HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS

(in alphabetical order)

 

 

 

 

Cra-Cyt

 

Cracca

Crambe

Craspedia

Crassocephalum

Crassula

Crataegomespilus

Crataegus

Craterispermum

Crateva

Cratoneurum

Cratoxylum

Crepidiastrum

Crepis

Crinodendron

Crinum

Cristaria

Critesion

Crithmum

Critonia

Crocion

Crocosmia

Crocus

Cronartium

Croomia

Crossandra

Crossopteryx

Crossostephium

Crotalaria

Croton

Cruciata

Crupina

Cryosophila

Cryptocarya

Cryptocoryne

Cryptogramma

Cryptolepis

Cryptomeria

Cryptostegia

Cryptostemma

Cryptotaenia

Cucubalis

Cucumis

Cucurbita

Cudrania

Cullen

Cuminum

Cunninghamia

Cuphea

Cupressocyparis

Cupressus

Curculigo

Curcuma

Cuscuta

Cussonia

Cutandia

Cyamopsis

Cyanotis

Cyanus

Cyathea

Cyathula

Cycas

Cyclamen

Cyclobalanopsis

Cycloloma

Cyclophorus

Cyclosorus

Cyclospermum

Cydonia

Cylactis

Cymbalaria

Cymbaria

Cymbidium

Cymbopogon

Cymboseris

Cynanchum

Cynara

Cynodon

Cynoglossum

Cynoglottis

Cynometra

Cynosurus

Cynura

Cypella

Cyperorchis

Cyperus

Cyphomandra

Cyphostemma

Cypripedium

Cyrilla

Cyrtanthus

Cyrtococcum

Cyrtomium

Cyrtopodium

Cyrtospadix

Cyrtosperma

Cystopteris

Cystostemon

Cytisophyllum

Cytisus

 

Cracca                                                          Fabaceae

      Cracca ambigua = Tephrosia florida

       C. spicata = Tephrosia spicata

          C. totta                                           Aphis craccivora

 

Crambe                                                        Brassicaceae

      Crambe abyssinica = C. hispanica ssp. abyssinica

       C. cordifolia (ssp. kotschyana)          Lipaphis erysimi                                                                 

       C. hispanica (incl. ssp.                     Lipaphis erysimi; Myzus persicae

                                abyssinica)

       C. maritima                                   Brevicoryne brassicae;

                                                              [Lipaphis hedickei Börner 1951 – nomen nudum]

       C. orientalis                                   Brevicoryne brassicae, crambe, nigrisiphunculata

       C. tatarica                                      Brevicoryne crambe, nigrisiphunculata

Key to apterae on Crambe:-

1     ANT tubercles, and also ANT I and II, scabrous. ANT III 0.7-1.7 × SIPH, which are 1.2-2.5 × cauda                                                                                                                              …..2

-      ANT tubercles, ANT I and II fairly smooth. ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH, which are 0.65-1.0 × cauda                                                                                                                                 …..3

2     ANT tubercles low, with median tubercle developed to similar extent. SIPH 1.2-1.6 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7                                                                             …..Lipaphis erysimi

-      ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces convergent apically; median tubercle much lower. SIPH 1.9-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5                               …..Myzus persicae

3     Cauda as dark as SIPH and broadly triangular, hardly as long as its basal width in dorsal view. Paired spinal and pleural dark sclerites often present on ABD TERG 1-7. Dorsal hairs pointed                                                                                             …..Brevicoryne brassicae

-      cauda pale or dusky and tongue-shaped or elongate triangular, clearly longer than its basal width. ABD TERG 1-7 usually without dark markings (except intersegmental muscle sclerites). Dorsal hairs short and fan-shaped, or long with blunt or slightly expanded apices

                                                                                                                                                  …..4

4     SIPH jet black, 0.65-0.8 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.7.  Dorsal hairs up to 2-2.5 × BD III, with blunt or slightly capitate apices                                   …..Brevicoryne nigrisiphunculata

-      SIPH dark but not jet black, 0.8-1.2 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.2-1.5.  Dorsal hairs

       fan-shaped or spatulate, maximally about as long as BD III              …..Brevicoryne crambe

 

Craspedia                                                     Asteraceae

      Craspedia ?chrysantha                 Aphis sp. (Australia, BMNH collection)

 

Crassocephalum                                          Asteraceae

      Crassocephalum biafrae = Solanecio biafrae                            

       C. bumbense = C. montuosum          

       C. crepidioides                               Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

                                                              [Myzus pileae]; Neomyzus circumflexus

       C. guineense                                  Aphis gossypii

       C. mannii = Solanecio mannii             

       C. montuosum                              Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus;

                                                              Sitobion autriquei; Uroleucon compositae

       C. rubens                                       Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

                                                              Myzus ornatus; Myzus persicae; Uroleucon compositae

       C. vitellinum                                  Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

                                                              Myzus ornatus, persicae; Uroleucon compositae

Key to apterae on Crassocephalum:-

-      Dorsum with an extensive dark shield, continuous over ABD TERG 1-6. ANT III with 1-7 rhinaria. SIPH black with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.12-0.19 of length. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs                                                                        …..Sitobion autriquei

-      Without this combination of characters                           …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

 

Crassula                                                       Crassulaceae

      Crassula coccinea                         Brachycaudus cardui; Neomyzus circumflexus

       C. cultrata                                      Myzus persicae

       C. falcata = C. perfoliata var. falcata

       C. moschata                                  Myzus ascalonicus

       C. multicava                                  Myzus persicae

       C. perfoliata (incl. var. falcata)          Aphis fabae, gossypii

       C. perfossa = C. perfoliata

       C. portulacea                                 Aphis gossypii

       Crassula sp.                                   Aphis craccivora,[nerii], sedi; Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Crassula:-

1     SIPH pale or only dark at apices                                     …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

-      SIPH entirely dark                                                                                                            …..2

2     Dorsum with an extensive dark shield                                                                              …..3

-      Dorsum without extensive dark sclerotisation                                                                  …..4

3     Cauda helmet-shaped. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH with a subapical annular incision                                                                                  …..Brachycaudus cardui

-      Without that combination of characters                                                   …..Aphis craccivora

4     Cauda black with 11-24 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and some dark markings anterior to SIPH. Femora with many fine hairs longer than trochantro-femoral suture                                                                                 …..Aphis fabae

-      Cauda pale or dark with 4-8 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with or without dusky cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH. Femoral hairs all much shorter than trochantro-femoral suture                                                                    …..5

5     ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.3. SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda, which bears 4-6 hairs and is usually rather dark, only a little paler than SIPH                                                                      …..Aphis sedi

-      ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2. SIPH 1.3-2.5 × cauda, which bears 4-8 hairs and is usually pale/dusky, markedly paler than SIPH                                                         …..Aphis gossypii

 

×Crataegomespilus                                                        Rosaceae

       ×Crataegomespilus dardari                         Bronvaux Medlar

                                                              Dysaphis angelicae, apiifolia ssp. petroselini, lauberti,

                                                                   ranunculi

Use key to aphids on Crataegus.

 

 

Crataegus             Hawthorns, May Trees          Rosaceae

 

Numerous aphids utilise species of Crataegus as their primary hosts, so that the only morphs occurring are the fundatrix and her progeny in spring (often causing leaf deformation or galling) and the return migrants and sexuales in autumn. The key that follows the host list is applicable as indicated to the spring generations of such species, but cannot be used for the autumn presexual and sexual generations. Couplets 17-27 are based on the intensive work of Stroyan (1958) and the key to Dysaphis on Crataegus by Shaposhnikov & Marolev (1978); the species-level taxonomy of the genus Dysaphis is particularly difficult, and a series of specimens from a population will need to be examined before much reliance can be placed on any species determination. This part of the key only applies to alate spring migrants, but details of the appearance of the gall and the fundatrix in life (see next section), together with the species of Crataegus colonised, may help to confirm the identification.

 

Host plant records for Crataegus aphids:-

       Crataegus acclivis                         Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. alemanniensis                           Aphis pomi; Dysaphis crataegi; Prociphilus (Stagona) pini;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. almaatensis                               Aphis pomi; Ovatus insitus; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. altaica                                       Aphis pomi, spiraecola;

                                                              Dysaphis crataegi, crataegi ssp. pallida, lauberti,

                                                                  munire, ranunculi, sorbiarum;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus; Prociphilus (Stagona) pini;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. aronia                                       Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Ovatus crataegarius

       C. azarolus                                    Aphis pomi, spiraecola;

                                                              Dysaphis apiifolia ssp. petroselini, crataegi;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius

       C. brainerdii                                  Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. bretschneideri = C. pinnatifida ssp. major

       C. calpodendron                            Aphis pomi

       C. calycina                                     Aphis pomi; Dysaphis angelicae

       C. canadensis                                Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. carrierei = C. ×lavallei

       C. champlainensis = C. submollis

       C. chlorosarca                               Aphis pomi; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. clara                                          Hyalomyzus eriobotryae

       C. coccinea                                    Aphis pomi; Eriosoma lanigerum;

                                                              Nearctaphis crataegifoliae; Ovatus crataegarius;
                                                       Prociphilus (Neoparacletus) corrugatans;
                                                       Prociphilus (Stagona) pini; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. columbiana auct. = C. piperi      

       C. crusgalli                                    Aphis fabae, pomi; Eriosoma crataegi, lanigerum;

                                                              Hyalomyzus sensoriatus; Nearctaphis clydesmithi;
                                                       Prociphilus (Neoparacletus) corrugatans;
                                                       Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae; Utamphorophora crataegi

       C. cuneata                                     Aphis spiraecola; Eriosoma lanigerum;

                                                              [Ovatus malisuctus];
                                                       Prociphilus (Stagona) crataegicola, pini;
                                                       Rhopalosiphum ?oxyacanthae, [padi]

       C. curvisepala                                Aphis pomi; Dysaphis crataegi, incognita;

                                                              Prociphilus (Stagona) pini; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. dahurica                                   Aphis pomi, spiraecola

       C. douglasii                                   Aphis pomi; Dysaphis crataegi; Ericaphis gentneri;
                                                       Eriosoma lanigerum;
[Myzodium mimulicola];

                                                              Nearctaphis bakeri, sclerosa;

                                                              Prociphilus (Stagona) pini

       C. hissarica                                    Aphis pomi; Dysaphis sorbiarum;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus

       C. holmesiana var. amicta           Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. intricata                                     Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. korolkowii                                 Aphis pomi, spiraecola;

                                                              Dysaphis crataegi, crataegi ssp. pallens, incognita,

                                                                  munirae

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. laevigata                                    Aphis fabae, pomi, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani;

                                                              Dysaphis angelicae, crataegi, lauberti, ranunculi;

                                                              Ericaphis gentneri; Eriosoma lanigerum,[lanuginosum];

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Nearctaphis crataegifoliae;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus; Prociphilus (Stagona) pini;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. ×lambertiana                            Dysaphis ranunculi; Prociphilus (Stagona) pini;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. ×langei                                      Dysaphis crataegi

       C. ×lavallei                                    Ericaphis gentneri; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae;

                                                              Utamphorophora crataegi

       C. lucida                                        Aphis pomi

       C. macrocantha                            Aphis pomi; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. macrosperma                            Aphis spiraecola

       C. maximowiczii                            Aphis pomi, spiraecola; Muscaphis stroyani;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus, [malisuctus];

                                                              [Prociphilus kuwanai]; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. mexicana = C. pubescens

       C. mollis                                        Aphis pomi; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. monogyna                                 Aphis fabae, gossypii, pomi, spiraecola;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani;
 
                                                      Dysaphis angelicae, apiifolia ssp. petroselini, [bonomii],

                                                                   crataegi, lauberti, [plantaginea], ranunculi;

                                                              Macrosiphum nevskyanum;
                                                       Ovatus crataegarius, insitus; Prociphilus (Stagona) pini;
                                                       Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae, [padi], rufulum

       C. nigra                                         Aphis pomi

       C. orientalis                                   Aphis pomi; Dysaphis crataegi ssp. heraclei, virgata;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius

       C. oxyacantha = C. laevigata   

       C. palmstruchii = C. laevigata   

       C. pedicellata = C. coccinea   

       C. pentagyna                                 Aphis pomi; Dysaphis angelicae, lauberti                          

       C. phaenopyrum                           Aphis pomi; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. pinnatifida (incl. var. major)         Aphis pomi, spiraecola; Muscaphis stroyani;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. piperi                                         Eriosoma lanigerum

       C. pontica                                      Aphis pomi;

                                                              Dysaphis crataegi, crataegi ssp. pallida, munire;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus

       C. praeformosa                             Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

       C. pringlei                                      Aphis pomi

       C. ×prunifolia                                Aphis pomi; Dysaphis crataegi;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. pseudoheterophylla                  Aphis pomi

       C. pubescens                                 Muscaphis mexicana;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae, sanguinarium

       C. punctata                                    Eriosoma lanigerum; Muscaphis stroyani; [Myzus ornatus];
                                                       Nearctaphis crataegifoliae

       C. rivularis                                     Aphis pomi; Eriosoma lanigerum; Nearctaphis bakeri

       C. rotundifolia                               Aphis pomi

       C. sanguinea                                 Aphis pomi; Dysaphis crataegi, ranunculi; Ovatus insitus;

                                                              Prociphilus (Stagona) pini 

       C. ×sinaica                                    Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Ovatus insitus

       C. songorica                                  Aphis pomi, spiraecola;

                                                              Dysaphis crataegi ssp. pallida, munirae;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus; Prociphilus (Stagona) pini;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. stevenii                                      Aphis pomi

       C. submollis                                   Aphis pomi; Dysaphis crategi, ranunculi;

                                                              Prociphilus (Stagona) pini; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

       C. succulenta                                 Aphis pomi; Nearctaphis crataegifoliae

       C. tanacetifolia                              Aphis pomi

       C. tomentosa                                 Aphis pomi; Eriosoma crataegi;

                                                              Prociphilus (Neoparacletus) corrugatans

       C. turkestanica                              Aphis craccivora, pomi;

                                                              Dysaphis crataegi, crataegi, ssp. pallida, munire;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus

       C. uniflora                                     Eriosoma lanigerum group; Hyalomyzus eriobotryae;
                                                       Schizoneurata tissoti; Utamphorophora crataegi

       C. vicana                                       Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

       C. viridis                                        Hyalomyzus sensoriatus

       Crataegus spp.                              [Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus];

                                                              Dysaphis [laserpitii], [ramani Das & Raychaudhuri 1983];
                                                       [Hyalomyzus collinsoniae]; Muscaphis canadensis;

                                                              [Myzodium mimulicola]; Nearctaphis nigrescens (?);

                                                              Prociphilus (Stagona) crataegistrobi;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum nigrum

 

Key to aphids on Crataegus:-

 

1     ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Antenna of alata with narrow, transversely elongate of annular secondary rhinaria                                                                                                              .....2

-     ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. Antenna of alata with oval or circular secondary rhinaria

                                                                                                                                                   .....6

 

2     SIPH pores present, their rims partly sclerotised. Wax gland pore plates usually consisting of a ring of large facets around an undivided or partially divided central area (fig. 47C)

 .....3

-     SIPH absent, at least in apterae. Wax gland pore plates with numerous small facets and no central area, or with a group of large facets including a few small separate clear areas

                                                                                                                                                   .....4

3     Aptera with greatest diameter of SIPH pore 0.08-0.16 mm. ANT III usually more than 1.25 × more than ANT IV+V                                                                          .....Eriosoma crataegi

-     Aptera with maximum diameter of SIPH pore less than 0.06 mm. ANT III usually less than 1.25 × more than ANT IV+V                                                              .....Eriosoma lanigerum

4     Wax pore plates (in immatures) comprising groups of 6-20 large facets often including a few small clear areas. Alata (=sexupara) with media of forewing once-branched (adult aptera not known)                                                                                                  .....Schizoneurata tissoti

