH swollen on about distal 0.5 of length (fig. 42P).
Alata without dark dorsal abdominal markings
…..Utamphorophora crataegi
–
SIPH tapering, cylindrical or only
slightly swollen subapically (e.g. fig. 42Q). Alata with dark dorsal
abdominal markings
…..44
44
SIPH more than 2 × cauda, and in aptera
often dark-tipped (fig. 121K).
Dorsal abdomen of alata with transverse dark bars
…..Aulacorthum solani
–
SIPH less
than 2 × cauda, not dark-tipped in aptera (fig. 42Q).
Dorsal abdomen of alata with an almost solid dark patch across ABD TERG 4-5
or 3-5
R
IV+V 1.45-1.85 × HT II. Coxae pale like basal parts of femora
…..Uroleucon picridis
–
R IV+V
0.84-1.35 × HT II. Coxae dusky or dark, darker than the basal parts of femora
…..10
10
R IV+V 0.84-1.08 × HT II (rarely more than 1).
Cauda with 14-24 hairs (usually about 17)
…..Uroleucon
hypochoeridis
–
R IV+V 1.04-1.35 × HT II. Cauda with 18-33
hairs
…..Uroleucon
cichorii group (incl. grossum)
11
SIPH with pale basal part contrasting with dark
distal part
…..Uroleucon
erigeronense
–
SIPH entirely dark or only paler in middle
…..12
12
Coxae dark. SIPH often slightly paler in
middle. Dorsal hairs not arising from pigmented scleroites
…..Uroleucon
sonchi
–
Coxae pale. SIPH wholly dark. Dorsal hairs
with or without pigmented scleroites at bases
…..13
13
ANT III with rhinaria distributed over at
least 0.9 of length. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II
…..Uroleucon
murale
–
ANT III with rhinaria on basal 0.5-0.7. R IV+V
1.05-2.2 × HT II
…..14
14
SIPH 1.7-2.1 × cauda. R IV+V 1.9-2.2 × HT II
…..Uroleucon
adenocaulonae
–
SIPH
1.1-1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.45 × HT II
…..15
15
HT II rather long and thin, 6 or more ×
longer than its maximum thickness and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V
…..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
–
HT II less than 5 × its maximum thickness and 0.70-0.85 × R IV+V
…..Uroleucon ambrosiae
16
Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal
width. SIPH conical or tapering, with a subapical annular incision
…..17
–
Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than
its basal width. SIPH varying, if tapering then without a subapical annular
incision
…..18
17
Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black
shield. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm. SIPH
dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda
……Brachycaudus cardui
–
Dorsal abdomen without a black
shield. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm. SIPH
pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda
……Brachycaudus helichrysi
18
Head spiculose both dorsally and ventrally, with
spiculose or scabrous, almost parallel or apically convergent ANT tubercles
Head not spiculose, or only spiculose on ventral
side. ANT tubercles undeveloped, or if developed then with inner faces almost
smooth, and divergent
…..19
19
ANT III with 1-40 rhinaria; if a small number
then they are on basal half only. ANT tubercles moderately to well developed,
projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7
without marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..20
–
ANT III usually without rhinaria, if with 0-4 then these are distributed over its length. ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with MTu
…..25
20
SIPH clavate, swollen to at least 1.2 of minimum
diameter on basal half
…..21
–
SIPH tapering, cylindrical or only slightly
swollen towards apex
…..23
21
SIPH pale. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. (Al.
with a dark trapezoid dorsal abdominal patch)
…..Hyperomyzus
lactucae
–
SIPH dusky or dark at least on distal part. R
IV+V 1.05-1.7 × HT II. (Al. without a dark dorsal abdominal patch)
…..22
22
R IV+V 1.05-1.25 × HT II. SIPH lightly
imbricated, 2.0-2.4 × cauda, with maximum diameter of swollen part 1.3-1.5 ×
minimum diameter on basal half
…..Hyperomyzus sandilandica
–
R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. SIPH smooth, 1.5-1.65 ×
cauda, with maximum width of swollen part 1.5-2.0 × minimum width on basal
half
…..Hyperomyzus
picridis
23
Thoracic spiracular apertures large and rounded,
much larger than abdominal ones. Dorsal abdomen with dark intersegmental
markings. Hairs on ANT III up to 0.7-1.1 × BD III
…..Nasonovia
ribisnigri
–
Thoracic spiracular apertures not unusually
large. Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental markings. Hairs on ANT III
very short, maximally c.0.25 × BD III
…..24
24
R IV+V 0.6-0.7 × HT II. SIPH 1.15-1.45 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon
crepidis*
–
R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II. SIPH 1.8-2.5 × cauda
…..Aulacorthum
palustre
25
ANT PT/BASE c. 1.0 or less
…..Aphis
(Protaphis) sp.
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.9
…..26
26
Tibiae entirely dark. Hairs on ANT III 1.7-3.3 ×
BD III
…..Aphis
seneciocrepiphaga*
–
Tibiae dark only distally. Hairs on ANT III
0.3-1.7 × BD III
…..27
27
Most or all ofABD TERG 2-5 usually with dome-shaped MTu. Posterior hair on hind trochanter blunt, 0.3-0.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hair on ANT III 0.25-0.55 × BD III. ANT III sometimes with up to 6 secondary rhinaria
…..Aphis crepidis
–
ABD TERG 2-5 rarely with MTu. Posterior hair on
hind trochanter pointed, 0.55-1.54 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture.
Longest hair on ANT III 0.47-0.8 × BD III. ANT III without secondary rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens)
SIPH black with a distal zone of polygonal
reticulation
…..Sitobion
nigrinectarium
–
SIPH pale or dark, if dark then without polygonal
reticulation
…..2
2
ANT VI BASE 0.25-0.4 mm, 1.8-2.3 × R IV+V.
