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HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS (in alphabetical order) |
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Bet-Byt Beta Amaranthaceae Beta bengalensis Myzus persicae B. maritima Aphis fabae, nasturtii; Myzus antirrhinii, persicae B. vulgaris Aphis
craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, sambuci, (incl. vars
cicia, macrorhiza, solanella; rapa, saccharifera) Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Brachyunguis harmalae; Brevicoryne brassicae; Hayhurstia
atriplicis; [Lipaphis
pseudobrassicae]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, stellariae; Myzus
ascalonicus, persicae; Pemphigus
betae, [bursarius],
fuscicornis, [populitransversus], populivenae; Prociphilus erigeronensis; Rhopalosiphoninus
latysiphon, staphyleae ssp. tulipaellus; Smynthurodes
betae; [Uroleucon
sonchi] Key
to aphids on Beta:- 1 SIPH present and only
0.6-0.8 × cauda …..2 - SIPH present or absent,
but if present then more than 0.8 × cauda ..…3 2 ANT PT/BASE less than
0.7. SIPH short and broad, less than 1.5 × basal width. ABD TERG 1 and 7
always with marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Brachyunguis harmalae - ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.5. SIPH
3-4 times longer than their basal width, and slightly swollen over distal
0.7. ABD TERG 1 and 7 never with MTu .….Hayhurstia atriplicis 3 SIPH dark, slightly
swollen and only 0.25-0.5 × ANT III and 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which is broadly
triangular and about as long as its basal width .….Brevicoryne
brassicae - SIPH present or absent,
but if present then pale or dark, 0.5-1.6 × ANT III and 0.8-3.5 × cauda,
which is either longer than its basal width or helmet-shaped ..…4 4 SIPH pale with subapical polygonal
reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells). ANT tubercles with inner
faces smooth and divergent. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria, and with longest
hairs 0.6-1.2 × BD III …..5 - SIPH (if present) pale or dark, without
subapical polygonal reticulation unless black and very markedly swollen. ANT
tubercles absent or weakly developed or, if well-developed, then with inner
faces spiculose and steep-sided (parallel or apically convergent). ANT III
with 0-4 rhinaria (if with 1-4 then longest hairs less than 0.5 × BD III) …..6 5 Femora
usually with a dark spot or patch near apices. Dorsal hairs on head and ABD
TERG 3 mostly longer than ANT BD III .....Macrosiphum
stellariae - Femora pale or honey brown near apex. Dorsal
hairs on head and ABD TERG 3 not longer than ANT BD III .....Macrosiphum euphorbiae 6 SIPH black,
tapering/cylindrical and 2.1-3.5 × cauda which bears 10-20 hairs. ABD TERG
2-4 consistently with well-developed flat marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Aphis sambuci - Without that combination
of characters ….go
to key to
polyphagous aphids Betonica see Stachys Lamiaceae Betula Birches Betulaceae Seventy-two species of aphids in 18 genera feed on Betula. Although the degree of host plant specificity may be somewhat greater than in Alnus-feeding aphids, only a small number of aphid species seem to restrict their feeding to a single species of Betula. Therefore, as in the case of Alnus, a single key is provided to all birch-feeding aphids.
Betula aetnensis =
B. etnensis B. alba see B. pendula, B.
pubescens B. albosinensis Chinese
Red-Barked Birch Hamamelistes
similibetulae, spinosus; Symydobius
oblongus B. alleghaniensis Yellow Birch caerulescens bg; Hamamelistes
spinosus B. alnoides Betacallis querciphaga, sikkimensis; Betulaphis hissarica, longicornis; Clethrobius comes, dryobius; Euceraphis betulae bg; Hamamelistes sp. (miyabei?); [Mesocallis obtusirostris]; Mollitrichosiphum montanum, nandii Taoia indica
B. alpestris Hamamelistes betulinus; Hormaphis betulae B. americana ?Hamamelistes spinosus B. andrewsii Calaphis flava bg; Euceraphis
betulae bg B. caerulea Betulaphis quadrituberculata; Calaphis flava bg; Callipterinella minutissima bg; Euceraphis betulae bg; Glyphina betulae; Symydobius oblongus B. carpatica = B. pubescens var.