-     Wax pore plates with more numerous small facets. Alata (= spring migrant) with media of forewing unbranched                                                                                                          .....5

5     Fundatrix with R IV+V longer than ANT BASE V. Spring migrant alata with pterostigma of normal length, extending about one third of distance from base of Rs to tip of wing, and with 0-4 rhinaria on ANT V

.....Prociphilus (Neoparacletus) corrugatans

-     Fundatrix with R IV+V shorter than ANT BASE V. Spring migrant alata with pterostigma elongate distally, extending about one half of distance from base of Rs to tip of wing, and with 3-11 rhinaria on ANT V

.....Prociphilus (Stagona) spp. (crataegicola, crataegistrobi, pini)

6     Cauda usually short, helmet-shaped or triangular, shorter than or about as long as its basal width in dorsal view; if tongue-shaped and up to 1.4 × its basal width then SIPH have rows of minute nodules or spinules on closely-spaced imbrications                                                .....7

-     Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width; sometimes less than

       1.4 × longer, but then SIPH do not have closely-spaced rows of minute nodules/spinules                                                                                                                                            .....28

 

7     Dorsal cuticle of aptera (fundatrix) very rough with numerous small denticulate or wart-like projections, and clothed with numerous long, fine, curved hairs mostly over 60 µm long (fig. 42A). Alata without a solid black dorsal abdominal patch, and with SIPH more than 2 × cauda                                                                                                                                   .....8

-     Dorsal cuticle of aptera (fundatrix or subsequent generation) smooth, with fewer, shorter hairs (maximally 50 µm). Alata usually with a solid black dorsal abdominal patch, or if without then SIPH less than 2 × cauda                                                                            .....10

8     SIPH of aptera (fundatrix) 0.25-0.28 mm long, 1.6-2.0 × ANT V BASE. Alata with 12-22 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 6-11 on IV, 2-5 on V, and ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.6

                                                                                                                    .....Muscaphis mexicana

-     SIPH of fundatrix 0.33-0.45 mm long, 2.2-3.0 × than ANT V BASE. Alata with 25-50 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 15-33 on IV, 9-20 on V, and ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.5

                                                                                                                                                   .....9

9     Cauda of fundatrix bluntly triangular (fig. 42B). SIPH of fundatrix 4-5 × its minimum width, and that of alata 5-6 × its minimum width                                        .....Muscaphis canadensis

-     Cauda of fundatrix helmet-shaped, with a pointed apex (fig. 42C). SIPH of fundatrix 7-8 × its minimum width, and of that of alata 6.5-8.5 × its minimum width

                                                                                                                      .....Muscaphis stroyani

10   SIPH with closely-spaced rows of imbrications bearing numerous small nodules or

       spinules (fig. 42M)                                                                                                            .....11

-     SIPH normally imbricated, the imbrications sometimes spinulose but not in regular

       closely-spaced rows                                                                                                          .....16

11   Dorsum of aptera with a solid black central sclerite covering ABD TERG 3-5, or 3-6, and transverse bars on more posterior tergites                                                                         .....12

-     Dorsum of aptera with separate transverse bars on ABD TERG 5-8, and with irregular broken sclerites on more anterior tergites                                                                                      .....14

12   Tibiae black. Aptera with dorsal patch extending laterally to marginal sclerites, at least on ABD TERG 4-5                                                                              .....Nearctaphis clydesmithi

-     Tibiae mainly pale with black apices. Aptera with dorsal patch not extending laterally to marginal sclerites                                                                                                               .....13

13   Alata with a solid black patch on ABD TERG 3-5, partially fused with bar on 6

                                                                                                                .....Nearctaphis nigrescens

 -    Alata without a solid black dorsal patch, only with transverse bars or dashes on ABD

       TERG 5-8                                                                                            .....Nearctaphis sclerosa

14   R IV+V 0.14-0.18 mm long, usually with 4 accessory hairs. Alata without a solid black dorsal abdominal patch                                                                                                     .....15

-     R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long, usually with 2 accessory hairs. Alata with a solid black patch covering ABD TERG 3-5, or 3-6                                                           .....Nearctaphis bakeri

15   Head of aptera blackish-brown, and SIPH darker than cauda. Alata has transverse dark bars on ABD TERG 6-8, or 7 and 8                             .....Nearctaphis crataegifoliae ssp. occidentalis

-     Head of aptera pale, and SIPH paler than cauda. Alata with a complete transverse dark bar only on ABD TERG 8                                  .....Nearctaphis crataegifoliae ssp. crataegifoliae

16   Spinal tubercles usually present and well developed on head, prothorax and all abdominal segments. SIPH of aptera pale or dusky, less than 0.14 mm long        .....Dysaphis sorbiarum

-     Spinal tubercles only on head and ABD TERG 7-8, rarely on other segments. SIPH dark, more than 0.14 mm long                                                                                                   .....17

17   Spring migrant alata (henceforth “s.m.a.”) with marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 7 in most specimens, frequently on both sides. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 usually 10-25 µm long

.....Dysaphis apiifolia ssp. petroselini

-     S.m.a. without marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 in most specimens, and very rarely on both sides. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 30-70 µm long                                                          .....18

18   S.m.a. with total number of secondary rhinaria on both ANT V combined 7-35, or if 5-6 then a transverse dark bar is present on ABD TERG 2                                                               .....19

-     S.m.a. with usually only 0-5 secondary rhinaria on both ANT V combined, rarely up to 6 or 7. ABD TERG 2 without a dark bar                                                                                 .....21

19   ABD TERG 1 and 2 of s.m.a. without dark bars, at most they have small scattered circular scleroites                                                                                                 .....Dysaphis angelicae

-     ABD TERG 2, or both 1 and 2, of s.m.a. with a transverse dark bar, sometimes partly broken into irregular sclerites                                                                                                        .....20

20   ANT III of s.m.a. with 44-75 secondary rhinaria, ANT IV with 15-35 and ANT V with 3-19. R IV+V with 4-7 accessory hairs                                                           .....Dysaphis ranunculi

-     ANT III of s.m.a. with 37-47 secondary rhinaria, ANT IV with 10-19 and ANT V with 2-6. R IV+V with 2-3 accessory hairs                                                               .....Dysaphis virgata

21   ANT III of s.m.a. usually with 74-125 secondary rhinaria per mm of length                  .....22

-     ANT III of s.m.a. usually with 130-192 secondary rhinaria per mm of length                .....24

22   HT I of s.m.a. with 3 hairs (medial sense peg present). R IV+V with 5-9 accessory hairs

                                                                                                                          .....Dysaphis munire

-     HT I of s.m.a. with 2 hairs (medial sense peg absent). R IV+V usually with 2-4 accessory hairs                                                                                                                                   .....23

23   R IV+V of s.m.a. 1.01-1.25 × HT II. Hairs on ANT III blunt or weakly capitate, 9-21 µm long, those on ABD TERG 3 12-23 µm long                                         .....Dysaphis incognita

-     R IV+V of s.m.a. 0.83-0.98 × HT II. Hairs on ANT III mostly pointed, 20-29 µm long, those on ABD TERG 3 25-35 µm long                                          .....Dysaphis crataegi ssp. pallida

24   S.m.a. with hairs on ABD TERG 2 and 3 pointed, the longest 20-57 µm long, but rarely less than 25 µm                                                                                                .....Dysaphis lauberti

-     S.m.a. with hairs on ABD TERG 2 and 3 blunt, the longest 9-29 µm, but rarely more than 25 µm                                                                                                                                     .....25

25   S.m.a. with SIPH 2.9-3.5 × their middle diameter              .....Dysaphis crataegi ssp. heraclei

-     S.m.a. with SIPH 3.6-5.7 × their middle diameter                                                           .....26

26   S.m.a. with dorsal abdominal patch on ABD TERG 3-6 interrupted by narrow gaps or lacunae between 3-4 and 4-5, as well as 5-6 (fig. 42F). Anterior part of subgenital plate with 4-10 hairs                                                                                .....Dysaphis crataegi ssp. kunzei

-     S.m.a. with dorsal abdominal patch on ABD TERG 3-6 almost entire, except for a narrow central gap between 5 and 6 (fig. 42G). Anterior part of subgenital plate with 2-7 hairs .....27

27   (Requires large samples) Most s.m.a. with at least 1 antenna bearing 1 (or more) secondary rhinaria on ANT V [mean number per antenna 0.53 (UK) - 1.1 (Russia)]

                                                                                                               .....Dysaphis crataegi s. str.

-     Most s.m.a. without any secondary rhinaria on ANT V of either antenna [mean number 0.32 per antenna (UK)]                                                                 .....Dysaphis crataegi ssp. aethusi

28   Antennal tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. SIPH of aptera dark or, if only dark at apex, then short (less than 0.25 mm). Cauda and anal plate dusky to dark                  .....29

-     Antennal tubercles moderately to well developed. SIPH of aptera pale or dusky, or dark only at apices and then over 0.3 mm long                                                                                 .....35

 29 SIPH slightly swollen or cylindrical on at least basal 0.7 of length, narrowing only towards apex, and with a well-developed apical flange (e.g. fig. 42L). Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posteriodorsad of spiracle, and usually smaller at base than the spiracular opening (fig. 42H)                                                                                                             .....30

-     SIPH tapering from base to apex, and flange only moderately developed. Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posterioventrad of spiracle and usually larger than spiracular aperture                                                                                                                             .....32

30   Tibiae wholly dark                                                                           .....Rhopalosiphum nigrum

-     Tibiae mainly pale or dusky, sometimes dark at apices                                                     .....31

31   ANT PT/BASE less than 2.0 in fundatrix, and less than 2.5 in subsequent generations (apterae and spring migrant alatae). SIPH of alata usually less than 0.2 mm long

       (fig. 42L)                                                                                        .....Rhopalosiphum rufulum

-     ANT PT/BASE more than 2.0 in fundatrix, and more than 2.5 in subsequent generations. SIPH of alata usually more than 0.2 mm long

.....Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae (or sanguinarium – see text)  

32   Aptera with transverse bars on ABD TERG 7 and 8 and at least some dark spino-pleural markings anterior to siphunculi. Alata with a series of dorsal abdominal transverse bars

                                                                                                                                   .....Aphis fabae

-     Aptera without any dark dorsal markings, alata usually with only marginal abdominal sclerites anterior to siphunculi                                                                                           .....32

33   Cauda of aptera paler than SIPH, without any trace of a constriction, and bearing 4-8 hairs (fig. 121U)                                                                                                      .....Aphis gossypii

 -    Cauda of aptera as dark as SIPH, with a slight constriction near its midpoint, and bearing

       7-19 hairs (fig. 121T)                                                                                                        .....34

34   Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13).R IV+V more than 0.130 mm                                                                       .....Aphis pomi

-     Marginal tubercles absent from ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V less than 0.125 mm                                                               .....Aphis spiraecola

35   Aptera with inner faces of antennal tubercles convergent in dorsal view (e.g. fig. 42I)

                                                                                                                                                 .....36

-     Aptera with inner faces of antennal tubercles parallel or divergent in dorsal view (e.g. figs 42J,K)                                                                                                                                .....41

36   SIPH slightly to moderately swollen over distal 0.5 to 0.7 of length. ANT PT/BASE less than 5                                                                                                                                .....37

-     SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange. ANT PT/BASE more than 5                    .....40

37   ANT PT/BASE 2.5 or less                                                              .....Hyalomyzus sensoriatus

-     ANT PT/BASE more than 3.0                                                                                         .....38

38   R IV+V less than 1.1 × HT II. Cauda with 6-11 hairs (usually 7). Alata with a black dorsal abdominal patch                                                                                            .....Myzus persicae

-     R IV+V more than 1.1 × HT II. Cauda with 4-6 hairs. Alata without a black dorsal abdominal patch                                                                                                               ..... 39

39   SIPH of aptera moderately swollen, and only moderately imbricated (fig. 42N). ANT PT less than 1.1 × ANT III. Alata with 40 or more secondary rhinaria on ANT III

                                                                                                               .....Hyalomyzus eriobotryae

-     SIPH of aptera only slightly swollen, and coarsely imbricated (fig. 42O, as tissoti). ANT PT more than 1.2 × ANT III. Alata with 11-25 (-39) secondary rhinaria on ANT III

                                                                                                                  .....Hyalomyzus jussiaeae

40   Spring migrant alata with 60-83 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 36-52 on IV and

       13-22 on V                                                                                                      .....Ovatus insitus

-     Spring migrant alata with 22-49 rhinaria on ANT III, 5-20 on IV and 0-10 on V

                                                                                                                       .....Ovatus crategarius

41   SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (fig. 121C). Longest hairs on ANT

       III more than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment                                                                 .....42

-     SIPH without any polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III all less than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment                                                                                                                         .....43

42   Alata with ANT c.1.75 × BL, and with ANT III bearing 30-34 rhinaria. (Aptera are undescribed)                                                                            …..Macrosiphum nevskyanum*

-     Alata with ANT less than 1.5 × BL, and ANT III with 12-21 rhinaria

                                                                                                           …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

43   SIPH swollen on about distal 0.5 of length (fig. 42P). Alata without dark dorsal abdominal markings                                                                                      .....Utamphorophora crataegi

-     SIPH tapering, cylindrical or only slightly swollen subapically (e.g. fig. 42Q). Alata with dark dorsal abdominal markings                                                                                       .....44

44   SIPH more than 2 × cauda, and in aptera often dark-tipped (fig. 121K). Dorsal abdomen of alata with transverse dark bars                                                               .....Aulacorthum solani

-      SIPH less than 2 × cauda, not dark-tipped in aptera (fig. 42Q). Dorsal abdomen of alata with an almost solid dark patch across ABD TERG 4-5 or 3-5                      .....Ericaphis gentneri
 

Craterispermum                                                               Rubiaceae

       Craterispermum laurinum            Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae; Sitobion sp

 

Crateva                                                        Capparaceae

      Crateva religiosa                           Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

 

Cratoneurum                                               Amblystegiaceae

      Cratoneurum filicinum                 Muscaphis utahensis; Pemphigus hydrophilus

Use key to apterae of moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum.

 

Cratoxylum                                                            Hypericaceae

      Cratoxylum celebicum                  Greenideoidea (Neogreenideoida) philippensis

      C. cochinchinense                         Aphis aurantii, gossypii

      C. polyanthum  = C. cochinchinense

 

Key to species:-

 

-      Body elongate. SIPH almost as long as body with numerous long hairs

                                                           ….. Greenideoidea (Neogreenideoida) philippensis

-      Body oval. SIPH shorter and without hairs                …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

 

 

Crepidiastrum                                              Asteraceae

      Crepidiastrum lanceolatum          Myzus lactucicola

       C. sonchifolium                             Uroleucon formosanum

Use key to apterae on Ixeris.