SIPH very attenuate distally, with minimum diameter less than 0.25 × width of
cauda at midlength in dorsal view
…..Acyrthosiphon
pisum
–
ANT VI BASE less than 0.2mm, less than 1.5
× R IV+V. SIPH clavate, cylindrical or tapering but not attenuate and of
diameter more than 0.3 × width of cauda at midlength
Aptera and alata with very large
spine-like processes, 4 per segment, longer than the short, black, conical
SIPH which have a subapical ring of 4 hairs (fig. 43)
…..Eonaphis crotonis
–
Aptera
and alata without spine-like processes. SIPH tubular or tapering, longer than
basal width, without hairs
SIPH thick and dark with distal polygonal
reticulation, a very long pointed cauda, R IV+V about equal to HT II, and
dorsal hairs arising from tuberculate bases
ANT and legs almost wholly jet black, except for
base of ANT III and basal 0.1-0.2 of femora. ANT III with 20-34 rhinaria
…..Macrosiphoniella
papillata
–
ANT and legs are mainly dark, but basal parts of ANT IV and V are paler, as well as base of III, tibiae are usually paler in middle, and femora are pale on basal 0.4-0.6. ANT III with 34-51 rhinaria
ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly projecting process above cauda; in some species this is reduced to a small, warty, knob in the centre of ABD TERG 8, with 2 associated hairs
…..2
–
No supracaudal process, nor are there are 2
hairs on ABD TERG 8 close together and
associated with a warty knob
…..5
2
SIPH clavate; swollen on distal half to at least
1.2 × narrowest part of basal half
…..3
–
SIPH tapering or cylindrical, or with slight
subapical swelling
…..4
3
Supracaudal process longer than (1.2-1.5 ×)
cauda. SIPH coarsely imbricated and stout, less than 5 × longer than the
maximum width of the swollen part
…..Cavariella
salicicola
–
Supracaudal process almost always shorter
than (0.75-1.05 × cauda. SIPH weakly imbricated and more than 5 × longer than maximum width of
swollen part
…..Cavariella aegopodii
4
Femoral hairs numerous, long and fine,
longer than 0.5 × width of hind femur
…..Cavariella
oenanthi
–
Femoral hairs sparse, short and rigid,
shorter than 0.5 × width of hind femur
…..Cavariella
japonica
5
SIPH very small and flangeless; less than 0.5 ×
cauda and often not much longer (1.0-1.8 ×) than their diameter at midlength
Head smooth or slightly rugose with ANT
tubercles undeveloped. ANT PT/BASE 1.2-3.0. R IV+V 0.7-1.05 × HT II.SIPH dark (or pale in summer
dwarfs), and 0.9-1.4 × cauda
…..Hyadaphis
foeniculi
–
Head spiculose with ANT tubercles well developed.
ANT PT/BASE 2.8-5.1. R IV+V 0.9-1.7 × HT II. SIPH pale and 1.7-3.0 × cauda
…..8
8
SIPH strongly clavate, with swollen part
maximally 1.8-2.1 × minimum width on basal part, and with a subapical
constriction bearing 2-3 rows of tranverse striae below the well-developed
flange. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. Apex of ANT PT pointed
…..Amphorophora
cryptotaeniae
–
SIPH slightly clavate, with swollen part less
than 1.5 × minimum width of basal part, and without a distinct subapical
constriction. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II. Apex of ANT PT not fine-pointed
Head spiculose, with well-developed
scabrous ANT tubercles, their inner faces converging apically. SIPH slightly
to moderately clavate, about 2 × cauda
…..Myzus persicae
–
Head not spiculose, ANT tubercles undeveloped or
weakly developed. SIPH swollen and shorter than cauda, or tapering and longer
than cauda
…..2
2
SIPH pale or dusky-tipped, swollen and a
little shorter than cauda
…..Hyadaphis
coriandri
–
SIPH dark, tapering and longer than cauda
…..3
3
Dorsal abdomen without dark sclerotisation. Cauda
paler than SIPH
…..Aphis
gossypii
–
Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid
black sclerite centred on ABD TERG 4-5. Cauda and SIPH both dark
Couplets 2-5 are based on Nieto Nafría et al. (2012).
1
SIPH black, with 2-3 rows of transverse striae
subapically, or with a few closed polygonal cells, or if with more extensive
subapical polygonal reticulation then there is an extensive dark dorsal
shield. Head with moderately developed ANT tubercles, with divergent inner
faces, and a well developed (but lower) median tubercle
…..2
–
SIPH pale, dark or absent; if dark then there are
no subapical transverse striae and the ANT tubercles are weakly developed, or
there is more extensive polygonal reticulation but no extensive dark dorsal
shield
ANT I and I as dark as ANT III-VI. Dorsal abdomen
with an extensive solid dark shield. HT II at most 0.09 mm, 1.6-1.9 × R IV+V,
which bears 15-18 accessory hairs. Dorsal cephalic hairs 37-55 μm
…..Impatientinum
chiriquense*
–
ANT I and II much paler than ANT III-VI. Dorsal
abdomen without a solid dark shield. HT II at least 0.10 mm long, 1.4-1.6 × R
IV+V, which bears 19-33 accessory hairs. Dorsal cephalic hairs 27-37 μm
…..Impatientinum
paranaense
4
SIPH with an extensive, well-defined
reticulation; at least 6 rows extending over distal 0.25 of length. R IV+V
with less than 10 accessory hairs (based on 1 specimen)
…..Impatientinum oaxacense*
–
SIPH with much less extensive and less
well-defined reticulation; at most 5 rows extending over distal 0.13 of
length. R IV+V with 10-22 accessory hairs
…..5
5
Femora withdistal parts dark, nearly as dark as tarsi and distal parts of tibiae. BL
3.64-4.75 × longer than SIPH. R IV+V with 17-22 accessory hairs. First tarsal
segments mostly with 4 or 5 hairs
…..Impatientinum
holmani*
–
Femora pale. BL 4.50-5.50 × longer than SIPH. R
IV+V with 10-18 accessory hairs. First tarsal segments mostly with 3, rarely
4, hairs
Cupressus has
a small but diverse aphid fauna, with no evidence of host specificity at the
species level. The only possible confusion is between the Cinara
species, which are all in the subgenus Cupressobium.