glabrata B. celtiberica see B. pubescens B. chinensis Callipterinella callipterabg; Symydobius
kabae B. cordifolia Euceraphis papyrifericola B. corylifolia Euceraphis
punctipennisbg B. costata Calaphis similis; Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis betulijaponicae; Glyphina betulae; Symydobius kabae B. dahurica Betulaphis japonica, quadrituberculata; Calaphis
betulicola, flava bg, similis; caerulescens; B. davurica = B. dahurica B. divaricata Betulaphis quadrituberculata bg;
Calaphis flava
bg; Glyphina
betulae bg;
Hamamelistes betulinus; B.
ermanii Betacallis
odaiensis; Betulaphis
japonica, quadrituberculata; Callipterinella minutissima , tuberculata; Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis caerulescens, ontakensis, punctipennisbg; Hamamelistes betulinus; Hormaphis betulae; Neobetulaphis alba; [Stomaphis sp. 1 of Yamamoto et
al. 2020] B. etnensis Callipterinella calliptera; Euceraphis betulae B. fontinalis =
B. occidentalis B. forestii Calaphis flava bg;
Callipterinella minutisssima bg; B. fruticosa Betulaphis japonica,
quadrituberculata bg; Calaphis
arctica; B. glandulosa American Dwarf Birch
B. gmelini Symydobius [alniarius], kabae B. grossa Calaphis flavabg;
Callipterinella callipterabg; Euceraphis
betulae bg,
punctipennisbg; B. hissarica Betulaphis hissarica B. humilis Euceraphis punctipennis; Calaphis flava; Symydobius oblongus B. jacquemontii see B. utilis B. kamtschatica Callipterinella calliptera, tuberculata; Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis
betulijaponicae, punctipennisbg ; Glyphina
pseudoschrankiana; Hamamelistes
betulinus B. kirghisorum Euceraphis betulae, betulicola B. latifolia Calaphis flava bg; Stomaphis takahashii B. lenta
Black Birch, Cherry Birch B. litwinowii Betulaphis brevipilosa, quadrituberculata; Callipterinella
minutissima; Euceraphis betulae, punctipennis; Symydobius oblongus B. luminifera Betacallis luminifera, querciphaga; Euceraphis sp. B. lutea = B. alleghaniensis B. mandshurica = B. platyphylla B. maximowicziana Betacallis odaiensis; Betulaphis japonica, quadrituberculata; Calaphis
flava bg;
Callipterinella minutissima; Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis [punctipennis]; B. microphylla Calaphis flava; Callipterinella calliptera, tuberculata; Euceraphis
betulae, punctipennis; Glyphina betulae, pseudoschrankiana; Hormaphis
betulae; Monaphis antennata; Symydobius oblongus B. middendorfii = B. divaricata B. nana (incl. sspp. exilis, European
Dwarf Birch Calaphis
arctica, betulicola, flava; Clethrobius
comes; Symydobius nanae, oblongus B. nigra
River Birch Callipterinella
tuberculata; Euceraphis betulae; B. occidentalis (= B. fontinalis) Western Black Birch Euceraphis quednaui; Symydobius intermedius, oblongus B. ovalifolia Callipterinella minutissimabg; Glyphina betulae; Euceraphis
punctipennisbg B. papyrifera Paper-bark
Birch Calaphis
betulaecolens, betulaefoliae,
flava, viridipallida; Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis
papyrifericola, punctipennis bg; Glyphina betulae, setosa; Hamamelistes spinosus; Hormaphis
cornu (?); B. pendula (= B.
verrucosa)
Silver Birch Betulaphis
brevipilosa, quadrituberculata; Glyphina betulae, pseudoschrankiana; Hamamelistes betulinus, spinosus; Hormaphis betulae; [Macrosiphum euphorbiae]; Monaphis antennata; Stomaphis quercus; Symydobius oblongus B. platyphylla Betacallis
odaiensis; Betulaphis japonica, quadrituberculata; Clethrobius
comes; Hamamelistes betulinus; Hormaphis betulae; Monaphis antennata; Neobetulaphis alba, [hebeiensis]; Nippolachnus piri; Stomaphis
takahashii, [Stomaphis sp.