 

Crepis                                                           Asteraceae

      Crepis alpestris                              Uroleucon cichorii, hypochoeridis

       C. aspera                                       Uroleucon picridis

       C. atribarba                                   Uroleucon erigeronense

       C. aurea                                         Nasonovia ribisnigri

       C. biennis                                      Aphis crepidis, fabae; Aulacorthum palustre, solani;

                                                              Brachycaudus helichrysi; Hyperomyzus picridis;

                                                              Myzus ascalonicus; Nasonovia ribisnigri;

                                                              Pemphigus bursarius; Trama troglodytes;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, grossum

       C. blattarioides  = C.pyrenaica

       C. bursifolia                                   Aphis crepidis

       C. capillaris (incl. virens)                  Aphis crepidis, fabae, nasturtii; Brachycaudus cardui;

                                                              Hyperomyzus lactucae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

                                                              Myzus ornatus;

                                                              Nasonovia [compositellae ssp. nigra],  ribisnigri;

                                                              Pemphigus bursarius;

                                                              Trama maritima,[mordvilkoi], troglodytes;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, grossum, murale, sonchi

       C. conyzifolia                                 Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui;  Nasonovia ribisnigri;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, grossum

       C. foetida (incl. ssp.                          Aphis (Protaphis) sp.; Uroleucon cichorii

                  rhoeadifolia)

       C. grandiflora = C. conyzifolia

       C. haenseleri  = C. vesicaria ssp. taraxacifolia

       C. hieracioides = C. mollis ssp. succisiifolia

       C. japonica = Youngia japonica       

       C. leontodontoides                         Uroleucon grossum

       C. marschallii                                Uroleucon picridis

       C. mollis ssp. succisiifolia              Uroleucon grossum

       C. multicaulis                                Uroleucon grossum

       C. neglecta                                     Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon picridis

       C. nicaeensis                                 Uroleucon cichorii

       C. palaestina                                  Nasonovia ribisnigri

       C. paludosa                                   Hyperomyzus picridis; [Jacksonia papillata];

                                                              Nasonovia ribisnigri;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, grossum, riparium

       C. parviflora                                  [Uroleucon picridis (misidentified cichorii?)]

       C. praemorsa                                 Aphis fabae, nasturtii; Myzus ornatus;

                                                              Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon cichorii, grossum

       C. pulchra                                     Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon sonchi

       C. pyrenaica                                  Uroleucon cichorii

       C. rhoeadifolia = C. foetida ssp. rhoeadifolia

       C. sancta                                        Aphis crepidis; Uroleucon sonchi

       C. sancta ssp. obovata                   Uroleucon cichorii

       C. setosa                                        Hyperomyzus picridis; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, [cirsii], grossum

       C. sibirica                                      Aphis fabae; [Cryptomyzus ribis]; Hyperomyzus picridis;

                                                              Pemphigus bursarius;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, grossum, picridis

       C. taraxacifolia = C. vesicaria ssp. taraxacifolia

       C. tectorum                                    Aphis crepidis, seneciocrepiphaga;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani; Hyperomyzus lactucae, sandilandica;

                                                              Macrosiphoniella crepidis; Nasonovia ribisnigri;

                                                              Trama troglodytes;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, grossum, riparium, sonchi

       C. tenuifolia                                   Acyrthosiphon crepidis; Macrosiphoniella crepidis

       C. triasii                                         Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi; Hyperomyzus lactucae

       C. vesicaria                                    Aphis crepidis, gossypii,[intybi]; Aulacorthum solani;

               (incl. haenseleri,                         Hyperomyzus lactucae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

                       taraxacifolia)                    Nasonovia ribisnigri;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, grossum, sonchi

       C. virens = C. capillaris

       C. viscidula                                    Nasonovia ribisnigri

       Crepis spp.                                    [Aphis septentrionalis];

                                                              Uroleucon adenocaulonae, [sileneobium]

Key to apterae on Crepis:-

1      ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5                                                                                            …..2

-      ANT PT/BASE more than 1                                                                                             …..4

2      HT II normal. Body sparsely hairy. Wax glands present on posterior abdomen

                                                                                                                  …..Pemphigus bursarius

-      HT II very elongate. Body densely hairy. No wax glands                                               …..3

3      Eyes with 3 facets. SIPH absent                                                           …..Trama troglodytes

-      Eyes with many facets. SIPH present as pores on shallow cones            …..Trama maritima

4     SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4 rows of polygonal cells)    …..5

-      SIPH without polygonal reticulation                                                                               …..16

5     SIPH pale, with reticulation consisting of large cells on distal 0.08-0.2 of length. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs                                                           …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

-      SIPH wholly or mainly dark, with reticulation of numerous small cells on distal 0.16-0.55 of length. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 or 5-5-5 hairs                                                      …..6

6     Cauda dark                                                                                                                        …..7

-      Cauda pale                                                                                                                         …..8

7     SIPH 0.9-1.2 × cauda with reticulation on distal 0.45-0.55. R IV+V 0.6-0.7 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs                                                 …..Macrosiphoniella crepidis

-      SIPH 1.5-2.1 × cauda with distal 0.16-0.23 reticulated. R IV+V 1.1-1.2 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 5-5-5 hairs                                                                    …..Uroleucon riparium

8     Crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present (sometimes subdivided)                     …..9

-      Antesiphuncular sclerites absent                                                                                      …..11

9     R IV+V 1.45-1.85 × HT II. Coxae pale like basal parts of femora       …..Uroleucon picridis

-      R IV+V 0.84-1.35 × HT II. Coxae dusky or dark, darker than the basal parts of femora

                                                                                                                                                 .....10

10   R IV+V 0.84-1.08 × HT II (rarely more than 1). Cauda with 14-24 hairs (usually about 17)                                                                                                     …..Uroleucon hypochoeridis

-      R IV+V 1.04-1.35 × HT II. Cauda with 18-33 hairs

                                                                                   …..Uroleucon cichorii group (incl. grossum)

11   SIPH with pale basal part contrasting with dark distal part         …..Uroleucon erigeronense

-      SIPH entirely dark or only paler in middle                                                                     …..12

12   Coxae dark. SIPH often slightly paler in middle. Dorsal hairs not arising from pigmented scleroites

                                                                                                                        …..Uroleucon sonchi

-      Coxae pale. SIPH wholly dark. Dorsal hairs with or without pigmented scleroites at bases

                                                                                                                                                …..13

13   ANT III with rhinaria distributed over at least 0.9 of length. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II

                                                                                                                       …..Uroleucon murale

-      ANT III with rhinaria on basal 0.5-0.7. R IV+V 1.05-2.2 × HT II                                …..14

14   SIPH 1.7-2.1 × cauda. R IV+V 1.9-2.2 × HT II                      …..Uroleucon adenocaulonae

-      SIPH 1.1-1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.45 × HT II                                                           …..15

15   HT II rather long and thin, 6 or more × longer than its maximum thickness and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V                                                                                       …..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae

-      HT II less than 5 × its maximum thickness and 0.70-0.85 × R IV+V

                                                                                                                 …..Uroleucon ambrosiae

16   Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width. SIPH conical or tapering, with a subapical annular incision                                                                                                …..17

-      Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than its basal width. SIPH varying, if tapering then without a subapical annular incision                                                                        …..18

17   Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda                                       

                                                                                                                  ......Brachycaudus cardui

-      Dorsal abdomen without a black shield. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda                    ......Brachycaudus helichrysi

18   Head spiculose both dorsally and ventrally, with spiculose or scabrous, almost parallel or apically convergent ANT tubercles                                                                                                                                                  …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5

-      Head not spiculose, or only spiculose on ventral side. ANT tubercles undeveloped, or if developed then with inner faces almost smooth, and divergent                                     …..19

19   ANT III with 1-40 rhinaria; if a small number then they are on basal half only. ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)                                      …..20

-      ANT III usually without rhinaria, if with 0-4 then these are distributed over its length. ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with MTu  …..25

20   SIPH clavate, swollen to at least 1.2 of minimum diameter on basal half                      …..21

-      SIPH tapering, cylindrical or only slightly swollen towards apex                                  …..23

21   SIPH pale. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. (Al. with a dark trapezoid dorsal abdominal patch)

                                                                                                                …..Hyperomyzus lactucae

-      SIPH dusky or dark at least on distal part. R IV+V 1.05-1.7 × HT II. (Al. without a dark dorsal abdominal patch)                                                                                                 …..22

22   R IV+V 1.05-1.25 × HT II. SIPH lightly imbricated, 2.0-2.4 × cauda, with maximum diameter of swollen part 1.3-1.5 × minimum diameter on basal half

                                                                                                         …..Hyperomyzus sandilandica

-      R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. SIPH smooth, 1.5-1.65 × cauda, with maximum width of swollen part 1.5-2.0 × minimum width on basal half                                     …..Hyperomyzus picridis

23   Thoracic spiracular apertures large and rounded, much larger than abdominal ones. Dorsal abdomen with dark intersegmental markings. Hairs on ANT III up to 0.7-1.1 × BD III

                                                                                                                   …..Nasonovia ribisnigri

-      Thoracic spiracular apertures not unusually large. Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental markings. Hairs on ANT III very short, maximally c.0.25 × BD III      …..24

24   R IV+V 0.6-0.7 × HT II. SIPH 1.15-1.45 × cauda                      …..Acyrthosiphon crepidis*

-      R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II. SIPH 1.8-2.5 × cauda                              …..Aulacorthum palustre

25   ANT PT/BASE c. 1.0 or less                                                             …..Aphis (Protaphis) sp.

-      ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.9                                                                                                   …..26

26   Tibiae entirely dark. Hairs on ANT III 1.7-3.3 × BD III          …..Aphis seneciocrepiphaga*

-      Tibiae dark only distally. Hairs on ANT III 0.3-1.7 × BD III                                        …..27

27   Most or all of ABD TERG 2-5 usually with dome-shaped MTu. Posterior hair on hind trochanter blunt, 0.3-0.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hair on ANT III 0.25-0.55 × BD III. ANT III sometimes with up to 6 secondary rhinaria   …..Aphis crepidis

-      ABD TERG 2-5 rarely with MTu. Posterior hair on hind trochanter pointed, 0.55-1.54 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hair on ANT III 0.47-0.8 × BD III.  ANT III without secondary rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens)

                                                            …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24 

 

Crescentia                                                    Bignoniaceae

      Crescentia cujete                           Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus

 

Crinodendron                                              Elaeocarpaceae

      Crinodendron patagua                  Myzus ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

 

Crinum                                                        Amaryllidaceae

      Crinum careyanum = C. zeylanicum

          C. zeylanicum                               Aphis gossypii

 

Cristaria see Gaya                                                  Malvaceae

      Cristaria corchorifolia = Gaya parviflora

 

Critesion  see Hordeum                                                      Poaceae

 

Crithmum                                                     Apiaceae

      Crithmum maritimum                  Aphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii; Dysaphis crithmi;

                                                              Hyadaphis foeniculi;

                                                              Macrosiphum ?centranthi - (Ilharco 1984)

                                                              [Uroleucon cichorii]

Key to apterae on Crithmum:-

1      ANT tubercles well developed, smooth, divergent. SIPH elongate (0.3-0.45 × BL), with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation                                          …..Macrosiphum ?centranthi

-      ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed. SIPH relatively shorter and without polygonal reticulation                                                                                                                        …..2

2     ABD TERG 8 with a backward-pointing process above cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.64-1.25

                                                                                                                  …..Cavariella aegopodii

-      No supracaudal process. ANT PT/BASE 1.2-4.0                                                              …..3

3     Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view, with 4-5 hairs. Head and ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually with spinal tubercles (STu)                 …..Dysaphis crithmi

-      Cauda finger-like, much longer than its basal width., with 6-25 hairs. No STu               …..4

4     SIPH cylindrical or tapering. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). Cauda with 11-25 hairs                                                                                                …..Aphis fabae

 -     SIPH clavate. MTu usually present on ABD TERG 5, but absent from 1 and 7. Cauda with 6-9 hairs                                                                                               …..Hyadaphis foeniculi

 

Critonia                                                        Asteraceae

      Critonia portoricensis                    Uroleucon ambrosiae

 

Crocion  see Viola                                                   Violaceae

      Crocion nutallii see Viola nutallii

 

Crocosmia                                                    Iridaceae

      Crocosmia ×crocosmiiflora           Aphis fabae

 

Crocus                                                          Iridaceae

      Crocus atticus = C. sieberi ssp. atticus

      C. “carduchorum” = C. kotschyanus

       C. kotschyanus                              Dysaphis tulipae

      C. sativus                                       Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ascalonicus

       C. sieberi ssp. atticus                     Myzus persicae

      Crocus spp.                                   Aphis gossypii; [Idiopterus nephrelepidis];

                                                              Neomyzus circumflexus;

                                                              Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae

Key to apterae on Crocus:-

-      Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spinal tubercles (STu) usually present, at least on head and ABD TERG 8                                …..Dysaphis tulipae

-      Cauda tongue-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width. STu rarely present, and never on head                                                                                 ..…go to key to polyphagous aphids

 

Cronartium                                                  Mycetales

      Cronartium fusiforme                   Cinara cronartii (in lesions of Pinus)

 

Croomia                                                       Stemonaceae

      Croomia heterosepala                   Aphis spiraecola

       C. japonica                                    Aphis spiraecola

 

Crossandra                                                   Acanthaceae

      Crossandra infundibuliformis      Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus

       C. pungens                                    Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

 

Crossopteryx                                         Rubiaceae

      Crossopteryx febrifuga                  Aphis gossypii; Sitobion halli

 

 

Crossostephium see Lepidolopsis                                Asteraceae

 

Crotalaria                                                    Fabaceae

      Crotalaria alata                             Aphis gossypii

       C. anagyroides = C. micans

       C. atrorubens                                 Aphis gossypii

       C. barkae                                       Aphis gossypii

       C. brownei = C. pallida

       C. capensis                                     Acyrthosiphon pisum

       C. comosa                                      Aphis gossypii

       C. glauca                                       Aphis gossypii

       C. goreensis                                   Aphis craccivora, gossypii

       C. hyssopifolia                               Aphis gossypii

       C. juncea                                       Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

       C. laburnifolia                               Myzus persicae

       C. lanceolata                                  Aphis craccivora

       C. longirostrata                              Aphis craccivora

       C. madurensis                               Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

       C. mesopontica                              Aphis craccivora

       C. micans                                       Brachycaudus helichrysi

       C. mucronata = C. pallida

       C. naragutensis                             Aphis gossypii

       C. ochroleuca                                Aphis craccivora, gossypii

       C. pallida                                       Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii;

                                                              Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Schizaphis rotundiventris]

       C. reptans                                      Aphis craccivora

       C. retusa                                        Aphis gossypii

       C. rogersii                                      Aphis craccivora

       C. saltiana                                      Aphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola;

                                                              Brachycaudus helichrysi

       C. spectabilis                                  Aphis craccivora

       C. stipularia                                   Macrosiphum euphorbiae

       C. striata = C. pallida                      

       Crotolaria spp.                              Aphis nasturtii; Myzus ornatus;

                                                              Sitobion nigrinectarium

Key to apterae on Crotalaria:-

1     SIPH black with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation                …..Sitobion nigrinectarium

-      SIPH pale or dark, if dark then without polygonal reticulation                                        …..2

2     ANT VI BASE 0.25-0.4 mm, 1.8-2.3 × R IV+V. SIPH very attenuate distally, with minimum diameter less than 0.25 × width of cauda at midlength in dorsal view                    

                                                                                                                   …..Acyrthosiphon pisum

-      ANT VI BASE less than 0.2mm, less than 1.5 × R IV+V. SIPH clavate, cylindrical or tapering but not attenuate and of diameter more than 0.3 × width of cauda at midlength

                                                                                                …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

 

Croton                                                          Euphorbiaceae

      Croton bonplandianus                  Myzus persicae

      C. congestus = Xylosma congesta

      C. floribundus                               Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus

      C. humilis                                      Aphis spiraecola

       C. lobatus                                       Aphis craccivora, gossypii

       C. macrostachys                            Eonaphis crotonis; Myzus persicae

      C. subgratissimus                     Eonaphis crotonis

      C. tiglium                               Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii                                                 

       Croton spp.                                    Brachycaudus helichrysi; Sinomegoura citricola

Key to species on Croton:-

-       Aptera and alata with very large spine-like processes, 4 per segment, longer than the short, black, conical SIPH which have a subapical ring of 4 hairs (fig. 43)  .....Eonaphis crotonis

-      Aptera and alata without spine-like processes. SIPH tubular or tapering, longer than basal width, without hairs                                              .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

 

 

Cruciata                                                       Rubiaceae

      Cruciata glabra                             Myzus cerasi; Uhlmannia singularis

       C. laevipes                                      Aphis galiiscabri; Myzus cerasi

       C. taurica                                       Aphis nonveilleri; Dysaphis reaumuri

Use key to apterae on Galium.       