ANT PT/BASE
more than 0.5. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Cauda broadly
rounded
…..4
2
ANT PT/BASE
about 1.0. SIPH pores on very small, shallow cones (fig. 44A)
…..Siphonatrophia cupressi
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 1.3. SIPH tubular,
longer than basal width
…..3
3
Body spindle-shaped, without dark dorsal
markings. SIPH long and markedly swollen on distal half
…..Illinoia morrisoni
–
Body oval, dorsal abdomen with an extensive
black patch in aptera and transverse bars in alata. SIPH tapering from base
to flange
…..Aphis craccivora
4
Rostrum much longer than body
…..Stomaphis cupressi
–
Rostrum much shorter than body
…..5
5
Femora pale, and tibiae wholly pale or dark
only at apices (sometimes very localised pigmentation at tibio-femoral
joints)
…..6
–
Distal parts of femora and bases of tibiae
dusky or dark
…..7
6
BL often more than 2.4 mm. Aptera with dark
sclerites on thorax and ABD TERG 8. Apices of tibiae dark. ANT VI BASE with
8-14 hairs
…..Cinara tujafilina
–
BL less than 2.4 mm. Aptera without dark
dorsal sclerites. Apices of tibiae pale or dusky. ANT VI BASE with 5-6 hairs
…..Cinara louisianensis
7
ANT VI BASE with 4-6 (-7) hairs restricted
to basal half (fig.
44B). R IV with 2-4 accessory hairs. Length of sclerotised part of stylet
groove 0.9-1.2 mm. Alata with 1-6 rhinaria restricted to distal half of ANT
III
…..Cinara cupressi
–
ANT
VI BASE with 7-12 hairs not restricted to basal half (fig. 44C). R
IV with 5-7 accessory hairs. Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove
1.3-1.6 mm. Alata with 6-11 rhinaria extending over most of ANT III
ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed.
ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..2
–
ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7
without MTu
…..7
2
ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.0. SIPH very short,
hardly longer than their basal widths, and about equal in length to the
short, broadly conical cauda, which is about as long as its basal width
…..Brachyunguis
cuscutae*
–
ANT
PT/BASE 1.3-3.0. SIPH clearly longer than their basal widths, 0.9-2.8 ×
cauda, which is tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width
…..3
3
Dorsum with an extensive black shield
…..Aphis
craccivora
–
Dorsum without an extensive black shield
…..4
4
Cauda as dark as SIPH, with 9-18 hairs
…..5
–
Cauda paler than SIPH , with 4-9 hairs
…..6
5
R
IV+V 0.9-1.3 × HT II. Marginal tubercles infrequent on ABD TERG 2-4
…..Aphis
fabae
–
R IV+V 1.35-1.7 × HT II. Marginal tubercles
frequently present on ABD TERG 2-4
…..Aphis
hederae
6
SIPH 0.9-2.5 × cauda, which bears 4-8 hairs
(usually 5-6). No postsiphuncular sclerite. Longest hair on ANT III 0.4-0.8 ×
BD III
…..Aphis
gossypii
–
SIPH 2.5-2.9 × cauda, which bears 6-9 hairs
(usually 7-8). SIPH with a dark sclerotic area just posterior to the base.
Longest hair on ANT III 0.8-1.0 × BD III
…..Aphis
cuscutae
7
Head
spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles apically convergent. SIPH mainly pale and slightly clavate
…..Myzus
persicae
–
Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles
divergent. SIPH dark at least on distal half and cylindrical/tapering
…..8
8
SIPH wholly dark, contrasting with and distinctly
longer than the pale cauda. SIPH with
polygonal reticulation on distal 0.11-0.16 of length
…..Macrosiphum cuscutae
–
SIPH pale on about basal third, not longer
than cauda, which is black. SIPH without distal polygonal reticulation
R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm long,
narrow and pointed, with R V elongated, so that most distal primary hairs are
placed 0.04 mm or more from apex. ANT and legs with long, fine-pointed hairs.
SIPH dark, 0.6-1.15 X R IV+V, and 1.2-2.0(-2.4) x longer than the short dark
triangular cauda
Body dorsoventrally flattened, almost circular, wholly sclerotic with
a distinct crenulate margin. Head with a pair of anteriorly directed horns.
SIPH as pores
….. Cerataphis brasiliensis
–
Body oval, of normal aphid form. Head without horns. SIPH tubular
[See
Blackman & Eastop (2000) for a key to the more common aphids on Quince.
Distinguishing characters of apterae of Watabura
nishiyae are presumed, as this species is only known from alate
sexuparae.]
1
ANT PT/BASE less than 1.
SIPH absent, pore-like or as pigmented hairy cones
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 1.
SIPH tubular
…..7
2
SIPH in form of large
pores on large pigmented cones bearing numerous hairs. Abdomen with a double row of large dark spinal tubercles
…..Pterochloroides persicae
–
SIPH pore-like surrounded by a single ring of hairs, or absent. No
dark spinal tubercles
…..3
3
SIPH absent. R IV+ V
shorter than HT II
…..Watabura nishiyae (a Prociphilus sp.?)*
–
SIPH present as pores
with partially sclerotized rims. R IV+V longer than HT II
…..4
4
Distinct dorsal abdominal wax pore plates present, consisting of
groups of cells each enclosing a very small, narrow or subdivided central
area (on roots, trunk or branches)
…..Eriosoma lanigerum
–
Dorsal abdominal wax pore
plates absent or present, if present then each consists of a ring of cells
around a large central undivided area (on roots only)
…..5
5
BL 2.0-2.7 mm. R IV+V
0.22-0.25 mm. (Cauda with 2-4 hairs)
…..Eriosoma lanuginosum
–
BL 1.0-1.9 mm. R IV+V
0.10-0.18 mm
…..6
6
BL 1.0-1.3 mm. R IV+V
0.10-0.12 mm. Cauda with 2-4 hairs
…..Eriosoma flavum
–
BL 1.3-1.9 mm. R IV+V
0.12-0.18 mm. Cauda with 5 or more hairs
…..Eriosoma pyricola
7
ANT tubercles undeveloped
or weakly developed
…..8
–
ANT tubercles
well-developed
…..20
8
SIPH short, with closely
spaced rows of spinules or nodules
…..9
–
SIPH longer, with
sparser, normal imbrication, or if short then smooth
…..11
9
Cauda broadly rounded,