3 of Yamamoto et al. 2020]; Symydobius [brevicapillus], [fumus], kabae, oblongus B. populifolia
Gray Birch Calaphis
betulaecolens, flavabg, leonardi; B. procurva Glyphina
betulae, pseudoschrankiana B. pubescens (incl. vars
Downy Birch
glabrata,
pumila) Calaphis
betulicola, flava; Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis
[betulae],
punctipennis, [Euceraphis sp. (Stekolshchikov 2017)]; Glyphina
betulae, pseudoschrankiana; Monaphis
antennata; B. pumila American Low Birch B. raddeana Euceraphis punctipennis; Glyphina betulae; Symydobius
oblongus B. rezniczenkoana Callipterinella tuberculata; Symydobius oblongus B. sandbergii Betulaphis
quadrituberculata bg; Calaphis flava bg; B. schmidtii Clethrobius comesbg; [Monaphis sp. nr. antennata
(Korea: Y. Lee et al. 2017)] B. tatewakiana Clethrobius comes B. tauschii Callipterinella tuberculata B. tianschanica Betulaphis brevipilosa; Calaphis flava; tuberculata, ugamica; Callipterinella calliptera, tuberculata; Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis
betulae, [punctipennis]; Glyphina
betulae, pseudoschrankiana; Symydobius
oblongus B. tortuosa = B. pubescens var. pumila B. turkestanica Betulaphis hissarica;
Calaphis flava, ugamica; Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis betulaebg B. ulmifolia = B. grossa B.
utilis Indian Paper Birch Betulaphis
brevipilosa, hissarica, longicornis, quadrituberculata bg; Clethrobius dryobius; Euceraphis betulae bg; Eutrichosiphum
manaliensis; Monaphis antennata bg; Betula sp. [Chaitophorus abdominalis Shinji 1924]; [Clethrobius vermai]; Eutrichosiphum
[alnicola], betulae, [raychaudhurii];
Stomaphis radicicola; [Symydobius paucisensorius]; Taoia chuansiensis Key to birch-feeding aphids:- (Couplets 4-6 have ben revised following Aoki et al. (2001), and couplets 34-36 (now 40-47) following Blackman & De Boise (2002)) 1 Antennae of aptera very short, less
than 0.2× BL, 3- or 4-segmented. Antennae of alata (where known) 4- or
5-segmented with annular (ring-like) rhinaria .....2 - Antennae of aptera and alata 5- or 6-segmented. Secondary rhinaria circular, oval or transversely elongate but never completely encircling antenna .....8 2 Adult aptera aleyrodiform, free-living on
upper surface of leaf, with wax glands all around body producing a white wax
fringe. Hind wing of alata with only one oblique vein (sometimes
branched) .....3 - Adult apterae in gall or pseudogall on
under or upper side of leaf, not aleyrodiform (except in similibetulae;
and aleyrodiform or coccidiform adults or immatures of other species may
occur as overwintering stages on twigs). Hind wing of alata (where
known) with 2 oblique veins .....4 3
Aleyrodiform adult only 0.64-0.94 mm
long, dark brown to black in life with a fringe of separate, rod-like wax
filaments. Alata with 3 antennal segments .....Hormaphis cornu - Aleyrodiform adult 1.0-1.2 mm long, yellowish or greenish-brown in life with fringing wax filaments fused into plates. Alata with 5 antennal segments .....Hormaphis betulae 4 Adult aptera aleyrodiform, brown in life with a fringe of wax
threads, feeding singly on underside of leaf and producing small conical
pouch galls on upperside. (Alata unknown) …..Hamamelistes
similibetulae - Gall-producing adult aptera not aleyrodiform .....5 5 Galls comprising cockscomb-like bags
with irregular spine-like projections, protruding on upperside of leaf .....Hamamelistes
miyabei - Galls comprising reddish to
crimson corrugations or blisters of leaf lamina between veins, with aphids
feeding on underside …..6 6 Alata with SIPH absent or
inconspicuous …..