 

Crupina                                                        Asteraceae

      Crupina vulgaris                           Aphis fabae; Macrosiphoniella papillata

       Crupina sp.                                    Macrosiphoniella riedeli

Key to apterae on Crupina:-

1     SIPH thick and dark with distal polygonal reticulation, a very long pointed cauda, R IV+V about equal to HT II, and dorsal hairs arising from tuberculate bases                               …..2

-      Without that combination of characters                                                            …..Aphis fabae

                                                                                                   (or use key to polyphagous aphids)

2     ANT and legs almost wholly jet black, except for base of ANT III and basal 0.1-0.2 of femora. ANT III with 20-34 rhinaria                                        …..Macrosiphoniella papillata

-      ANT and legs are mainly dark, but basal parts of ANT IV and V are paler, as well as base of III, tibiae are usually paler in middle, and femora are pale on basal 0.4-0.6. ANT III with

       34-51 rhinaria                                                                                …..Macrosiphoniella riedeli

 

 

Cryosophila                                                                          Arecaceae

      Cryosophila warscewiczii               Cerataphis brasiliensis

Use key to apterae on palms under Calamus.

 

Cryptocarya                                                                          Lauraceae

        Cryptocarya alba                          Aphis sp. near martinae (BMNH collection, Chile)

 

 

Cryptocoryne                                               Araceae

      Cryptocoryne ciliata                      Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

 

Cryptogramma                                             Pteridaceae

      C. crispa                                         Macrosiphum woodsiae

       Cryptogramma sp. (?)                   Macrosiphum clydesmithi

Use key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium.

 

Cryptolepis                                                   Apocynaceae

      Cryptolepis transvaalensis             Aphis gossypii

 

 

Cryptomeria                                                           Taxodiaceae

      Cryptomeria japonica               [Brachycaudus helichrysi];

                                                 Cinara fresai, [greeni (Schouteden 1905)]

 

 

Cryptostegia                                                 Apocynaceae

      C. grandiflora                                Aphis asclepiadis, aurantii, craccivora, gossypii, nerii,

                                                                 spiraecola

       C. madagascariensis                     Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nerii, spiraecola

Use key to aphids on Asclepias.

 

Cryptostemma   see  Arctotheca                             Asteraceae

 

Cryptotaenia                                                Apiaceae

      Cryptotaenia africana                   Aphis gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

       C. canadensis                                Aphis asclepiadis, gossypii, spiraecola;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani;

                                                              Cavariella aegopodii, japonica, oenanthi, salicicola;

                                                              Hyadaphis foeniculi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

                                                              Neomyzus circumflexus; [Pemphigus sp.];

                                                              Semiaphis heraclei

       C. japonica                                    Aphis gossypii, [mitsubae Shinji ( = spiraecola?)],

                                                                  spiraecola;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani;

                                                              Cavariella japonica, oenanthi, salicicola;

                                                              Amphorophora  cryptotaeniae; Myzus persicae;

                                                              Semiaphis heraclei

Key to apterae on Cryptotaenia:-

1     ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly projecting process above cauda; in some species this is reduced to a small, warty, knob in the centre of ABD TERG 8, with 2 associated hairs  .....2

-      No supracaudal process, nor are there are 2 hairs on ABD TERG 8  close together and associated with a warty knob                                                                                              .....5

2     SIPH clavate; swollen on distal half to at least 1.2 × narrowest part of basal half            .....3

-      SIPH tapering or cylindrical, or with slight subapical swelling                                          .....4

3     Supracaudal process longer than (1.2-1.5 ×) cauda. SIPH coarsely imbricated and stout, less than 5 × longer than the maximum width of the swollen part             .....Cavariella salicicola

-      Supracaudal process almost always shorter than (0.75-1.05 × cauda. SIPH weakly imbricated and  more than 5 × longer than maximum width of swollen part

                                                                                                                    .....Cavariella aegopodii

4     Femoral hairs numerous, long and fine, longer than 0.5 × width of hind femur

                                                                                                                      .....Cavariella oenanthi

-      Femoral hairs sparse, short and rigid, shorter than 0.5 × width of hind femur

                                                                                                                      .....Cavariella japonica

5     SIPH very small and flangeless; less than 0.5 × cauda and often not much longer (1.0-1.8 ×) than their diameter at midlength                                                            …..Semiaphis heraclei

-      SIPH more than 0.6 × cauda, and with a flange                                                                …..6

6     SIPH tapering or cylindrical                                            ..…go to key to polyphagous aphids

-      SIPH swollen or clavate                                                                                                     …..7

7     Head smooth or slightly rugose with ANT tubercles undeveloped. ANT PT/BASE 1.2-3.0. R IV+V 0.7-1.05 × HT II. SIPH dark (or pale in summer dwarfs), and 0.9-1.4 × cauda            

                                                                                                                      .....Hyadaphis foeniculi

-      Head spiculose with ANT tubercles well developed. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-5.1. R IV+V 0.9-1.7 × HT II. SIPH pale and  1.7-3.0 × cauda                                                                          …..8

8     SIPH strongly clavate, with swollen part maximally 1.8-2.1 × minimum width on basal part, and with a subapical constriction bearing 2-3 rows of tranverse striae below the well-developed flange. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. Apex of ANT PT pointed

                                                                                                     …..Amphorophora cryptotaeniae

-      SIPH slightly clavate, with swollen part less than 1.5 × minimum width of basal part, and without a distinct subapical constriction. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II. Apex of ANT PT not fine-pointed                                                                                                 …..Myzus persicae

 

 

Cucubalus                                                    Caryophyllaceae

      Cucubalus baccifer = Silene baccifera                                       

 

Cucumis                                                       Cucurbitaceae

      Cucumis anguria                          Aphis gossypii

       C. dipsaceus                                   Protaphis middletonii

       C. ficifolius                                    Aphis gossypii

       C. figarei = C. ficifolius

       C. hirsutus                                     Aphis gossypii

       C. melo                                          [Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae];

                                                              Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani; [Brevicoryne brassicae];

                                                              [Cavariella salicicola]; [Macrosiphoniella sanborni];

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

                                                              Pseudomegoura magnoliae

       C. moschatus = C. melo

       C. myriocarpus                              Aphis gossypii

       C. sativus                                       [Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae];

                                                              Aphis craccivora, fabae, frangulae, gossypii, spiraecola;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani, spinacaudatum;

                                                              Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Lipaphis pseudobrassicae];

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

                                                              Neomyzus circumflexus; Protaphis middletonii;

                                                              Pseudomegoura magnoliae;                                                                                                       Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon;

                                                              [Rhopalospihum rufiabdominale]; Sinomegoura citricola

Use key to apterae on Cucurbita.

 

Cucurbita                                                     Cucurbitaceae

      Cucurbita ficifolia                         Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

       C. maxima                                     Aphis craccivora, fabae, frangulae, gossypii, spiraecola;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

                                                              Dysaphis crataegi, [crataegi ssp. kunzei];

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

                                                              Neomyzus circumflexus; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

       C. moschata                                   Aphis gossypii, nerii, [ruborum ssp. longisetosus];

                                                              Aulacorthum [linderae Shinji (Agarwala et al. 1982)],

                                                                  solani;

                                                              Dysaphis crataegi; Myzus persicae;

                                                              Pseudomegoura magnoliae;

       C. pepo                                           Acyrthosiphon malvae, [pisum], [vasiljevi];

                                                              Aphis craccivora, fabae, frangulae, gossypii, nasturtii;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani, spinacaudatum;

                                                              Brachycaudus helichrysi; Dysaphis crataegi;

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

                                                              Pseudomegoura magnoliae;

                                                              [Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon]; Smynthurodes betae

       Cucurbita spp.                               [Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae]

Key to apterae on Cucurbita (and Cucumis):-

For keys to the common aphids on cultivated Cucurbitaceae see Blackman & Eastop (2000).

1     ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent                                         …..Smynthurodes betae

-      ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH present                                                                       …..2

2     Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view                               …..3

-      Cauda tongue- or finger-like, clearly longer than its basal width                                      …..4

3     SIPH pale, truncate conical, 1.1-1.3 × cauda. Spiracular apertures large and rounded                                                                                                       …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

-      SIPH dark, tapering, 1.8-2.3 × cauda. Spiracular apertures reniform     …..Dysaphis crataegi

4     Head dark and SIPH mainly pale but contrastingly dark at apices                                   …..5

-      Head pale or dark, but if dark then SIPH are also wholly dark                                               

                                                                                                …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

5     SIPH slightly to moderately clavate. Hind tibia dark except for basal 0.1-0.2 of length

                                                                                                         …..Pseudomegoura magnoliae

-      SIPH tapering, sometimes with slight swelling of distal half,  but  no constriction on basal half. Hind tibia dark on about distal half of length                                                                                                                                                                  …..Aulacorthum spinacaudatum

 

Cudrania = Maclura

 

Cullen                                                          Fabaceae

      Cullen corylifolium                       Acyrthosiphon kondoi; Aphis craccivora                            

       C. drupaceum                                Aphis craccivora           

Use key to apterae on Caragana.     

 

Cuminum                                                     Apiaceae

      Cuminum cyminum                      Aphis gossypii; Hyadaphis coriandri; Myzus persicae

       C. sativum = C. cyminum

       C. setifolium                                  Aphis craccivora              

Key to aphids on Cuminum:-

1     Head spiculose, with well-developed scabrous ANT tubercles, their inner faces converging apically. SIPH slightly to moderately clavate, about 2 × cauda

       …..Myzus persicae

-      Head not spiculose, ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. SIPH swollen and shorter than cauda, or tapering and longer than cauda                                                      …..2

2     SIPH pale or dusky-tipped, swollen and a little shorter than cauda                                         

                                                                                                                   …..Hyadaphis coriandri

-      SIPH dark, tapering and longer than cauda                                                                       …..3

3     Dorsal abdomen without dark sclerotisation. Cauda paler than SIPH         …..Aphis gossypii

-      Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black sclerite centred on ABD TERG 4-5. Cauda and SIPH both dark                                                                                  …..Aphis craccivora 

 

Cunninghamia                                                                   Taxodiaceae

       Cunninghamia sp.                        Mindarus keteleerifoliae

 

Cuphea                                                         Lythraceae

      Cuphea aequipetala                      Impatientinum americanum

       C. appendiculata                           Impatientinum chiriquense

       C. bustamanta                               Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae

       C. calophylla                                  Impatientinum paranaense

       C. ignea                                         Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus, persicae

       C. infundibulum = C. appendiculata

       C. micropetala                               Aphis gossypii

       C. platycentra = C. bustamanta

       C. procumbens                              Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus

       C. ×purpurea                                 Myzus persicae

       Cuphea spp.                                  Acyrthosiphon malvae group;

                                                              Impatientinum holmani, oaxacense

                                                              Smynthurodes betae

Key to apterae on Cuphea:-

Couplets 2-5 are based on Nieto Nafría et al. (2012).

1     SIPH black, with 2-3 rows of transverse striae subapically, or with a few closed polygonal cells, or if with more extensive subapical polygonal reticulation then there is an extensive dark dorsal shield. Head with moderately developed ANT tubercles, with divergent inner faces, and a well developed (but lower) median tubercle                                                  …..2

-      SIPH pale, dark or absent; if dark then there are no subapical transverse striae and the ANT tubercles are weakly developed, or there is more extensive polygonal reticulation but no extensive dark dorsal shield                                             …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

2     ANT III-VI mainly or entirely dark                                                                                   …..3

-      ANT III, IV and V mainly or entirely pale                                                                        …..4

3     ANT I and I as dark as ANT III-VI. Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid dark shield. HT II at most 0.09 mm, 1.6-1.9 × R IV+V, which bears 15-18 accessory hairs. Dorsal cephalic hairs 37-55 μm                                                                         …..Impatientinum chiriquense*

-      ANT I and II much paler than ANT III-VI. Dorsal abdomen without a solid dark shield. HT II at least 0.10 mm long, 1.4-1.6 × R IV+V, which bears 19-33 accessory hairs. Dorsal cephalic hairs 27-37 μm                                                             …..Impatientinum paranaense

4     SIPH with an extensive, well-defined reticulation; at least 6 rows extending over distal 0.25 of length. R IV+V with less than 10 accessory hairs (based on 1 specimen)

 …..Impatientinum oaxacense*

-      SIPH with much less extensive and less well-defined reticulation; at most 5 rows extending over distal 0.13 of length. R IV+V with 10-22 accessory hairs                                        …..5

5     Femora with distal parts dark, nearly as dark as tarsi and distal parts of tibiae. BL 3.64-4.75 × longer than SIPH. R IV+V with 17-22 accessory hairs. First tarsal segments mostly with 4 or 5 hairs                                                                                        …..Impatientinum holmani*

-      Femora pale. BL 4.50-5.50 × longer than SIPH. R IV+V with 10-18 accessory hairs. First tarsal segments mostly with 3, rarely 4, hairs                           …..Impatientinum americanum

 

Curculigo                                                     Hypoxidaceae

      Cuculigo capitulata = Molineria capitulata

 

Cupressocyparis                                                   Cupressaceae

      Cupressocyparis leylandii             Cinara cupressi, fresai; Illinoia morrisoni

Use key to aphids on Cupressus.
 
 

Cupressus (incl. Platycladus)      Cypresses               Cupressaceae

 

Cupressus has a small but diverse aphid fauna, with no evidence of host specificity at the species level. The only possible confusion is between the Cinara species, which are all in the subgenus Cupressobium.

      Cupressus arizonica                     Cinara cupressi, fresai; Illinoia morrisoni;

                 (incl. var. glabra)              Siphonatrophia cupressi

      C. bakeri                                       Siphonatrophia cupressi

      C. benthamii   see C. lusitanica

      C. brunniana see C. macrocarpa

      C. funebris                                    Aphis craccivora; Cinara louisianensis, tujafilina;                                                                       Illinoia morrisoni

      C. glabra see C. arizonica

      C. goveniana                                 Cinara cupressi

      C. guadalupenis                            Cinara fresai; Siphonatrophia cupressi

      C. lambertiana = C. macrocarpa

      C. lusitanica (incl. var.                Cinara cupressi, fresai, [juniperi]; Illinoia morrisoni;

                        benthamii)              [Sanbornia juniperi]; Siphonatrophia cupressi

      C. macrocarpa (incl. var.             Cinara cupressi, fresai, [juniperi]; Illinoia morrisoni;
                       
brunniana)            Siphonatrophia cupressi; Stomaphis cupressi

      C. pygmea                                     Cinara fresai; Siphonatrophia cupressi

      C. sabiniana (?)                            Cinara fresai

      C. sargentii                                    Siphonatrophia cupressi

      C. sempervirens                            Cinara cupressi, fresai, tujafilina; Illinoia morrisoni;

                                                   Siphonatrophia cupressi;

                                                   Stomaphis cupressi, cupressi ssp. caucasica

      C. torulosa                                    Cinara cupressi, fresai; Illinoia morrisoni;

                                                   Siphonatrophia cupressi

      Cupressus sp.                                Cinara louisianensis

Key to the aphids on Cupressus:-

 

1    ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width

                                                                                                                      .....2

-     ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Cauda broadly rounded                                                      .....4

2    ANT PT/BASE about 1.0. SIPH pores on very small, shallow cones (fig. 44A)

                                                                                                               .....Siphonatrophia cupressi

-     ANT PT/BASE more than 1.3. SIPH tubular, longer than basal width                        .....3

3    Body spindle-shaped, without dark dorsal markings. SIPH long and markedly swollen on distal half                                                                                .....Illinoia morrisoni

-     Body oval, dorsal abdomen with an extensive black patch in aptera and transverse bars in alata. SIPH tapering from base to flange                                         .....Aphis craccivora

4    Rostrum much longer than body                                                            .....Stomaphis cupressi

-     Rostrum much shorter than body                                                                                         .....5

5    Femora pale, and tibiae wholly pale or dark only at apices (sometimes very localised pigmentation at tibio-femoral joints)                                                                   .....6

-     Distal parts of femora and bases of tibiae dusky or dark                                                   .....7

6    BL often more than 2.4 mm. Aptera with dark sclerites on thorax and ABD TERG 8. Apices of tibiae dark. ANT VI BASE with 8-14 hairs                                   .....Cinara tujafilina

-     BL less than 2.4 mm. Aptera without dark dorsal sclerites. Apices of tibiae pale or dusky. ANT VI BASE with 5-6 hairs                                                 .....Cinara louisianensis

7    ANT VI BASE with 4-6 (-7) hairs restricted to basal half (fig. 44B). R IV with 2-4 accessory hairs. Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 0.9-1.2 mm. Alata with 1-6 rhinaria restricted to distal half of ANT III                                                                              …..Cinara cupressi

-     ANT VI BASE with 7-12 hairs not restricted to basal half (fig. 44C). R IV with 5-7 accessory hairs. Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.3-1.6 mm. Alata with 6-11 rhinaria extending over most of ANT III                                             …..Cinara fresai

 

Curcuma                                                      Zingiberaceae

      Curcuma domestica = C. longa

       C. longa                                         Aphis gossypii; Pentalonia kalimpongensis, nigronervosa;

                                                              [Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae]

Use key to aphids on Hedychium.