much shorter than its basal width. Most segments with paired spinal tubercles
(STu). (Leaf galls containing fundatrix and emigrant alatae only)
……Anuraphis farfarae
–
Cauda 0.6-1.3 times as
long as its basal width. STu absent. (Not forming leaf galls)
…..10
10
SIPH 0.8-1.1 × cauda, which is 1.0-1.3 × its basal width and bears 6-7 hairs. R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long, and usually with 2 accessory hairs. (Al. with a solid black dorsal
…..Nearctaphis bakeri
–
SIPH 1.1-1.6 × cauda, which is 0.6-1.0 × its basal width, and bears 8-12 hairs. R IV+V 0.14-0.18 mm long, and usually with 4 accessory hairs. (Al. without a solid black dorsal
…..Nearctaphis crataegifoliae
11
Cauda short and broad,
helmet-shaped
……12
–
Cauda tongue-shaped,
clearly longer than its basal width in dorsal view
…..15
12
SIPH pale, smooth,
truncate, less than 1.4 × cauda
…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–
SIPH dark, imbricated, tapering, more
than 1.5 × cauda
…..13
13
Dorsum covered with an
extensive black shield, extending to marginal sclerites. Spinal tubercles
(STu) absent from head, rarely present on ABD TERG 8 only
…..Brachycaudus persicae
–
Dorsum without an extensive black shield. STu usually present on head and ABD TERG 7-8
…..14
14
SIPH 0.14-0.20 × BL. ANT
PT/BASE 3.6-5.7
…..Dysaphis plantaginea
–
SIPH 0.07-0.12 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.2-3.2
…..Dysaphis pyri
15
SIPH cylindrical over
much of length, slightly swollen distally, with a constriction just proximal to flange
…..Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
–
SIPH tapering from base
to flange
….16
16
Dorsal abdomen with an
extensive black patch
…..Aphis craccivora
–
Dorsal abdomen
unpigmented or with only scattered dark markings
…..17
17
ANT PT/BASE more than 3.5. Stridulatory apparatus present, consisting of ventrolateral ridges on abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a row of peg-like hairs on each hind tibia
……Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–
ANT PT/BASE less than
3.5. No stridulatory apparatus
…..18
18
Cauda paler than SIPH,
with usually 4-8 hairs (usually 5-6)
……Aphis gossypii
–
Cauda and SIPH both dark,
and cauda with 7-19 hairs
…..19
19
Marginal tubercles (MTu)
present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13). R IV+V
more than 130μm long
……Aphis pomi
–
MTu absent from ABD TERG
2-4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V less than 120μm long
……Aphis spiraecola
20
Head smooth, with inner
faces of ANT tubercles divergent. SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation
…..21
–
Head spiculose, withinner faces of ANT tubercles
parallel or convergent. SIPH without any polygonal reticulation
…..23
21
SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda with reticulation on distal 0.19-0.35 of length.
Hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III
…..Sitobion avenae
–
SIPH 1.7-2.4 × cauda with
reticulation on distal 0.1-0.2 of length, hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.1 × BD III
…..22
22
Head and SIPH dark. ANT
III with 10-35 rhinaria
…..Macrosiphum rosae
–
Head and SIPH pale. ANT III
with 1-10 rhinaria
…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
23
Inner faces of ANT
tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view. ANT III usually with 1-3
small rhinaria near base
…..Aulacorthum solani
–
Inner faces of ANT
tubercles convergent, or bearing scabrous rounded or finger-like processes.
ANT III without any rhinaria
…..24
24
Inner faces of ANT
tubercles bearing long, finger-like processes
…..Phorodon humuli
–
Inner faces of ANT tubercles without
finger-like processes
…..25
25
Dorsal abdomen with an intersegmental pattern of dark ornamentation. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8
…..Myzus ornatus
–
Dorsal abdomen without
any dark ornamentation. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-8
……26
26
SIPH slightly clavate.
ANT VI pale, with PT/BASE 2.8-4.5
…..Myzus persicae
–
SIPH tapering from base to flange. ANT
VI dark, with PT/BASE 5-8
…..27
27
Al. (spring emigrant)
with 60-83 rhinaria on ANT III, 36-42 on IV and 13-22 on V
…..Ovatus insitus
–
Al. (spring emigrant)
with 22-49 rhinaria on ANT III, 5-20 on IV and 0-10 on V
SIPH smooth, pale 0.8-2.0 × cauda. Head
smooth with ANT tubercles and median frontal tubercle undeveloped. Spiracular
apertures large and rounded
…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–
SIPH imbricated, dark at least towards apices, 2.4-3.3 × cauda. Head
with evident ANT tubercles and a scabrous median frontal tubercle. Spiracular
apertures small and reniform
Key
to apterae on Cymbidium and most
other orchid genera:-
(For
a key to the common aphids on cultivated orchids see Blackman & Eastop
2000)
1
Body dorso-ventrally flattened, almost circular, wholly sclerotic,
with a continuous marginal fringe of wax glands, and a pair of horns
projecting forward anteriorly (Fig.25a). SIPH as large round pores raised on shallow cones. Cauda knobbed,
anal plate bilobed
…..Cerataphis orchidearum
–
Body oval, not wholly
sclerotic, without marginal wax glands or horns. SIPH tubular, Cauda helmet-
or tongue-shaped, anal plate entire
…..2
2
SIPH wholly dark, with a
subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (sometimes only a few closed
polygonal cells)
…..3
–
SIPH pale or dark, but if
wholly dark then without any trace of subapical polygonal reticulation
…..8
3
Dorsal hairs long and
conspicuous, those on anterior ABD TERG 1.0-1.8 × ANT BD III. Longest hair on
ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III. SIPH 1.1-1.33 × cauda, and only reticulated on less
than 0.14 of length. ABD TERG 1-5 usually with dark sclerotisation extending
to margins
…..4
–
Anterior dorsal abdominal