Hamamelistes spinosus - Alata having SIPH with dark rims …..7 7 In 1st instar larvae the
longer hair on HT I is 24-42 μm long, longer than the width of HT II …..Hamamelistes
kagamii - In 1st instar larvae the longer hair on HT I is 12-20 μm long, shorter than the width of HT II …..
Hamamelistes betulinus 8 ANT PT/BASE less than or about equal to
1.0
.....9 - ANT PT/BASE clearly more than 1.0, and usually more than 1.5 (the single exception is one species with very small apterae, Callipterinella minutissima, which has PT/BASE in the range 1.1-1.8) .....48 9 Rostrum longer than body .....10 - Rostrum shorter than body .....13 10
ABD TERG 1-7 with large paired dark spinal sclerotic areas, often
broken into small sclerites .....Stomaphis quercus - ABD TERG 1-5 or 1-6 without dark
sclerotic areas. (ABD TERG 6 and 7 with or without paired sclerites) .....11 11 SIPH absent in aptera .....Stomaphis betulidahuricae* - SIPH present in all morphs .....12 12 HT II more than 2 × longer than second segments of fore and mid-tarsi .....Stomaphis
takahashii -
HT II at most 1.45 × longer than second
segments of fore and mid-tarsi .....Stomaphis
radicicola 13 ANT PT peg-like, less than 2× its basal
width
.....14 - ANT PT finger-like, more than 2× its
basal width
.....18 14 Eyes
of aptera multifaceted .....Nippolachnus piri - Eyes of aptera reduced to 3 facets .....15 15 Dorsum pale. Body hairs inconspicuous. SIPH absent .....Pemphigus ephemeratus - Dorsum pigmented, hairs
conspicuous. SIPH present as pores on small cones .....16 16 Dorsal and marginal body hairs of aptera long and fine .....Glyphina setosa - Dorsal and marginal body hairs of aptera
thick and spine-like
.....17 17 Dorsum adorned with short wrinkles, sometimes extending into a reticulation .....Glyphina
pseudoschrankiana - Dorsum with wart-like cuticular ornamentation .....Glyphina betulae 18 Anal plate with a medial cleft, dividing
into two lobes
.....19 - Anal plate entire, rounded or with a slight medial indentation, but not clearly bilobed .....31 19 Cauda of aptera with a very clear constriction,
separating off a distinct terminal knob .....20 - Cauda of aptera semicircular or
triangular, without a clear constriction
.....25 20 Antennae longer than body. SIPH with a single long hair .....21 - Antennae much shorter than body. SIPH
with or without hairs .....22 21 Knob of cauda elongate, about 2× as long as
wide. ANT VI (including PT) less than 0.5× ANT III .....Taoia
chuansiensis - Knob of cauda only a little longer than wide. ANT VI almost as long as ANT III .....Taoia indica 22
ABD TERG 1-3 of aptera with minute
spinopleural hairs, 8-10 µm long
.....23 - ABD TERG 1-3 of aptera with thick spinopleural hairs, expanded apically, 20-60 µm long, with elevated or tuberculate bases .....24 23 Tergum of aptera pigmented, sclerotic,
scabrous or variolose. R IV+V 0.8-0.9
× longer than HT II. SIPH with one or two hairs appended at base .....Neobetulaphis
chaetosiphon - Tergum of aptera mostly smooth,
unpigmented. R IV+V about as long as HT
II. SIPH without any hairs appended at base .....Neobetulaphis
immaculata 24 Aptera with ANT VI BASE more than 0.5× ANT
III. Longest spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 are 40-60 µm long
.....Neobetulaphis alba - Aptera with ANT VI BASE less than 0.5× ANT III. Longest spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 are 20-30 µm long .....Neobetulaphis pusilla 25 Aptera with all dorsal body hairs long and capitate (fig. 31A) .....26 - Aptera with spinal and pleural hairs, or at least those on ABD TERG 1-4, inconspicuous, much shorter than posterior marginal hairs and those on ABD TERG 8 (figs 31B-D) .....28 26 SIPH of aptera densely spinulose .....Betulaphis
hissarica - SIPH of aptera smooth or weakly
imbricated .....27 27 R IV+V shorter than HT II .....Betulaphis
quadrituberculata - R IV+V longer than HT II .....Betulaphis longicornis 28 Aptera with spinal and pleural hairs on ABD TERG 7 as short and inconspicuous as those on more anterior tergites. Marginal hairs on thorax and ABD TERG 1-4 also very short. Dorsal abdominal hairs only long and capitate on ABD TERG 8, and marginal hairs only long and capitate on ABD TERG 5-8. Dorsal cuticle very wrinkled (fig. 31B) …..Betulaphis