 

Cuscuta                                                        Convolvulaceae

      Cuscuta approximata                    Aphis gossypii

      C. epithymum                                Aphis cuscutae; Myzus persicae

       C. europaea                                   Aphis hederae

       C. japonica                                    Aphis gossypii; Sinomegoura citricola

       C. lehmanniana                            Brachyunguis cuscutae

       C. lupuliformis                              Aphis fabae

       C. monogyna                                 Aphis craccivora, hederae; Brachyunguis cuscutae

       C. reflexa                                       Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, [Aphis sp.; Remaudière

                                                     & Etienne 1989);

                                                              [Melanaphis meghalayensi]; Myzus persicae

       C. subinclusa                                 Aphis fabae

       C. trifolii = C. epithymum

       C. umbellata                                  Macrosiphum cuscutae

Key to apterae on Cuscuta:-

1     ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)                                                                                                                 …..2

-      ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu                                 …..7

2     ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.0. SIPH very short, hardly longer than their basal widths, and about equal in length to the short, broadly conical cauda, which is about as long as its basal width

                                                                                                              …..Brachyunguis cuscutae*

-      ANT PT/BASE 1.3-3.0. SIPH clearly longer than their basal widths, 0.9-2.8 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width                                                                    …..3

3     Dorsum with an extensive black shield                                                     …..Aphis craccivora

-      Dorsum without an extensive black shield                                                                        …..4

4     Cauda as dark as SIPH, with 9-18 hairs                                                                            …..5

-      Cauda paler than SIPH , with 4-9 hairs                                                                             …..6

5    R IV+V 0.9-1.3 × HT II. Marginal tubercles infrequent on ABD TERG 2-4   …..Aphis fabae

-      R IV+V 1.35-1.7 × HT II. Marginal tubercles frequently present on ABD TERG 2-4

                                                                                                                              …..Aphis hederae

6     SIPH 0.9-2.5 × cauda, which bears 4-8 hairs (usually 5-6). No postsiphuncular sclerite. Longest hair on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × BD III                                                   …..Aphis gossypii

-      SIPH 2.5-2.9 × cauda, which bears 6-9 hairs (usually 7-8). SIPH with a dark sclerotic area just posterior to the base. Longest hair on ANT III 0.8-1.0 × BD III         …..Aphis cuscutae

7     Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles apically convergent.  SIPH mainly pale and slightly clavate                                                                                      …..Myzus persicae

-      Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. SIPH dark at least on distal half and cylindrical/tapering                                                                                                      …..8

8     SIPH wholly dark, contrasting with and distinctly longer than the pale cauda.  SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.11-0.16 of length                       …..Macrosiphum cuscutae

-      SIPH pale on about basal third, not longer than cauda, which is black. SIPH without distal polygonal reticulation                                                                       …..Sinomegoura citricola

 

 

Cussonia                                                       Araliaceae

       Cussonia natalensis                      Macrosiphum euphorbiae

       C. paniculata                                Aphis odinae, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]; Myzus persicae

       C. spicata                                      Aphis fabae, gossypii, odinae

       C. umbellifera = Schleffera umbellifera

(Use key to polyphagous aphids)

 

Cutandia                                                      Poaceae

      Cutandia maritima                        Sipha maydis

 

Cyamopsis                                                    Fabaceae

       Cyamopsis psoraloides  =  C. tetragonolobus

       C. tetragonolobus                          Acyrthosiphon gossypii; Aphis craccivora, gossypii

Key to apterae on Cyamopsis:-

1     Body spindle-shaped. ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH pale, very long and thin,

       0.33-0.50 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda                                               …..Acyrthosiphon gossypii

-      Body oval. ANT tubercle weakly developed. SIPH dark and much shorter                    …..2

2     Dorsum with an extensive black shield. Cauda black like SIPH              …..Aphis craccivora

-      Dorsum pale. Cauda paler than SIPH                                                           …..Aphis gossypii

 

Cyanotis                                                       Commelinaceae

      Cyanotis axillaris                           Aphis fabae, gossypii

       C. vaga                                           [Anoecia similiradiciphaga]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

 

 

Cyanus  see Centaurea                                     Asteraceae

      Cyanus segetum see Centaurea cyanus

 

 

Cyathea                                                        Cyatheaceae

      Cyathea aquilina                           Aphis aurantii, spiraecola

       C. araneosa                                   Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

       C. arborea                                      Aphis spiraecola; Macrosiphum ptericolens

       C. balanocarpa                              Aphis spiraecola; Macrosiphum cyatheae

Use key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium.

      

Cyathula                                                      Amaranthaceae

      Cyathula prostrata                         Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae

       C. tomentosa                                  Aphis raji

       C. uncinulata                                 Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus

Key to apterae on Cyathula:-

-      R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm long, narrow and pointed, with R V elongated, so that most distal primary hairs are placed 0.04 mm or more from apex. ANT and legs with long, fine-pointed hairs. SIPH dark, 0.6-1.15 X R IV+V, and 1.2-2.0(-2.4) x longer than the short dark triangular cauda                                                                                                    …..Aphis raji

-      Without this combinaton of characters                            …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

 

Cycas                                                            Cycadaceae

      Cycas circinalis                              Cerataphis brasiliensis

      Cycas sp.                                        Aphis gossypii

Couplet for separating these two species:-

-      Body dorsoventrally flattened, almost circular, wholly sclerotic with a distinct crenulate margin. Head with a pair of anteriorly directed horns. SIPH as pores

                                                                                                               ….. Cerataphis brasiliensis

-      Body oval, of normal aphid form. Head without horns. SIPH tubular        …..Aphis gossypii

 

Cyclamen                                                     Primulaceae

      Cyclamen cilicium                         Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

      C. europaeum                                Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus

       C. indicum                                     Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae;

                                                              Neomyzus circumflexus

       C. persicum                                   Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae;

                                                              Neomyzus circumflexus

       Cyclamen spp.                               Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

                                                              Myzus ornatus, [langei]; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon

Use key to polyphagous aphids.



Cyclobalanopsis see Quercus                              Fagaceae

 

 

Cycloloma                                                              Chenopodiaceae

      Cycloloma atriplicifolium              Macrosiphum euphorbiae

 

Cyclophorus  see  Pyrrosia                                    Polypodiaceae

 

Cyclosorus                                                   Thelypteridaceae

      Cyclosorus acuminatus                 Macromyzella polypodicola

       C. aridus                                        Macromyzella polypodicola

       C. parasitica                                   Macromyzella polypodicola

 

Cyclospermum                                             Apiaceae

      Cyclospermum leptophyllum        Dysaphis apiifolia

 

Cydonia                        Quinces                  Rosaceae

      Cydonia japonica = Chaenomeles japonica

       C. malus (= oblonga?)                      Aulacorthum solani

       C. oblonga                                     Anuraphis farfarae;

                                                              Aphis aurantii, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, pomi,

                                                                  spiraecola;

                                                              [Aploneura ampelina]; Aulacorthum solani;

                                                              Brachycaudus persicae; Dysaphis plantaginea, pyri;

                                                              Eriosoma flavum, lanigerum, lanuginosum, pyricola;

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;

                                                              Nearctaphis bakeri, crataegifoliae;

                                                              Ovatus crataegarius, insitus; Phorodon humuli;

                                                              Pterochloroides persicae;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae, [padi]; [Sappaphis piri];

                                                              Sitobion avenae; Watabura nishiyae

       C. sinensis = Chaenomeles sinensis

       C. vulgaris = Cydonia oblonga

       Cydonia sp.                                    [Prociphilus corrugatans]

Key to apterae on Cydonia:-

[See Blackman & Eastop (2000) for a key to the more common aphids on Quince. Distinguishing characters of apterae of Watabura nishiyae are presumed, as this species is only known from alate sexuparae.]

1     ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH absent, pore-like or as pigmented hairy cones             .....2

-      ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular                                                                       .....7

2     SIPH in form of large pores on large pigmented cones bearing numerous hairs. Abdomen

       with a double row of large dark spinal tubercles                          .....Pterochloroides persicae

-      SIPH pore-like surrounded by a single ring of hairs, or absent. No dark spinal tubercles

                                                                                                                                                   .....3

3     SIPH absent. R IV+ V shorter than HT II           …..Watabura nishiyae (a Prociphilus sp.?)*

-      SIPH present as pores with partially sclerotized rims. R IV+V longer than HT II           …..4

4     Distinct dorsal abdominal wax pore plates present, consisting of groups of cells each enclosing a very small, narrow or subdivided central area (on roots, trunk or branches)         

                                                                                                                     .....Eriosoma lanigerum

-      Dorsal abdominal wax pore plates absent or present, if present then each consists of a ring of cells around a large central undivided area (on roots only)                                                .....5

5     BL 2.0-2.7 mm. R IV+V 0.22-0.25 mm. (Cauda with 2-4 hairs)

                                                                                                                .....Eriosoma lanuginosum

-      BL 1.0-1.9 mm. R IV+V 0.10-0.18 mm                                                                             .....6

6     BL 1.0-1.3 mm. R IV+V 0.10-0.12 mm. Cauda with 2-4 hairs                .....Eriosoma flavum

-      BL 1.3-1.9 mm. R IV+V 0.12-0.18 mm. Cauda with 5 or more hairs

                                                                                                                        .....Eriosoma pyricola

7     ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed                                                           …..8

-      ANT tubercles well-developed                                                                                         .....20

8     SIPH short, with closely spaced rows of spinules or nodules                                            .....9

-      SIPH longer, with sparser, normal imbrication,or if short then smooth                           .....11

9     Cauda broadly rounded, much shorter than its basal width. Most segments with paired spinal tubercles (STu). (Leaf galls containing fundatrix and emigrant alatae only)

                                                                                                                      ......Anuraphis farfarae

-      Cauda 0.6-1.3 times as long as its basal width. STu absent. (Not forming leaf galls)      .....10

10    SIPH 0.8-1.1 × cauda, which is 1.0-1.3 × its basal width and bears 6-7 hairs. R IV+V

        0.10-0.13 mm long, and usually with 2 accessory hairs. (Al. with a solid black dorsal

        abdominal patch)                                                                                    .....Nearctaphis bakeri

-      SIPH 1.1-1.6 × cauda, which is 0.6-1.0 × its basal width, and bears 8-12 hairs. R IV+V

       0.14-0.18 mm long, and usually with 4 accessory hairs. (Al. without a solid black dorsal

       abdominal patch)                                                                        .....Nearctaphis crataegifoliae

11   Cauda short and broad, helmet-shaped                                                                           ......12

-      Cauda tongue-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width in dorsal view                        .....15

12   SIPH pale, smooth, truncate, less than 1.4 × cauda                     …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

-      SIPH dark, imbricated, tapering, more than 1.5 × cauda                                                …..13

13   Dorsum covered with an extensive black shield, extending to marginal sclerites. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent from head, rarely present on ABD TERG 8 only

                                                                                                               …..Brachycaudus persicae

-      Dorsum without an extensive black shield. STu usually present on head and ABD TERG

       7-8                                                                                                                                    …..14

14   SIPH 0.14-0.20 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 3.6-5.7                                …..Dysaphis plantaginea

-      SIPH 0.07-0.12 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.2-3.2                                             …..Dysaphis pyri

15   SIPH cylindrical over much of length, slightly swollen distally, with a constriction just

       proximal to flange                                                                   .....Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae

-      SIPH tapering from base to flange                                                                                    ....16

16   Dorsal abdomen with an extensive black patch                                         .....Aphis craccivora

-      Dorsal abdomen unpigmented or with only scattered dark markings                              .....17

17   ANT PT/BASE more than 3.5. Stridulatory apparatus present, consisting of ventrolateral

        ridges on abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a row of peg-like hairs on each hind tibia            

                                                                                                          ......Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

-      ANT PT/BASE less than 3.5. No stridulatory apparatus                                                 .....18

18   Cauda paler than SIPH, with usually 4-8 hairs (usually 5-6)                        ......Aphis gossypii

-      Cauda and SIPH both dark, and cauda with 7-19 hairs                                                   .....19

19   Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13). R IV+V more than 130μm long                                                        …...Aphis pomi

-      MTu absent from ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V

        less than 120μm long                                                                                ......Aphis spiraecola

20    Head smooth, with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. SIPH with a subapical zone of

        polygonal reticulation                                                                                                      …..21

-      Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles parallel or convergent. SIPH without any polygonal reticulation                                                                                                       .....23

21   SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda with reticulation on distal 0.19-0.35 of length. Hairs on ANT III

       0.3-0.5 × BD III                                                                                         …..Sitobion avenae

-      SIPH 1.7-2.4 × cauda with reticulation on distal 0.1-0.2 of length, hairs on ANT III

       0.6-1.1 × BD III                                                                                                              …..22

22   Head and SIPH dark. ANT III with 10-35 rhinaria                            …..Macrosiphum rosae

-      Head and SIPH pale.  ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria                     …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

23   Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view. ANT III usually with 1-3 small rhinaria near base                                                                          .....Aulacorthum solani

-      Inner faces of ANT tubercles convergent, or bearing scabrous rounded or finger-like processes. ANT III without any rhinaria                                                                          .....24

24   Inner faces of ANT tubercles bearing long, finger-like processes           …..Phorodon humuli

-      Inner faces of ANT tubercles without finger-like processes                                           …..25

25   Dorsal abdomen with an intersegmental pattern of dark ornamentation. ANT PT/BASE

       1.7-2.8                                                                                                            .....Myzus ornatus

-      Dorsal abdomen without any dark ornamentation. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-8                      ......26

26   SIPH slightly clavate. ANT VI pale, with PT/BASE 2.8-4.5                      .....Myzus persicae

-      SIPH tapering from base to flange. ANT VI dark, with PT/BASE 5-8                           .....27

27   Al. (spring emigrant) with 60-83 rhinaria on ANT III, 36-42 on IV and 13-22 on V

                                                                                                                               .....Ovatus insitus

-      Al. (spring emigrant) with 22-49 rhinaria on ANT III, 5-20 on IV and 0-10 on V

                                                                                                                     .....Ovatus crataegarius

 

Cylactis  see Rubus                                                              Rosaceae

      Cylactis pubescens see Rubus pubescens

 

Cymbalaria                                                  Plantaginaceae

      Cymbalaria alpina                   Myzus cymbalariae

       C. muralis                                 Brachycaudus helichrysi; Dysaphis gallica;

                                                         Myzus ascalonicus, cymbalariae, [certus], ornatus, persicae

       C. pallida                                  Myzus ascalonicus                 

Key to apterae on Cymbalaria:-

1    Cauda short, helmet-shaped or pentagonal not more than 1.2 × its basal width in dorsal view

      …..2

-      Cauda tongue- or finger-like, more than 1.3 × its basal width in dorsal view