and ANT hairs very short and inconspicuous, less than 0.4 × BD III. SIPH
1.4-2.3 × cauda, and reticulated on distal 0.2 or more of length. ABD TERG
1-5 either unsclerotised or with a central dark patch not extending to
margins
…..5
4
First
tarsal segments with 4 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.0 × BD III
…..Sitobion pseudoluteum*
–
First
tarsal segments usually with 3 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-0.7 × BD
III
…..Sitobion orchidacearum
5
Abdominal tergum
membranous. SIPH 1.9-2.3 × cauda
…..6
–
Abdominal tergum with a
dark patch. SIPH 1.4-2.0 × cauda
…..7
6
ANT shorter than BL, and
pale except for apices of segments III-V and PT. ANT PT/BASE 3.9-6.2. Cauda
0.17-0.23 mm long, 1.2-1.6 × its basal width
…..Sitobion anselliae
–
ANT much longer than BL,
and dark except for I-II and base of III. ANT PT/BASE 6.2-8.0. Cauda
0.26-0.35 mm long, 1.6-2.0 × its basal width
…..Sitobion eulophiae
7
Cauda
with 6-8 hairs. Dorsal abdominal patch broadly oval with only small marginal
indentations (Fig.25b). ANT III slightly constricted at base in comparison to rhinariated
part
…..Sitobion luteum
–
Cauda
with 9-13 hairs. Dorsal abdominal patch very irregular in outline with large
intersegmental indentations (Fig.25c). ANT III as thick at base as at
rhinariated part
…..Sitobion indicum
8
Dorsum with a distinctive pattern of black markings, comprising paired
pleuro-spinal and marginal sclerites on prothorax, metanotum and ABD TERG
1-7, and a medial sclerite on ABD TERG 8 (Fig.25d). SIPH asymmetrically swollen on distal half
…..Neomyzus dendrobii
–
Dorsum without such a
pattern; if with any dark markings then SIPH are not swollen on distal half
…..9
9
Dorsal abdomenwith a solid dark oval sclerite
centred on ABD TERG 2-4, otherwise pale except for thin cross band on ABD
TERG 8. SIPH black, cylindrical, slightly narrower at midlength. Head densely
spiculose, with well-developed ANT tubercles.. ANT PT/BASE 2.9-3.3
…..?Micromyzus sp. on Dendrobium sulphureum, New Guinea
–
Without that combination
of characters; if dorsal abdomen has a central sclerite then it is broken in
midline and ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.3. SIPH and head various
…..10
10
Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its
basal width, with 4-5 hairs. R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II, similar in length to
SIPH
…..Dysaphis neostroyani
–
Cauda tongue-shaped,
longer than its basal width, with 4-24 hairs. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II, shorter
than SIPH
…..11
11
SIPH thick and cylindrical, c.0.8 × cauda.
ANT PT/BASE c.1.9. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..Aphis orchidis*
–
Without that combination;
either or both SIPH and ANT PT relatively longer. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with or
without MTu
…..12
12
SIPH and cauda both entirely black, the
latter without any midway constriction and bearing 11-24 hairs. Thorax and
ABD TERG 7 and 8 with dark cross-bands, and usually scattered small dark
markings also on ABD TERG 1-6. ANT tubercles weakly developed and ABD TERG 1
and 7 with MTu. No stridulatory apparatus
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.7. HT II
elongate, at least 0.5 × hind tibia
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than
0.75. HT II of normal length
…..4
2
SIPH absent. Apterae without dark dorsal markings. ANT VI shorter than ANT
V, with ANT PT/BASE 0.14-0.25
…..Trama troglodytes
–
SIPH
present as large pores on low pigmented cones. Most apterae alatiform, with
dark dorsal markings. ANT VI longer than ANTV, with ANT
PT/BASE 0.4-0.6
…..3
3
HT II0.72-0.87
× length of hind tibia. Hind tibia 5.0-6.4 × ANT IV. R IV with 8-12 accessory
(dorsal) hairs
….. Protrama radicis
–
HT II
0.59-0.70 × length of hind tibia. Hind tibia 6.5-9.2 × ANT IV. R IV with 6-8
accessory (dorsal) hairs
…..Protrama flavescens
4
Cauda short,
helmet-shaped or bluntly triangular, shorter than or not clearly longer than
its basal width in dorsal view
…..5
–
Cauda elongate triangular, tongue-or
finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width in dorsal view
…..9
5
ANT PT/BASE0.75-2.1.ABD TERG 1 and 7 with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu). Cauda
bluntly triangular with 10-20 hairs
…..6
–
ANT PT/BASE2.3-5.1. Cauda helmet-shaped, with
5-8 hairs. If ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu then these are also present on ABD
TERG 2-5
…..7
6
ANT PT/BASE 0.75-1.15,
and PT 0.5-0.8 × R IV+V
…..Protaphis terricola
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.1, and
PT 0.8-1.2 × R IV+V
…..Protaphis middletonii
7
Dorsal abdomen with an
extensive solid black patch. SIPH 0.10-0.15 × BL. Mesosternum with a pair of
dark mammariform processes
…..Brachycaudus cardui
–
Dorsal abdomen without a solid black
patch, at most with scattered dark markings. SIPH 0.05-0.10 × BL. Mesosternum
without mammariform processes
…..8
8
BL 0.9-2.0 mm. SIPH smooth,
short and broad-based, 1.5-2.0 × their diameter at midlength. Spinal and marginal tubercles
(STu and MTu) rare or absent
……Brachycaudus helichrysi
–
BL 2.1-3.0 mm. SIPH imbricated and about
3 × their diameter at midlength. Numerous well-developed STu and MTu present
…..Dysaphis lappae ssp. cynarae
9
Hairs on front of head
and dorsal body mostly capitate, often quite long and arising from
tuberculate bases
…..10
–
Hairs on front of head
and dorsal body not capitate
…..12
10
Dorsal abdomen with most
spinal hairs duplicated, not arranged in two clear longitudinal rows
…..Capitophorus horni
–
Dorsal abdomen with one pair of spinal hairs per segment,
forming a single longitudinal row on each side of mid-line
…..11
11
Cauda 1.4-2.3 × R IV+V,
and bearing 7-13 hairs. ANT PT 4.5-6.3 × R IV+V, and 6.0-9.2 × ANT BASE VI.