brevipilosa - Aptera with at least some of spinal and
pleural hairs on ABD TERG 5-7 long and capitate, in addition to marginal
hairs and those on ABD TERG 8. Dorsal cuticle smooth or somewhat
wrinkled .....29 29 R IV+V less than 0.06 mm long, about as long as its basal width, less than 0.65 × ANT VI BASE .....Betulaphis japonica - R IV+V more than 0.07 mm long, more than
0.7 × ANT VI BASE .....30 30 Aptera with marginal hairs on ABD TERG
1-3 shorter than or about as long as basal diameter of ANT III (fig. 31C)
.....Betulaphis pelei - Aptera with marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 mostly much longer than basal diameter of ANT III (fig. 31D) .....Betulaphis quadrituberculata (short-haired form) 31 Cauda broadly rounded, without a trace of a
constriction. Viviparae both apterous (but - Cauda with a constriction separating the
terminal part as a knob. Viviparae all full-winged, with antennae not
contrastedly banded .....36 32 ANT PT/BASE (0.77-) 0.85-1.20 .....33 - ANT PT/BASE less than 0.85 …..34 33 Alata with wing veins heavily black-bordered .....Symydobius
americanus - Wing veins of alata without black borders .....Symydobius nanae 34 ANT III with 12-22 circular or oval secondary rhinaria spaced out along length of segment (fig. 32B). Wing veins of alata black-bordered .....Symydobius intermedius - ANT III with 1-35 transverse oval to
elongate oval secondary rhinaria closely set on basal 0.5-0.75 of segment
(e.g. fig. 32C). Wing veins of alata not
black-bordered .....35 35 Abdominal marginal sclerites each bearing 1-7 circular, transparent tubercles (fig. 29C). Body, legs and antennae clothed in numerous long, fine hairs, those on ANT III and tibia being mainly longer than the diameters of their respective segments (fig. 32C) .....Symydobius kabae -
Abdominal marginal sclerites
without tubercles. Hairs shorter and not so fine, those on ANT III (fig. 32D) and
tibia mostly not exceeding diameters of their respective segments .....Symydobius
oblongus 36 Hairs on ANT III long and fine, 2 or more ×
longer than basal width of segment .....37 - Length of hairs on ANT III at most equal
to basal diameter of the segment .....39 37 SIPH bearing several hairs near base .....Clethrobius dryobius - SIPH without hairs .....38 38 Tibiae wholly black .....Clethrobius comes - Tibiae at least partly pale .....Clethrobius vermai 39 ANT VI BASE with 2-12 hairs, very rarely
with only 1. Thorax without ventral dark pigmentation (except sometimes in
autumn populations) .....40 - ANT VI BASE always with only 1 hair,
located near primary rhinarium. Thorax with meso- and metasternites usually
dark or dusky .....42 40 ANT V less than 2× longer than ANT VI
BASE, which bears 3-12 hairs and is 3.3-4.8× longer than R IV+V. Tibiae
usually with a longitudinal stripe of dark pigment on dorsal side, but pale
ventrrally for most of length .....Euceraphis
lineata - ANT V more than 2× longer than ANT
VI BASE, which bears 2-5 hairs and is 1.7-3.7× longer than R IV+V. Tibiae without
a longitudinal stripe; either wholly dark or dark at base and/or apex with
pale middle region .....41 41 Tibiae wholly and rather uniformly dark
(except sometimes at extreme base). ANT III with secondary rhinaria extending
for 0.4-0.5 of length .....Euceraphis
mucida - Tibiae usually pale or with pale
middle section, if mainly dark then the palest part is in the middle and the
distal part is scabrous and completely black . ANT III with secondary
rhinaria on basal 0.3-0.4 of length .....Euceraphis
quednaui 42 ANT VI BASE 1.7-2.6× longer than HT II .....Euceraphis
caerulescens - ANT VI BASE 0.8-1.7× longer than HT II .....43 43 ANT VI BASE 2.35-3.10× longer than R IV+V, which is 0.11-0.14 mm long. R IV+V 0.52-0.62× longer than HT II .....Euceraphis
borealis - ANT VI BASE 1.24-2.72× longer than R IV+V, which is 0.12-0.19 mm long. R IV+V 0.55-0.93× longer than HT II .....44 44 Hind femora dark over distal c.0.7 of
length, and hind tibiae almost wholly dark.