                                                                                                …..go to key to polyphagous aphids

2    SIPH smooth, pale 0.8-2.0 × cauda. Head smooth with ANT tubercles and median frontal tubercle undeveloped. Spiracular apertures large and rounded     …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

-     SIPH imbricated, dark at least towards apices, 2.4-3.3 × cauda. Head with evident ANT tubercles and a scabrous median frontal tubercle. Spiracular apertures small and reniform                                                                                                                     …..Dysaphis gallica

 

Cymbaria                                                     Orobanchaceae

      Cymbaria borysthenica                 Macrosiphoniella cymbariae

 

Cymbidium                                                  Orchidaceae

      C. aloifolium                                  Cerataphis orchidearum

       C. densiflorum = C. elegans

       C. eburneum                                 Neomyzus circumflexus; Sitobion indicum, pseudoluteum

       C. elegans                                      Sitobion indicum, pseudoluteum

       C. ensifolium var. munroniamum Sitobion indicum

       C. grandiflorum = C. hookerianum

         C. hookerianum                            Cerataphis orchidearum; Neomyzus circumflexus

       C. iridifolium = C. madidum

       C. longifolium = C. elegans

       C. lowianum                                  Aphis fabae; Cerataphis orchidearum; Myzus persicae;

                                                              Sitobion indicum

       C. luteum =Chloraea gravilu

       C. madidum                                   Sitobion indicum

       C. montanum = Dilomilis montana

       C. munronianum = C. ensifolium var. munronianum

       C. suave                                         Cerataphis orchidearum

       C. tracyanum                                 Sitobion indicum

       Cymbidium sp.                              Aphis gossypii, nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani;

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus

Key to apterae on Cymbidium and most other orchid genera:-

(For a key to the common aphids on cultivated orchids see Blackman & Eastop 2000)

1     Body dorso-ventrally flattened, almost circular, wholly sclerotic, with a continuous marginal fringe of wax glands, and a pair of horns projecting forward anteriorly (Fig.25a). SIPH as large round pores raised on shallow cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed

                                                                                                             …..Cerataphis orchidearum

-      Body oval, not wholly sclerotic, without marginal wax glands or horns. SIPH tubular, Cauda helmet- or tongue-shaped, anal plate entire                                                                       …..2

2     SIPH wholly dark, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (sometimes only a few closed polygonal cells)                                                                                                      …..3

-      SIPH pale or dark, but if wholly dark then without any trace of subapical polygonal reticulation                                                                                                                          .....8

3     Dorsal hairs long and conspicuous, those on anterior ABD TERG 1.0-1.8 × ANT BD III. Longest hair on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III. SIPH 1.1-1.33 × cauda, and only reticulated on less than 0.14 of length. ABD TERG 1-5 usually with dark sclerotisation extending to margins                                                                                                                                .....4

-      Anterior dorsal abdominal and ANT hairs very short and inconspicuous, less than 0.4 × BD III. SIPH 1.4-2.3 × cauda, and reticulated on distal 0.2 or more of length. ABD TERG 1-5 either unsclerotised or with a central dark patch not extending to margins                       .....5

4     First tarsal segments with 4 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.0 × BD III

                                                                                                               .....Sitobion pseudoluteum*

-      First tarsal segments usually with 3 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-0.7 × BD III

                                                                                                               .....Sitobion orchidacearum

5     Abdominal tergum membranous. SIPH 1.9-2.3 × cauda                                                    .....6

-      Abdominal tergum with a dark patch. SIPH 1.4-2.0 × cauda                                            .....7

6     ANT shorter than BL, and pale except for apices of segments III-V and PT. ANT PT/BASE 3.9-6.2. Cauda 0.17-0.23 mm long, 1.2-1.6 × its basal width                   .....Sitobion anselliae

-      ANT much longer than BL, and dark except for I-II and base of III. ANT PT/BASE 6.2-8.0. Cauda 0.26-0.35 mm long, 1.6-2.0 × its basal width                              .....Sitobion eulophiae

7     Cauda with 6-8 hairs. Dorsal abdominal patch broadly oval with only small marginal indentations (Fig.25b). ANT III slightly constricted at base in comparison to rhinariated part

                                                                                                                             .....Sitobion luteum

-      Cauda with 9-13 hairs. Dorsal abdominal patch very irregular in outline with large intersegmental indentations (Fig.25c). ANT III as thick at base as at rhinariated part

                                                                                                                           .....Sitobion indicum

8     Dorsum with a distinctive pattern of black markings, comprising paired pleuro-spinal and marginal sclerites on prothorax, metanotum and ABD TERG 1-7, and a medial sclerite on ABD TERG 8 (Fig.25d). SIPH asymmetrically swollen on distal half

                                                                                                                     .....Neomyzus dendrobii

-      Dorsum without such a pattern; if with any dark markings then SIPH are not swollen on distal half                                                                                                                            .....9

9     Dorsal abdomen with a solid dark oval sclerite centred on ABD TERG 2-4, otherwise pale except for thin cross band on ABD TERG 8. SIPH black, cylindrical, slightly narrower at midlength. Head densely spiculose, with well-developed ANT tubercles.. ANT PT/BASE 2.9-3.3                                   …..?Micromyzus sp. on Dendrobium sulphureum, New Guinea

-      Without that combination of characters; if dorsal abdomen has a central sclerite then it is broken in midline and ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.3. SIPH and head various                         …..10

10    Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width, with 4-5 hairs. R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II, similar in length to SIPH                                                              …..Dysaphis neostroyani

-       Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width, with 4-24 hairs. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II, shorter than SIPH                                                                                                            …..11

11   SIPH thick and cylindrical, c.0.8 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE c.1.9. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)                                                                             .....Aphis orchidis*

-      Without that combination; either or both SIPH and ANT PT relatively longer. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with or without MTu                                                                                               .....12

12   SIPH and cauda both entirely black, the latter without any midway constriction and bearing 11-24 hairs. Thorax and ABD TERG 7 and 8 with dark cross-bands, and usually scattered small dark markings also on ABD TERG 1-6. ANT tubercles weakly developed and ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. No stridulatory apparatus                                                       .....13

-      Without that combination of characters                            .....go to key to polyphagous aphids

13   Hairs on ANT III very fine, the longest 2.1-2.8 × BD III. R IV+V 1.05-1.25 × HT II. MTu often present on ABD TERG 2-6 as well as 1 and 7                                    .....Aphis epipactis

-      Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-2.2 × BD III. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. MTu rarely present on ABD TERG 2-6                                                         .....Aphis fabae group (incl. A. solanella)

 

Cymbopogon                                                Poaceae

      C. citratus                                      Sipha flava

       C. martini                                      Sitobion miscanthi; Tetraneura fusiformis

       C. nardus                                       Sitobion miscanthi, [Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)];

       C. tortilis                                        [Pemphigus andropogiae Shinji 1924];

                                                              [Watabura nishiyae]

       C. validus = C. nardus                     

       Cymbopogon sp.                           Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis hierochlophaga

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

 

Cymboseris   see  Crepis                                                   Asteraceae

 

Cynanchum                                                 Apocynaceae

      C. acutum (incl. ssp.                         Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nerii;

                              sibiricum)                        Brachyunguis bicolor, cynanchi

       C. atratum                                     Aphis asclepiadis, nerii; Myzus persicae

       C. dalhousiae                                 Aphis nerii

       C. ellipticum                                  Aphis nerii

       C. racemosum (var. rensonii)        Aphis nerii, spiraecola

       C. salinarum = Funastrum angustifolium

       C. savannarum                              Aphis nerii

       C. sibiricum = C. acutum ssp. sibiricum

Key to apterae on Cynanchum:-

1.    ANT PT/BASE more than 2. SIPH longer than cauda   …..go to key to apterae on Asclepias

-      ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH shorter than cauda                                                       …..2

2.    SIPH 2-3 × longer than their basal widths, 0.75-0.9 × ANT VI (incl. PT), and 0.8-0.95 × cauda, which bears 11-12 hairs                                                     …..Brachyunguis cynanchi*

-      SIPH less than 2 × longer than their basal widths, about 0.6 × ANT VI (incl. PT), and

       0.5-0.6 × cauda, which bears about 6 hairs                                      …..Brachyunguis bicolor*

 

 

Cynara                                                         Asteraceae

      Cynara cardunculus                     Aphis fabae, gossypii, [intybi], spiraecola;

                                                              Brachycaudus cardui;

                                                              Capitophorus elaeagni, carduinus, horni;

                                                              Dysaphis lappae ssp. cynarae; Hyperomyzus lactucae;

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;

                                                              Protrama flavescens, radicis; Trama troglodytes;

                                                              Uroleucon compositae, jaceae, sonchi

       C. cynosbatella (?)                         Aphis fabae ssp.?cirsiiacanthoides (as neoreticulata

                                                                  Theobald 1927)

       C. humilis                                      Aphis fabae

      C. scolymus                                   Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, solanella;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;

                                                              Capitophorus [carduinus], elaeagni, horni, [similis];

                                                              Dysaphis lappae ssp. cynarae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

                                                              Myzus ascalonicus, persicae;

                                                              [Pleotrichophorus chrysanthemi];

                                                              Protaphis middletonii, terricola;

                                                              Protrama radicis; Trama troglodytes;

                                                              Uroleucon cichorii, compositae, gobonis, jaceae

Key to apterae on Cynara (and Silybum):-

1      ANT PT/BASE less than 0.7. HT II elongate, at least 0.5 × hind tibia                             .....2

-       ANT PT/BASE more than 0.75. HT II of normal length                                                   .....4

2     SIPH absent. Apterae without dark dorsal markings. ANT VI shorter than ANT V, with ANT PT/BASE 0.14-0.25                                                                       .....Trama troglodytes

-      SIPH present as large pores on low pigmented cones. Most apterae alatiform, with dark dorsal markings. ANT VI longer than ANTV, with ANT PT/BASE 0.4-0.6                   …..3

3     HT II 0.72-0.87 × length of hind tibia. Hind tibia 5.0-6.4 × ANT IV. R IV with 8-12 accessory (dorsal) hairs                                                                            ….. Protrama radicis

-      HT II 0.59-0.70 × length of hind tibia. Hind tibia 6.5-9.2 × ANT IV. R IV with 6-8 accessory (dorsal) hairs                                                                                        …..Protrama flavescens

4      Cauda short, helmet-shaped or bluntly triangular, shorter than or not clearly longer than its basal width in dorsal view                                                                                                  .....5

-      Cauda elongate triangular, tongue-or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width in dorsal view                                                                                                                         .....9

5      ANT PT/BASE  0.75-2.1. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu). Cauda bluntly triangular with 10-20 hairs                                                             .....6

-       ANT PT/BASE 2.3-5.1. Cauda helmet-shaped, with 5-8 hairs. If ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu then these are also present on ABD TERG 2-5                                                        …..7

6     ANT PT/BASE 0.75-1.15, and PT 0.5-0.8 × R IV+V                           .....Protaphis terricola

-      ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.1, and PT 0.8-1.2 × R IV+V                          .....Protaphis middletonii

7     Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black patch. SIPH 0.10-0.15 × BL. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes                                      .....Brachycaudus cardui

-      Dorsal abdomen without a solid black patch, at most with scattered dark markings. SIPH 0.05-0.10 × BL. Mesosternum without mammariform processes                                      .....8

8     BL 0.9-2.0 mm.  SIPH smooth, short and broad-based, 1.5-2.0 × their diameter at  midlength. Spinal and marginal tubercles (STu and MTu) rare or absent

                                                                                                             ......Brachycaudus helichrysi

-      BL 2.1-3.0 mm. SIPH imbricated and about 3 × their diameter at midlength. Numerous well-developed STu and MTu present                                          .....Dysaphis lappae ssp. cynarae

9     Hairs on front of head and dorsal body mostly capitate, often quite long and arising from tuberculate bases                                                                                                              .....10

-      Hairs on front of head and dorsal body not capitate                                                       .....12

10   Dorsal abdomen with most spinal hairs duplicated, not arranged in two clear longitudinal rows                                                                                                       .....Capitophorus horni

-       Dorsal abdomen  with one pair of spinal hairs per segment, forming a single longitudinal row on each side of mid-line                                                                                                   .....11

11    Cauda 1.4-2.3 × R IV+V, and bearing 7-13 hairs. ANT PT 4.5-6.3 × R IV+V, and 6.0-9.2 × ANT BASE VI. SIPH with dark apices                                          .....Capitophorus elaeagni

-       Cauda 1.1-1.5 × R IV+V, and bearing 5-8 hairs. ANT PT 3.1-4.4 × R IV+V, and 4.6-6.3 × ANT VI BASE. SIPH without dark apices                                  .....Capitophorus carduinus

12    SIPH pale and markedly clavate, with maximum diameter of swollen part 1.4-2.0 × minimum diameter on basal half.  Head smooth                             …..Hyperomyzus lactucae

-       SIPH pale or dark; tapering, cylindrical, or if clavate then head is spiculose                 …..13

13    SIPH pale or dark, but if dark then without any subapical polygonal reticulation                  

                                                                                                      .....go to polyphagous aphids key

-       SIPH mainly or wholly dark, and with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation         .....14

14    Cauda dark like SIPH                                                                                                     ......15

-       Cauda pale, much paler than SIPH                                                                                 …..17

15   ANT III with 48-86 rhinaria extending over 0.85-0.92 of length of segment. Cauda with

       10-22 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 usually without marginal tubercles (MTu)

                                                                                            …..Uroleucon compositae (or gobonis)

-      ANT III with 20-54 rhinaria on basal 0.35-0.68 (-0.88) of length. Cauda with 22-30 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 often with MTu                                                                                    …..16

16   R IV+V 0.23-0.26 mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 with MTu present that are often larger than adjacent hair-bases. Tibiae usually slightly paler on middle part. Hind tibia without a row of peg-like hairs on inner side                                                                   ….. Uroleucon aeneum

-      R IV+V 0.17-0.225 mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 with MTu if present not larger than adjacent hair-bases. Tibiae usually entirely black. Hind tibia with a row of very short and thick

       peg-like hairs on the inner side                                                                …..Uroleucon jaceae

17    Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 not placed on dark scleroites. RVI+V 0.73-0.88 × HT II

                                                                                                                        …..Uroleucon sonchi

-       Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 all or mostly placed on dark scleroites. R IV+V

        1.17-1.33 × HT II                                                                                  …..Uroleucon cichorii

 

Cynodon                                                       Poaceae

      Cynodon dactylon                         Anoecia corni, vagans; Aphis gossypii, spiraecola;

                                                              Aploneura lentisci; Asiphonella cynodonti, dactylonii;

                                                              Baizongia pistaciae; Ceratovacuna panici;

                                                              Chaetogeoica polychaeta; Diuraphis noxia;

                                                              Forda formicaria, hirsuta, marginata;

                                                              Geoica lucifuga, utricularia; Hysteroneura setariae;

                                                              [Iziphya maculata]; Paracletus bykovi, cimiciformis;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;

                                                              Schizaphis graminum, rotundiventris; Sipha flava, maydis;

                                                              Sitobion africanum, avenae, lambersi, leelamaniae,

                                                                 miscanthi;

                                                              Smynthurodes betae;

                                                              Tetraneura africana, caerulescens, fusiformis,

                                                                  nigriabdominalis, radicicola, ulmi

       C. plectostachyus                           Brachysiphoniella montana; [Pterasthenia shiraensis];

                                                              Sitobion graminis

       Cynodon sp.                                  Ceratovacuna cynodonti

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

                                                          