SIPH with dark apices
…..Capitophorus elaeagni
–
Cauda 1.1-1.5 × R IV+V, and bearing 5-8
hairs. ANT PT 3.1-4.4 × R IV+V, and 4.6-6.3 × ANT VI BASE. SIPH without dark
apices
…..Capitophorus carduinus
12
SIPH pale and markedly
clavate, with maximum diameter of swollen part 1.4-2.0 × minimum diameter on
basal half. Head smooth
…..Hyperomyzus lactucae
–
SIPH pale or dark; tapering,
cylindrical, or if clavate then head is spiculose
…..13
13
SIPH pale or dark, but if dark then without any subapical polygonal
reticulation
SIPH mainly or wholly
dark, and with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation
…..14
14
Cauda dark like SIPH
……15
–
Cauda pale, much paler
than SIPH
…..17
15
ANT III with 48-86 rhinaria extending over 0.85-0.92 of length of segment. Cauda with 10-22 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 usually without marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..Uroleucon compositae (or gobonis)
–
ANT III with 20-54
rhinaria on basal 0.35-0.68 (-0.88) of length. Cauda with 22-30 hairs. ABD
TERG 2-4 often with MTu
…..16
16
R IV+V 0.23-0.26 mm
long. ABD TERG 2-4 with MTu present that are often larger than adjacent
hair-bases. Tibiae usually slightly paler on middle part. Hind tibia without
a row of peg-like hairs on inner side
…..
Uroleucon aeneum
–
R IV+V 0.17-0.225 mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 with MTu
if present not larger than adjacent hair-bases. Tibiae usually entirely
black. Hind tibia with a row of very short and thick peg-like hairs on the
inner side
…..Uroleucon jaceae
17
Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 not placed on dark
scleroites. RVI+V 0.73-0.88 × HT II
…..Uroleucon sonchi
–
Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 all or mostly placed on dark scleroites. R IV+V 1.17-1.33 × HT II
Cauda helmet-shaped, not
longer than its basal width in dorsal view
…..2
–
Cauda tongue or
finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width
…..5
2
Dorsum without any dark
markings. SIPH 0.05-0.10 × BL
…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–
Dorsum with a dark shield
or extensive dark markings. SIPH 0.09-0.15 × BL
…..3
3
Broad, flat, pale marginal tubercles (MTu)
present onABD TERG 1-7, larger
than the spiracles and occupying almost the whole of the sclerites on which
they are placed. ABD TERG 7 often, and 6-8 sometimes, with spinal tubercles
(STu)
…..Brachycaudus bicolor
–
MTu irregularly present
on ABD TERG 2-4, sometimes also on 1 and/or 5, but never on 6 and 7, and
generally smaller than the spiracles. No STu
…..4
4
Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25 mm
…..Brachycaudus
lateralis
–
Longest hairs on hind
femur more than 25 mm
long
…..Brachycaudus cardui
5
ANT
tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..6
–
ANT
tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu
Cauda black with 11-25 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with transverse
dark bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and often with dark markings on more anterior
tergites
…..Aphis fabae
–
Cauda paler than SIPH,
with 4-11 hairs. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings, or with only narrow
bands on ABD TERG (7) – 8
…..9
9
SIPH usually rather pale,
darker at apices. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II
…..Aphis nasturtii
–
SIPH uniformly dark. R
IV+V 1.1-1.57 × HT II
…..10
10
Total
length of rostrum (measured from base of protractor apodeme) 0.43-0.60 mm, 0.27-0.36 × BL. (Al. with
1-4 rhinaria n ANT III)
…..Aphis symphyti
–
Total length of rostrum
0.34-0.49 mm, 0.22-0.28 × BL. (Al. usually with 0, rarely with 1-2, rhinaria
on ANT III)
SIPH tubular; tapering,
cylindrical or swollen, clearly longer than their basal widths
…..2
–
SIPH in form of short
truncate cones not clearly longer than their basal widths, or present merely
as pores, or completely absent
…..31
2
SIPH tapering to a point,
with aperture placed laterally. ANT 5-segmented, with PT/BASE less than 1
…..Acutosiphon obliquoris
–
SIPHcylindrical or swollen, with terminal aperture. ANT 5- or
6-segmented, with PT/BASE more or less than 1
…..3
3
Head flattened, with frontal area produced into a ledge extending over
ANT bases. SIPH stout, very scabrous, swollen over most of length and very
strongly constricted before apex; width in middle 60-95 mm, 0.22-0.26 × length and 3.4-5.4 × width of subapical constriction
…..Vesiculaphis caricis
–
Head not flattened or
extended forward over ANT bases. SIPH scabrous, imbricated or smooth, but if
scabrous, swollen and subapically constricted then the swollen part is less
than 2.5 × width of constriction
…..4
4
Head with inner sides of
ANT tubercles scabrous, or developed as rounded, scabrous or spiculose
processes
…..5
–
Head with ANT tubercles
absent, or weakly developed, or smooth and divergent
…..6
5
ANT 2.7-3.7 × head width across (and including) eyes. ANT III 2.3-2.6 × ANT V, and 2.9-4.0 × BASE VI. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II and bearing 4-5 accessory hairs
…..Carolinaiascirpi
–
ANT
2.1-2.5 × head width across eyes. ANT III 1.5-1.7 × ANT V, and 1.9-2.2 × BASE
VI. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II, and bearing 2 accessory hairs
…..Carolinaia javanica
6
ANT 5-segmented, bearing long hairs up to 4-5 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE
4.5-5.9, with PT usually curved. (When rarely 6-segmented then ANT PT 2.0-2.5
× ANT III)
…..Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
–
ANT 5- or 6-segmented,
but if 5-segmented then hairs are much shorter and/or ANT PT/BASE is less
than 3.6. ANT PT 0.9-2.0 × ANT III
…..7
7
SIPH scabrous dorsally
and with heavy, denticulate imbrication ventrally; swollen or thickened on
distal half and constricted subapically, so that maximum diameter of swollen
part is more than 1.7 × diameter of subapical constriction. Dorsal cuticle
sclerotic and strongly wrinkled or pitted
…..8
–
SIPH smooth or normally
imbricated, or heavily imbricated but with maximum diameter of distal half
less than 1.6 × diameter of subapical constriction. Dorsal cuticle sclerotic
or membranous
…..10
8
ANT 0.26-0.31 × BL, often 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.5
…..Carolinaia caricis
–
ANT usually 6-segmented,
0.4-0.55 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.6
…..9
9
Total length of rostrum 0.14-0.17 × BL. SIPH thick, 3.9-4.5 × maximum
diameter of swollen part and 3.7-4.8 × minimum diameter on basal half
…..Carolinaia cyperi
–
Total
length of rostrum 0.17-0.22 × BL. SIPH longer and thinner; 5.0-5.8 × maximum
diameter of swollen part and 6.5-7.3 × minimum diameter on basal half
…..Carolinaia corazonensis
10
Cauda
0.8-1.2 × ANT PT and bearing 12-21 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1-2
…..Melanaphis donacis
–
Cauda 0.25-0.7 × ANT PT and
bearing 4-13 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-6.3
…..11
11
ANT less than 0.5 × BL
…..12
–
ANT more than 0.5 × BL
…..13
12
Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. Dorsal hairs long; those on
ANT III about 2 × BD III. ANT III with 2-10 rhinaria near base. ANT PT/BASE
2.7-3.6
…..Ceruraphis eriophori
–
Dorsum pale, not
sclerotic. Hairs on ANT III less than 2 × BD III. ANT III without rhinaria.
ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8
…..Rhopalosiphum maidis
13
SIPH dark with a subapical zone of
polygonal reticulation
…..14
–
SIPH pale or dark,
without polygonal reticulation
…..18
14
Cauda black like SIPH
…..Sitobion graminis
–
Cauda pale or dusky, much
paler than SIPH
…..15
15
SIPH 2.5-3.1 × cauda, which has 5-6 hairs.
Dorsal abdomen with a sharply-defined almost oval black central patch
…..Sitobion hillerislambersi
–
SIPH 1.1-1.9 × cauda.
Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings, but without a sharply defined
central black patch
…..16
16
SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda. HT II 1.2 -1.6 × R IV+V
…..Sitobion avenae
–
SIPH 1.4-1.9 × cauda. HT II 1.0-1.3 × R
IV+V
……17
17
Dorsal abdominal pigmentation often
consisting of segmentally arranged and variably developed but well-defined
transverse black bars. Short-haired; longest hairs on ANT III less than 20
μm long
…..Sitobion africanum
–
Dorsal abdominal
pigmentation variably developed, ill-defined and not segmentally divided.
Longest hairs on ANT III more than 20μm long
…..Sitobion miscanthi
18
ANT III with 1-4 small rhinaria near base
(rarely one side has none). ANT tubercles well developed, extending forward
much further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH pale
…..19
–
ANT III without rhinaria.
ANT tubercles small or only moderately developed, not extending forward much
further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH dark or pale with dark
apices
…..20
19
ANT
witheach segment pale at base and
dusky/dark at apex (base of VI paler than apex of V). R IV+V 0.55-0.71 × HT
II. (Al. without dorsal abdominal pigmentation)
…..Metopolophium dirhodum
–
ANT
progressively darker from base to apex. R IV+V 0.71-0.90 × HT II. (Al. with dark dorsal abdominal
bars)
…..Metopolophium festucae
20
SIPH clavate. Dorsal cuticle ornamented
with a pattern of rounded bead-like spicules, arranged in polygons
…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–
SIPH tapering or somewhat
thickened distally, but not clavate. Dorsal cuticle smooth or variously
sculptured
…..21
21
SIPH black, swollen slightly on basal half
(calf-shaped), contrasting with long (0.16-0.26 mm) pale cauda, which bears 4 hairs on middle part
…..Hysteroneura setariae
–
SIPH pale with dark
apices or entirely dark; cylindrical or tapering without any swelling of
basal half. Cauda pale, dusky or dark, with 4-24 hairs
…..22
22
SIPH pale basally, dark towards apices
…..23
–
SIPH uniformly dark
…..25
23
SIPH 2.8-3.7 × longer than their width at
midlength. ANT with primary rhinaria
on ANT V much smaller than that on VI, its diameter 0.3-0.4 × width of
segment at that point. R IV+V 0.85-1.0 × HT II
…..Schizaphis minuta
–
SIPH 4.2-9.2 × longer than
their width at midlength. ANT with primary rhinarium on ANT V about the same
size as that on VI, its diameter more than 0.5 of width of segment at that
point. R IV+V 0.65-0.8 × HT II
…..24
24
SIPH
3.1-3.7 × HT II, 0.19-0.25 × BL and 1.67-2.25 × cauda
…..Schizaphis hypersiphonata
–
SIPH 1.8-2.9 × HT II, 0.11-0.19
× BL and 1.3-1.7 × cauda
…..Schizaphis graminum
25
SIPH cylindrical or slightly swollen on distal half, with a smooth
subapical constricted area before a well-developed flange. Dorsal cuticle
with a reticulate pattern of spicules arranged in polygons, each polygon
enclosing one or more additional spicules
…..Rhopalosiphum padi
–
SIPH tapering from base to
flange, without a subapical constriction. Dorsal cuticle with or without a
reticulate pattern but not as above
…..26
26
ANT III-VI dark except for basal part of
III. ANT PT/BASE 4.2-6.0. SIPH 1.6-3.3 × cauda. (Al. with media
once-branched)
…..27
–
ANT III and IV mainly
pale, V dark towards apex, VI mainly dark. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-4.0. SIPH 0.8-2.0
(-2.5) × cauda. (Al. with media twice-branched)
…..30
27
ABD
TERG 8 with 5-7 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.6-2.2 × BD III
…..Schizaphis sp. near acori (Japan, BMNH colln)
–
ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs.
Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-0.9 × BD III
…..28
28
SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda. Longest hairs on hind
femur shorter than trochantro-femoral suture. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 6-12,
IV 2-6, V 0-2)
…..Schizaphis rotundiventris
–
SIPH 1.6-2.4 × cauda.