Cynoglossum                                               Boraginaceae

      Cynoglossum amabile                   Brachycaudus helichrysi

      C. creticum                                    Brachycaudus bicolor, helichrysi

      C. denticulatum = C. wallichii

       C. furcatum = C. zeylanicum

       C. glochidiatum = C. wallichii ssp. glochidiatum                          

       C. grande                                       Brachycaudus bicolor; Myzus persicae

       C. hungaricum = C. montanum

       C. lanceolatum                              Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

                                                              Myzus ornatus

       C. montanum                                Brachycaudus cardui

       C. nebrodense                                Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus helichrysi

       C. officinale                                   Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aphis symphyti;

                                                              Brachycaudus bicolor, cardui, helichrysi, lateralis;

                                                              [Diuraphis frequens]; Myzus persicae

       C. pictum = C. creticum

       C. wallichii  (incl. ssp.                      [Aleurodaphis blumeae]; Brachycaudus helichrysi;

                         glochidiatum)                  [Longisiphoniella subterranea]; Myzus ornatus;

                                                              [Protrama longitarsus ssp. sclerodensis]

       C. zeylanicum                                Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi

       Cynoglossum spp.                         Aphis [cynoglossi Lichtenstein 1884], fabae, nasturtii,

                                                                 Aphis sp. ?tirucallis (BMNH colln, Iran);

                                                              [Cerataphis lataniae]; [Eutrichosiphum flavum];

                                                              Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Neomyzus circumflexus;

                                                              [Rhopalosiphum padi]; [Uroleucon pseudotanaceti]

Key to apterae on Cynoglossum:-

1     Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view                               …..2

-      Cauda tongue or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width                                  …..5

2     Dorsum without any dark markings. SIPH 0.05-0.10 × BL         …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

-      Dorsum with a dark shield or extensive dark markings. SIPH 0.09-0.15 × BL                …..3

3     Broad, flat, pale marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1-7, larger than the spiracles and occupying almost the whole of the sclerites on which they are placed. ABD TERG 7 often, and 6-8 sometimes, with spinal tubercles (STu)

.....Brachycaudus bicolor

-      MTu irregularly present on ABD TERG 2-4, sometimes also on 1 and/or 5, but never on 6 and 7, and generally smaller than the spiracles. No STu                                                    …..4

4    Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25 mm                                           …..Brachycaudus lateralis

-      Longest hairs on hind femur more than 25 mm long                          …..Brachycaudus cardui

5      ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)       

                                                                                                                                                  …..6

-      ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu                                        

                                                               …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4

6     Dorsal abdomen with a (sometimes fragmented) black shield. R IV+V 0.9-1.01 × HT II. Cauda with 4-8 hairs                                                                                                          …..7

-      Dorsal abdomen either with dark cross-bands or pale. R IV+V 0.88-1.57 × HT II. Cauda with 4-25 hairs                                                                                                                   …..8

7     ANT PT/BASE 1.4-1.6. SIPH 0.6-1.0 × cauda

                                                                          …..Aphis sp. (?tirucallis - Iran, BMNH collection)

-      ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. SIPH 1.1–2.1 × cauda                                       …..Aphis craccivora

8     Cauda black with 11-25 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with transverse dark bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and often with dark markings on more anterior tergites                                 

                                                                                                                                  …..Aphis fabae

-      Cauda paler than SIPH, with 4-11 hairs. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings, or with only narrow bands on ABD TERG (7) – 8                                                                        …..9

9     SIPH usually rather pale, darker at apices. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II           …..Aphis nasturtii

-      SIPH uniformly dark. R IV+V 1.1-1.57 × HT II                                                            …..10

10   Total length of rostrum (measured from base of protractor apodeme) 0.43-0.60 mm,

       0.27-0.36 × BL. (Al. with 1-4 rhinaria n ANT III)                                     …..Aphis symphyti

-      Total length of rostrum 0.34-0.49 mm, 0.22-0.28 × BL. (Al. usually with 0, rarely with 1-2, rhinaria on ANT III)                                                                                    …..Aphis gossypii

 

Cynoglottis                                                   Boraginaceae

      Cynoglottis barrelieri                     Brachycaudus helichrysi

 

Cynometra                                                             Fabaceae   

      Cynometra cauliflora                   Aphis aurantii, gossypii

(Use key to polyphagous aphids)

 

Cynosurus                                                    Poaceae

       Cynosurus cristatus                       Anoecia corni; Atheroides serrulatus; Forda formicaria;

                                                              Metopolophium festucae ssp. cerealium;

                                                              Pemphigus sp. (?groenlandicus - Zwölfer 1958);

                                                              Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae, fragariae

       C. echinatus                                   Metopolophium dirhodum, fasciatum;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae, fragariae

       C. elegans                                      Metopolophium dirhodum; Sitobion fragariae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

 

Cynura  =  Gynura                                                                   Asteraceae

 

Cypella                                                         Iridaceae

      Cypella herbertii                            Hysteroneura setariae

 

Cyperorchis  =  Cymbidium                                                 Orchidaceae                   

 

Cyperus  (including Mariscus)                                      Cyperaceae

       Cyperus aggregatus                       Carolinaia caricis, cyperi

       C. ajax                                           [Sitobion sp.]

       C. alopecuroides                            Schizaphis rotundiventris

       C. alternifolius                               Rhopalosiphum padi

       C. amabilis                                     Schizaphis minuta

       C. australis = C. glomeratus

       C. bacans (?)                                  Carolinaia scirpi

       C. badius                                        Schizaphis pyri (as fritzmuelleri), rotundiventris;

                                                              Sipha glyceriae

       C. brevifolius = Kyllinga brevifolia

       C. compressus                               Hysteroneura setariae

       C. congestus                                  Hysteroneura setariae

       C. cylindristachyus                        Hysteroneura setariae; Schizaphis rotundiventris

       C. cyperoides                                 Carolinaia scirpi; Hysteroneura setariae;

                                                              Schizaphis rotundiventris

       C. difformis                                    [Ovatus malisuctus]; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae;

                                                               Schizaphis (Paraschizaphis) sp. nr acori (Japan, BMNH

                                                                   collection)

       C. distachyos                                  Aphis fabae, [polyanthis Passerini 1843: Macchiati 1884]

       C. elatus                                         Schizaphis rotundiventris

       C. eragrostis                                   Ceruraphis eriophori; Sitobion avenae

       C. esculentus                                 Aphis gossypii; Carolinaia cyperi; Hysteroneura setariae;

                                                              Rhopalosiphum maidis, rufiabdominale;

                                                              Saltusaphis scirpus;

                                                              Schizaphis minuta, rotundiventris; Sipha flava;

                                                              Sitobion hillerislambersi, [Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)];

                                                              Smynthurodes betae

       C. exaltatus                                    Schizaphis hypersiphonata, rotundiventris

       C. fastigiatus                                  Rhopalosiphum maidis

       C. flabelliformis                             Carolinaia scirpi, javanica; Sitobion miscanthi

       C. flavus = C. aggregatus

       C. flexuosus                                   Carolinaia caricis, cyperi

       C. fuscus                                        Nevskya fungifera; Saltusaphis scirpus

       C. glomeratus                                Rhopalosiphum padi

       C. haspan                                      Carolinaia javanica

       C. hermaphroditus                        Carolinaia corozonensis, cyperi

       C. imbricatus                                 Aphis gossypii

       C. inconpletus = C. hermaphroditus

       C. iria                                             Hysteroneura setariae; Saltusaphis scirpus

       C. laevigatus                                  Aphis fabae

       C. longus                                       Rhopalosiphum padi; Saltusaphis scirpus;

                                                              Schizaphis graminum, [scirpi], pyri, rotundiventris;

                                                              Sipha glyceriae; Sitobion avenae; Tetraneura africana

       C. malaccensis                               Vesiculaphis caricis

                       (incl. var. brevifolius)

       C. microiria                                   Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale; Vesiculaphis caricis

       C. monophyllus = C. malaccensis var. brevifolius

       C. niveus                                        Schizaphis graminum

       C. odoratus                                    Carolinaia cyperi

       C. pagrus (?)                                  Hysteroneura setariae; Schizaphis rotundiventris

       C. papyrus                                     Schizaphis rotundiventris

       C. pilosus                                       Schizaphis rotundiventris

       C. pseudoleptocladus                     [Sitobion sp. (Millar 1994)]

       C. pustulatus                                  Aphis gossypii

       C. reduncus                                   Aphis gossypii

       C. rigidifolius                                 Rhopalosiphum maidis; Saltusaphis scirpus;

                                                              Schizaphis rotundiventris

       C. rotundifolius                             Ceruraphis eriophori

       C. rotundus                                    Aphis fabae, gossypii, [nerii]; Carolinaia cyperi;

                                                              Forda formicaria; Geoica lucifuga; Hysteroneura setariae;

                                                              Nevskya fungifera; [Paracletus bykovi ssp. uzbekistanicus];

                                                              Rhopalosiphum maidis, nymphaeae, padi, rufiabdominale;

                                                              Schizaphis graminum, minuta, piricola, pyri,

                                                                  rotundiventris;

                                                              Sitobion miscanthi; Tetraneura fusiformis, radicicola;

                                                              [Therioaphis trifolii ssp. maculata, ononidis];

                                                              [Thripsaphis ballii]; Vesiculaphis caricis

       C. serotinus                                    Schizaphis minuta, [Schizaphis sp.], [Schizaphis

                                                                 (Paraschizaphis) sp.];

                                                              Sitobion avenae, miscanthi group; Vesiculaphis caricis

       C. sumatrensis = Killinga sumatrensis (?)

       C. umbellatus = C. cyperoides

       C. usitatus                                      Saltusaphis scirpus

       C. vegetus = C. eragrostis

       C. virens                                         Geoica utricularia

       Cyperus spp.                                  Acutosiphon obliquoris;

                                                              Allaphis cyperi, ossiannilsoni, [producta];

                                                              [Colopha compressa]; Forda hirsuta;

                                                              Melanaphis donacis;

                                                              Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae; [Pseudaphis sijui];

                                                              Sitobion africanum, graminis; [Subsaltusaphis sinensis]

Key to apterae on Cyperus:-

1      SIPH tubular; tapering, cylindrical or swollen, clearly longer than their basal widths     …..2

-       SIPH in form of short truncate cones not clearly longer than their basal widths, or present merely as pores, or completely absent                                                                             …..31

2      SIPH tapering to a point, with aperture placed laterally. ANT 5-segmented, with PT/BASE less than 1                                                                                       …..Acutosiphon obliquoris

-       SIPH cylindrical or swollen, with terminal aperture. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with PT/BASE more or less than 1                                                                                                             …..3

3      Head flattened, with frontal area produced into a ledge extending over ANT bases. SIPH stout, very scabrous, swollen over most of length and very strongly constricted before apex; width in middle 60-95 mm, 0.22-0.26 × length and 3.4-5.4 × width of subapical constriction

                                                                                                                     …..Vesiculaphis caricis

-       Head not flattened or extended forward over ANT bases. SIPH scabrous, imbricated or smooth, but if scabrous, swollen and subapically constricted then the swollen part is less than 2.5 × width of constriction                                                                                                …..4

4     Head with inner sides of ANT tubercles scabrous, or developed as rounded, scabrous or spiculose processes                                                                                                             …..5

-      Head with ANT tubercles absent, or weakly developed, or smooth and divergent          …..6

5     ANT 2.7-3.7 × head width across (and including) eyes. ANT III 2.3-2.6 × ANT V, and

       2.9-4.0 × BASE VI. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II and bearing 4-5 accessory hairs

                                                                                                   .....Carolinaia scirpi

-      ANT 2.1-2.5 × head width across eyes. ANT III 1.5-1.7 × ANT V, and 1.9-2.2 × BASE VI. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II, and bearing 2 accessory hairs                      .....Carolinaia javanica

6     ANT 5-segmented, bearing long hairs up to 4-5 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 4.5-5.9, with PT usually curved. (When rarely 6-segmented then ANT PT 2.0-2.5 × ANT III)

                                                                                                  …..Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

-      ANT 5- or 6-segmented, but if 5-segmented then hairs are much shorter and/or ANT PT/BASE is less than 3.6. ANT PT 0.9-2.0 × ANT III                                                     …..7

7     SIPH scabrous dorsally and with heavy, denticulate imbrication ventrally; swollen or thickened on distal half and constricted subapically, so that maximum diameter of swollen part is more than 1.7 × diameter of subapical constriction. Dorsal cuticle sclerotic and strongly wrinkled or pitted                                                                                                …..8

-      SIPH smooth or normally imbricated, or heavily imbricated but with maximum diameter of distal half less than 1.6 × diameter of subapical constriction. Dorsal cuticle sclerotic or membranous                                                                                                                      .....10

8     ANT 0.26-0.31 × BL, often 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.5

…..Carolinaia caricis

-      ANT usually 6-segmented, 0.4-0.55 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.6                         …..9

9     Total length of rostrum 0.14-0.17 × BL. SIPH thick, 3.9-4.5 × maximum diameter of swollen part and 3.7-4.8 × minimum diameter on basal half                                …..Carolinaia cyperi

-      Total length of rostrum 0.17-0.22 × BL. SIPH longer and thinner; 5.0-5.8 × maximum diameter of swollen part and 6.5-7.3 × minimum diameter on basal half

                                                                                                              …..Carolinaia corazonensis

10   Cauda 0.8-1.2 × ANT PT and bearing 12-21 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1-2

                                                                                                                     …..Melanaphis donacis

-      Cauda 0.25-0.7 × ANT PT and bearing 4-13 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-6.3                   …..11

11   ANT less than 0.5 × BL                                                                                                   …..12

-      ANT more than 0.5 × BL                                                                                                 …..13

12   Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. Dorsal hairs long; those on ANT III about 2 × BD III. ANT III with 2-10 rhinaria near base. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.6

                                                                                                                   …..Ceruraphis eriophori

-      Dorsum pale, not sclerotic. Hairs on ANT III less than 2 × BD III. ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8                                                                   …..Rhopalosiphum maidis

13   SIPH dark with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation                                             …..14

-      SIPH pale or dark, without polygonal reticulation                                                          …..18

14   Cauda black like SIPH                                                                             …..Sitobion graminis

-      Cauda pale or dusky, much paler than SIPH                                                                   …..15

15   SIPH 2.5-3.1 × cauda, which has 5-6 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with a sharply-defined almost oval black central patch                                                                         …..Sitobion hillerislambersi

-      SIPH 1.1-1.9 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings, but without a sharply defined central black patch                                                                                              …..16

16    SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda. HT II 1.2 -1.6 × R IV+V                                       .....Sitobion avenae

-      SIPH 1.4-1.9 × cauda. HT II 1.0-1.3 × R IV+V                                                             ......17

17    Dorsal abdominal pigmentation often consisting of segmentally arranged and variably developed but well-defined transverse black bars. Short-haired; longest hairs on ANT III less than 20 μm long                                                                                     .....Sitobion africanum

-     Dorsal abdominal pigmentation variably developed, ill-defined and not segmentally divided. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 20μm long                                    .....Sitobion miscanthi

18   ANT III with 1-4 small rhinaria near base (rarely one side has none). ANT tubercles well developed, extending forward much further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH pale

                                                                                                                                                …..19

-      ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles small or only moderately developed, not extending forward much further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH dark or pale with dark apices                                                                                                                                …..20

19   ANT with each segment pale at base and dusky/dark at apex (base of VI paler than apex of V). R IV+V 0.55-0.71 × HT II. (Al. without dorsal abdominal pigmentation)

                                                                                                           …..Metopolophium dirhodum

-       ANT progressively darker from base to apex. R IV+V 0.71-0.90 × HT II. (Al. with

        dark dorsal abdominal bars)                                                         …..Metopolophium festucae

20   SIPH clavate. Dorsal cuticle ornamented with a pattern of rounded bead-like spicules, arranged in polygons                                                               …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

-     SIPH tapering or somewhat thickened distally, but not clavate. Dorsal cuticle smooth or variously sculptured                                                                                                        …..21