Longest hairs on hind femur as long as or longer than trochantro-femoral
suture. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 15-29, IV 7-15, V 0-5)
…..29
29
ANT I and II dark like most of ANT flagellum, only base of ANT III
often pale. Cauda dark
…..Schizaphis pyri
–
ANT I and II pale like
base of ANT III. Cauda pale/dusky
…..Schizaphis piricola
30
Cauda black with 11-27 hairs. Dorsal
abdomen with black bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8. Longest hair on ANT III 0.8-3.4
× BD III
…..Aphis fabae
–
Cauda pale or dusky with
4-8 hairs. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Longest hair on ANT III 0.4-0.7
× BD III
….. Aphis gossypii
31
Eyes multifacetted. Distal part of cauda
developed as a knob
…..32
–
Eyes with only three
facets. Cauda broadly rounded, not developed
…..37
32
Dorsal hairs long and spine-like. Eyes with
an ocular tubercle. Anal plate either entire or with a shallow cleft
(emarginate)
…..33
–
Dorsal hairs mostly short
with pointed apices or fan- or mushroom-shaped, or if long then rod-shaped or
with expanded apices. Eyes protruding. and without an ocular tubercle
(triommatidium). Anal plate bilobed, with a deep cleft between the two lobes
…..34
33
Dorsal cuticle uniformly sclerotic, adorned
with small denticles or spinules between the hairs; intersegmental muscle
sclerites not evident
…..Sipha glyceriae
–
Dorsal cuticle not markedly
sclerotic nor adorned with denticles; often showing dark inter-segmental
muscle sclerites
…..Sipha flava
34
Fore and mid tibiae thickened at base,
forming a smooth sclerotic “patella” (clearly different from base of hind
tibia). SIPH stump-shaped, conical or raised pores
…..35
–
Fore and mid tibiae constricted at base like hind tibiae. SIPH as slightly raised pores
…..36
35
Head
pale.ABD TERG 8 with a pair of
large quadrate processes each bearing two long rod-shaped slightly capitate
hairs arising from tuberculate bases (Fig. 18k)
…..Saltusaphis scirpus group
–
Head dark.ABD TERG 8 with variably developed hair-bearing conical processes, not longer than their basal widths (Note: a more complete key to sedge-feeding Saltusaphidinae can be found under Carex.)
…..Nevskya fungifera
36
ANT III 0.35-0.5 × head width across (and
including) eyes. Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 very evenly rounded
(semi-circular)
…..Allaphis ossiannilssoni group
–
ANT III 0.95-1.25 × head width across eyes. Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 not very evenly rounded (Note: a more complete key to sedge-feeding Saltusaphidinae can be found under Carex.)
…..Allaphis cyperi group
37
Tarsi
1-segmented. SIPH present as small pigmented cones. Facetted wax glands
present
…..38
–
Tarsi 2-segmented. SIPH
absent. Anal plate enlarged and displaced dorsally. No facetted wax glands
…..40
38
R IV+V less than 0.15 mm, less than 1.8 ×
HT
…..Tetraneura fusiformis
–
R IV+V more than 0.15 mm
long, more than 1.8 × HT
…..39
39
Body and ANT with numerous hairs of varying
size and length
…..Tetraneura radicicola
–
Body and ANT hairs all
short, sparse and inconspicuous
…..Tetraneura africana
40
Primary rhinarium on ANT V with plain rim
…..41
–
Primary rhinarium on ANT
V with fimbriate rim
…..43
41
ANT II about twice as long as ANT I, and
nearly as long as ANT III. Anal plate displaced dorsally
…..Smynthurodes betae
–
ANT II only a little
longer than ANT I, and much shorter than ANT III. Anal plate in the normal
posterioventral position
…..42
42
Primary rhinarium on ANT BASE V very large,
transversely oblong and extending around segment, 4-5 × larger than primary
rhinarium on ANT IV
…..Forda formicaria
–
Primary rhinarium on ANT
BASE V almost circular and less than 2 × larger than that on ANT IV
SIPH only about twice as
long as wide, less than 0.7 × cauda
…..Aphis nigra*
–
SIPH 0.9-2.3 × cauda
…..2
2
Stridulatory apparatus present
(cuticular ridges of abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a row of peg-like hairs
on hind tibiae; fig. 122).
SIPH 0.9-1.3 × cauda, which bears 10-26 hairs. Apices of tibiae normal
…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–
No stridulatory
apparatus. SIPH more than 2 × cauda, which is about as long as its basal width, and bears c. 10 hairs. Apices of
tibiae with a rounded knob-like structure
Body with a complete
segmental series of long finger-like marginal processes. Cauda knobbed
…..2
–
Body without long
marginal processes. Cauda not knobbed
…..3
2
Dorsum with a complete series
of pairs of long finger-like spinal processes, like the marginal ones
…..Ctenocallis setosa
–
Dorsum without long
finger-like spinal processes
…..Ctenocallis dobrovljanskyi
3
Cauda helmet-shaped, not
longer than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH smooth, short, conical, with
a subapical annular incision
…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–
Cauda tongue- or
finger-shaped, much longer than its basal width. SIPH imbricated, tubular,
without a subapical annular incision
…..4
4
ANT tubercles undeveloped
or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH
dark
…..5
–
ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. SIPH pale or dark
…..9
5
Dorsal abdomen without any
dark reticulated sclerites. Cauda pale or dusky, usually paler than SIPH
…..Aphis gossypii
–
Dorsum usually with a black sclerotic shield, which under the
microscope has a distinct pale reticulation that follows the reticulate
sculpturing of the cuticle; sometimes this shield is reduced of fragmented
(especially in small specimens developing at higher temperatures), but there
are usually at least some small fragments showing a reticulate pattern. SIPH
and cauda both black
…..6
6
R IV+V more than 3 × longer than its basal width, and 1.2-1.3 × HT II
…..Aphis zweigelti
–
R IV+V less than 3 × longer than its basal width, and 0.9-1.3 × HT II
…..7
7
SIPH 0.9-1.2 (-1.3) × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.15 × HT II. Dorsal
pigmentation often reduced to small scattered sclerites
…..Aphis pseudocytisorum
–
SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda
(rarely less than 1.3). R IV+V 0.9-1.3 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen usually with a
dark shield, rarely with scattered small sclerites except in summer dwarfs
…..8
8
R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II
(mostly 0.9-1.05 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs
…..Aphis craccivora
– R IV+V 0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 X).
Anterior half of genital plate with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2)
…..Aphis cytisorum (incl. ssp. sarothamni)
9
Head spiculose with inner
faces of ANT tubercles steep-sided, almost parallel or apically convergent
Head smooth with inner
faces of ANT tubercles divergent
…..10
10
ANT VI BASE at least 2 × R
IV+V. SIPH very attenuate; thinner at midlength than hind tibia at its
midlength. Cauda very thick on basal half, but tapering distally almost to a
point; with 8-14 hairs
…..Acyrthosiphon pisum
–
ANT VI BASE less than 2 × R IV+V. SIPH as thick as or thicker than
hind tibia at their respective midlength points. Cauda tapering to a rounded
apex, and bearing 6-16 hairs