21   SIPH black, swollen slightly on basal half (calf-shaped), contrasting with long (0.16-0.26 mm) pale cauda, which  bears 4 hairs on middle part                       …..Hysteroneura setariae

-       SIPH pale with dark apices or entirely dark; cylindrical or tapering without any swelling of basal half. Cauda pale, dusky or dark, with 4-24 hairs                                                   …..22

22    SIPH pale basally, dark towards apices                                                                          …..23

-       SIPH uniformly dark                                                                                                       …..25

23   SIPH 2.8-3.7 × longer than their width at midlength.  ANT with primary rhinaria on ANT V much smaller than that on VI, its diameter 0.3-0.4 × width of segment at that point. R IV+V 0.85-1.0 × HT II                                                                                     …..Schizaphis minuta

-      SIPH 4.2-9.2 × longer than their width at midlength. ANT with primary rhinarium on ANT V about the same size as that on VI, its diameter more than 0.5 of width of segment at that point. R IV+V 0.65-0.8 × HT II                                                                                     …..24

24   SIPH 3.1-3.7 × HT II, 0.19-0.25 × BL and 1.67-2.25 × cauda

                                                                                       .....Schizaphis hypersiphonata

-       SIPH 1.8-2.9 × HT II, 0.11-0.19 × BL and 1.3-1.7 × cauda             .....Schizaphis graminum

25    SIPH cylindrical or slightly swollen on distal half, with a smooth subapical constricted area before a well-developed flange. Dorsal cuticle with a reticulate pattern of spicules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing one or more additional spicules

                                                                                              …..Rhopalosiphum padi

-       SIPH tapering from base to flange, without a subapical constriction. Dorsal cuticle with or without a reticulate pattern but not as above                                                                  …..26

26   ANT III-VI dark except for basal part of III. ANT PT/BASE 4.2-6.0. SIPH 1.6-3.3 × cauda. (Al. with media once-branched)                                                                                       .....27

-      ANT III and IV mainly pale, V dark towards apex, VI mainly dark. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-4.0. SIPH 0.8-2.0 (-2.5) × cauda. (Al. with media twice-branched)                                       .....30

27   ABD TERG 8 with 5-7 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.6-2.2 × BD III

                                                                         …..Schizaphis sp. near acori (Japan, BMNH colln)

-      ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-0.9 × BD III                        .....28

28    SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda. Longest hairs on hind femur shorter than trochantro-femoral suture. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 6-12, IV 2-6, V 0-2)                                …..Schizaphis rotundiventris

-       SIPH 1.6-2.4 × cauda. Longest hairs on hind femur as long as or longer than trochantro-femoral suture. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 15-29, IV 7-15, V 0-5)                                        .....29

29    ANT I and II dark like most of ANT flagellum, only base of ANT III often pale. Cauda dark

                                                                                                                            …..Schizaphis pyri

-       ANT I and II pale like base of ANT III. Cauda pale/dusky                 …..Schizaphis piricola

30    Cauda black with 11-27 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with black bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8. Longest hair on ANT III 0.8-3.4 × BD III                                                      …..Aphis fabae

-       Cauda pale or dusky with 4-8 hairs. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Longest hair on ANT III 0.4-0.7 × BD III                                                                           ….. Aphis gossypii

31    Eyes multifacetted. Distal part of cauda developed as a knob                                       …..32

-       Eyes with only three facets. Cauda broadly rounded, not developed                            …..37

32   Dorsal hairs long and spine-like. Eyes with an ocular tubercle. Anal plate either entire or with a shallow cleft (emarginate)                                                                                                …..33

-      Dorsal hairs mostly short with pointed apices or fan- or mushroom-shaped, or if long then rod-shaped or with expanded apices. Eyes protruding. and without an ocular tubercle (triommatidium). Anal plate bilobed, with a deep cleft between the two lobes              …..34

33   Dorsal cuticle uniformly sclerotic, adorned with small denticles or spinules between the hairs; intersegmental muscle sclerites not evident                                                 …..Sipha glyceriae

-      Dorsal cuticle not markedly sclerotic nor adorned with denticles; often showing dark inter-segmental muscle sclerites                                                                                  …..Sipha flava

34   Fore and mid tibiae thickened at base, forming a smooth sclerotic “patella” (clearly different from base of hind tibia). SIPH stump-shaped, conical or raised pores                            …..35

-      Fore and mid tibiae constricted at base like hind tibiae. SIPH as slightly raised pores   …..36

35   Head pale. ABD TERG 8 with a pair of large quadrate processes each bearing two long rod-shaped slightly capitate hairs arising from tuberculate bases (Fig. 18k)

                                                                                                            …..Saltusaphis scirpus group

-      Head dark. ABD TERG 8 with variably developed hair-bearing conical processes, not longer than their basal widths                                                                             …..Nevskya fungifera

       (Note: a more complete key to sedge-feeding Saltusaphidinae  can be found under Carex.)

36   ANT III 0.35-0.5 × head width across (and including) eyes. Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 very evenly rounded (semi-circular)                                      …..Allaphis ossiannilssoni group

-      ANT III 0.95-1.25 × head width across eyes. Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 not very evenly rounded                                                                                  …..Allaphis cyperi group

       (Note: a more complete key to sedge-feeding Saltusaphidinae  can be found under Carex.)

37   Tarsi 1-segmented. SIPH present as small pigmented cones. Facetted wax glands present

                                                                                                                                                …..38

-      Tarsi 2-segmented. SIPH absent. Anal plate enlarged and displaced dorsally. No facetted wax glands                                                                                                                       …..40

38   R IV+V less than 0.15 mm, less than 1.8 × HT                                 …..Tetraneura fusiformis

-      R IV+V more than 0.15 mm long, more than 1.8 × HT                                                  …..39

39   Body and ANT with numerous hairs of varying size and length      …..Tetraneura radicicola

-      Body and ANT hairs all short, sparse and inconspicuous                    …..Tetraneura africana

40   Primary rhinarium on ANT V with plain rim                                                                    .....41

-      Primary rhinarium on ANT V with fimbriate rim                                                             .....43

41   ANT II about twice as long as ANT I, and nearly as long as ANT III. Anal plate displaced dorsally                                                                                                 …..Smynthurodes betae

-      ANT II only a little longer than ANT I, and much shorter than ANT III. Anal plate in the normal posterioventral position                                                                                        …..42

42   Primary rhinarium on ANT BASE V very large, transversely oblong and extending around segment, 4-5 × larger than primary rhinarium on ANT IV                       .....Forda formicaria

-      Primary rhinarium on ANT BASE V almost circular and less than 2 × larger than that on ANT IV                                                                                                           .....Forda hirsuta

43   Anal plate with numerous short hairs                                                     …..Geoica utricularia

-      Anal plate with 2 longitudinal rows of long hairs                                      …..Geoica lucifuga

 

Cyphomandra                                              Solanaceae

      Cyphomandra betacea                  Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola,

                                                                 [Aphis sp. (Millar 1994)];

                                                              Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;

                                                              Myzus ornatus, persicae

       C. clavata                                       Aphis citricidus, craccivora, fabae, odinae, solanella,

                                                                  spiraecola;

                                                              Myzus ornatus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

 

Cyphostemma                                              Vitaceae

      Cyphostemma adenocaule            Aphis gossypii

 

Cypripedium                                                Orchidaceae

      Cypripedium spp.                          Aphis gossypii; Cerataphis orchidearum;

                                                              [Micromyzodium filicium]; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae;

                                                              Sitobion luteum

Use key to apterae of orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium.

 

Cyrilla                                                                      Cyrillaceae

      Cyrilla racemiflora                       Aphis aurantii, iteae, nigra

 

1     SIPH only about twice as long as wide, less than 0.7 × cauda                       …..Aphis nigra*

-      SIPH 0.9-2.3 × cauda                                                                                                        …..2

2     Stridulatory apparatus present (cuticular ridges of abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a row of peg-like hairs on hind tibiae; fig. 122). SIPH 0.9-1.3 × cauda, which bears 10-26 hairs. Apices of tibiae normal                                                  .....Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

-      No stridulatory apparatus. SIPH more than 2 × cauda, which is  about as long as its basal width, and bears c. 10 hairs. Apices of tibiae with a rounded knob-like structure

                                                                                                         ….. Aphis iteae

 

Cyrtanthus                                                   Amaryllidaceae

      Cyrtanthus sp.                               Myzus persicae

 

Cyrtococcum                                                Poaceae

      Cyrtococcum accrescens               Pseudoregma panicola

       C. patens                                        Pseudoregma panicola

       C. trigonum                                   Pseudoregma panicola

 

Cyrtomium                                                   Dryopteridaceae

      Cyrtomium falcatum                     [Cyrtomophorodon cyrtomophitum];

                                                              Idiopterus nephrelepidis; Macromyzus woodwardiae

                                                              Neomyzus circumflexus

       Cyrtomium sp.                               [Cerataphis lataniae – Swain 1919, 164]

Use key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium.

 

Cyrtopodium                                                Orchidaceae

      Cyrtopodium sp.                            Cerataphis orchidearum

 

Cyrtospadix   see  Caladium                                  Araceae

 

Cyrtosperma                                                Araceae

      Cyrtosperma sp.                            Pentalonia caladii

 

Cystopteris                                                   Woodsiaceae

      Cystopteris bulbifera                      Macrosiphum cystopteris; Papulaphis sleesmanni

       C. crispa (?)                                   Taiwanomyzus alpicola

       C. fragilis                                       Macrosiphum dryopteridis; Taiwanomyzus alpicola

       C. montana                                    Amphorophora ampullata;

                                                              [Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae]

       Cystopteris sp.                                Macrosiphum walkeri

Use key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium.

 

Cystostemon (including Vaupelia)                               Boraginaceae

      Cystostemon sp.                             Aphis craccivora

 

Cytisophyllum                                                       Fabaceae

      Cytisophyllum sessilifolium           Acyrthosiphon parvum

 

Cytisus (including Sarothamnus, Spartocytisus)                  Fabaceae

      Cytisus adamii                               Aphis cytisorum

       C. albus                                          Acyrthosiphon [loti], parvum; Aphis cytisorum

      C. austriacus                                  Acyrthosiphon parvum, pisum;

                                                              Aphis cytisorum, pseudocytisorum

       C. austriacus ssp. heuffelii             Aphis cytisorum; Ctenocallis dobrovljanskyi

       C. battandieri = Argyrocytisus battandieri

       C. beanii                                        Myzus cymbalariae

       C. borysthenicus                            Ctenocallis dobrovljanskyi

      C. canariensis = Genista canariensis

       C. candicans = Genista monspessulana

       C. capitatus =  C. hirsutus

       C. elongatus                                   [Acyrthosiphon caraganae]

       C. graniticus                                  Aphis cytisorum

       C. heuffelii = C. austriacus ssp. heuffelii

       C. hirsutus                                     Acyrthosiphum parvum; Aphis cytisorum, zweigelti;

                                                              Ctenocallis dobrovljanskyi

       C. multiflorus                                [Acyrthosiphon loti]; Aphis cytisorum ssp. sarothamni

       C. nigricans = Lembotropis nigricans                                          

       C. nubigenus = C. supranubius

         C. oromediterraneus = Genista balansae ssp. europaea

       C. pilosus = Genista pilosa

       C. procumbens                              Acyrthosiphon parvum, pisum ssp. spartii

       C. proliferus                                   Aphis cytisorum; Brachycaudus helichrysi

       C. purgans                                     Aphis cytisorum ssp. sarothamni

       C. ratisbonensis                             Acyrthosiphon parvum, pisum; Ctenocallis dobrovljanskyi

       C. rhodopeus see Genista lydia

       C. ruthenicus (incl. var. zingeri)        Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis cytisorum                              

       C. scoparius                                   Acyrthosiphon caraganae ssp. occidentale, parvum, pisum;

                                                              Aphis craccivora, cytisorum ssp. sarothamni;

                                                              Aulacorthum solani; Ctenocallis setosa;

                                                              [Eriosoma sparthani (Boisduval – nomen dubium)];

                                                              Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;

                                                              [Therioaphis trifolii]; [Trama troglodytes]

       C. sessilifolius                                Aphis cytisorum, pseudocytisorum;

                                                              Acyrthosiphon parvum, pisum, [loti]

       C. spinosus                                                Acyrthosiphon parvum; [Ctenocallis israelica]

       C. striatus                                       Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis cytisorum

       C. supinus = Cytisus hirsutus           

       C. supranubius                              Acyrthosiphon [genistae],  pisum, supranubius;

                                                              Aphis craccivora, cytisorum

       C. villosus                                      Acyrthosiphon parvum; Aphis craccivora, cytisorum;

                                                              Ctenocallis setosa

       Cytisus sp.                                      [Aphis genistae]

Key to apterae on Cytisus:-

1     Body with a complete segmental series of long finger-like marginal processes. Cauda knobbed                                                                                                                             …..2

-      Body without long marginal processes.  Cauda not knobbed                                           …..3

2     Dorsum with a complete series of pairs of long finger-like spinal processes, like the marginal ones                                                                                                          …..Ctenocallis setosa

-      Dorsum without long finger-like spinal processes                     …..Ctenocallis dobrovljanskyi

3     Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH smooth, short, conical, with a subapical annular incision                                     …..Brachycaudus helichrysi

-      Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, much longer than its basal width. SIPH imbricated, tubular, without a subapical annular incision                                                                                  …..4

4     ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH dark                                                                                               …..5

-      ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. SIPH pale or dark  …..9

5     Dorsal abdomen without any dark reticulated sclerites. Cauda pale or dusky, usually paler than SIPH                                                                                                      …..Aphis gossypii

-      Dorsum usually with a black sclerotic shield, which under the microscope has a distinct pale reticulation that follows the reticulate sculpturing of the cuticle; sometimes this shield is reduced of fragmented (especially in small specimens developing at higher temperatures), but there are usually at least some small fragments showing a reticulate pattern. SIPH and cauda both black                                                                                                                           …..6

6     R IV+V more than 3 × longer than its basal width, and 1.2-1.3 × HT II    …..Aphis zweigelti

-      R IV+V less than 3 × longer than its basal width, and 0.9-1.3 × HT II                            …..7

7     SIPH 0.9-1.2 (-1.3) × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.15 × HT II. Dorsal pigmentation often reduced to small scattered sclerites                                                               …..Aphis pseudocytisorum

-      SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda (rarely less than 1.3). R IV+V 0.9-1.3 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen usually with a dark shield, rarely with scattered small sclerites except in summer dwarfs

                                                                                                                                                  …..8

8     R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.05 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs                                                                                                           …..Aphis craccivora

 -     R IV+V  0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2)                                                …..Aphis cytisorum (incl. ssp. sarothamni)

9     Head spiculose with inner faces of ANT tubercles steep-sided, almost parallel or apically convergent                                      …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5

-      Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent                                            …..10

10   ANT VI BASE at least 2 × R IV+V. SIPH very attenuate; thinner at midlength than hind tibia at its midlength. Cauda very thick on basal half, but tapering distally almost to a point; with 8-14 hairs                                                                                    …..Acyrthosiphon pisum

-      ANT VI BASE less than 2 × R IV+V. SIPH as thick as or thicker than hind tibia at their respective midlength points. Cauda tapering to a rounded apex, and bearing 6-16 hairs

.....11

11   BL 5.0-6.1 × SIPH. ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.9. Cauda bearing (8-)10-16 hairs

       …..Acyrthosiphon supranubius

-      BL 3.1-4.2 × SIPH. ANT PT/BASE 2.9-5.4. Cauda bearing 6-10 hairs                        …..12

12   ANT PT/BASE 2.9-4.0. R IV+V 0.70-0.84 × HT II. BL 2.6-4.3 mm

       …..Acyrthosiphon caraganae

-      ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.3. R IV+V 0.88-1.05 × HT II. BL 1.9-2.5 mm

       …..Acyrthosiphon parvum