ANT V 2.3-2.6× longer than ANT VI BASE .....Euceraphis
ontakensis - Hind femore pale or only dark apically or along their dorsal sides, and hind tibiae usually with at least middle section pale, sometimes wholly dark in autumn but then ANT V is 2.7-3.5× longer than ANT VI BASE .....45 45 HT II 1.24-1.75× longer than ANT I (measured along outside of segment), and usually (0.9-2.3×) longer than than ANT PT ....46 - HT II 0.70-1.28× longer than ANT I (measured along outside of segment), and usually (0.7-1.1×) shorter than than ANT PT .....47 46 ANT VI BASE usually (90% of specimens) 0.80-1.32× longer than HT II, and (75% of specimens) 1.2-2.1× longer than R IV+V. Early spring populations often with black cross-bands on all tergites .....Euceraphis
betulae - ANT VI BASE usually (90% of specimens) 1.33-1.75× longer than HT II, and (75% of specimens) 2.1-2.5× longer than R IV+V. Early spring populations never with black cross-bands on all tergites, sometimes with 1-2 dark spinal patches .....Euceraphis
punctipennis 47 R IV+V 0.12-0.15 mm long, usually (85% of specimens) 0.57-0.67× longer than HT II .....Euceraphis
betulijaponicae - R IV+V 0.14-0.17 mm long, usually (85% of specimens) 0.67-0.79× longer than HT II .....Euceraphis papyrifericola 48 ANT PT/BASE 7.0-9.0, with a very small primary sensorium between PT and base of ANT VI. Secondary rhinaria, numerous, circular and scattered on ANT III, not in a row (fig. 32A) ....Monaphis antennata - ANT PT/BASE not more than 3.0, with
primary sensorium of normal size. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III of
alata more-or-less in a row .....49 49 SIPH tubular .....50 - SIPH in form of small truncate cones,
without hairs
.....54 50 SIPH
without hairs. Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width …..Aphis galiae - SIPH with numerous long hairs. Cauda much
shorter than its basal width …..51 51 Hind tibiae with a series of transverse ridges (fig. 27A) .....52 - Hind tibiae without transverse ridges .....53 52 SIPH of aptera dark, curved outward, 0.4-0.5 × BL. (In alata 0.6-0.75 ×BL) .....Mollitrichosiphum nandii - SIPH of aptera pale, almost straight, 0.5-0.85 × BL. (In alata 0.8-0.9 × BL) .....Mollitrichosiphum montanum 53 SIPH very long, 0.45-0.51× BL. ANT
PT/BASE 2.7-3.2 .....Eutrichosiphum
betulae - SIPH short and thick, c.0.2 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.3 .....Eutrichosiphum manaliensis 54 Alata with ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5. Apterous vivipara very small, BL less than 1.5 mm, with antennae 5-segmented, less than 0.5× BL .....Callipterinella minutissima - Alata with ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Apterous vivipara, if present, with BL greater than 1.5 mm and 6-segmented antennae at least 0.6 × BL .....55 55 Head and thorax deeply pigmented, and a
pattern of dorsal abdominal markings on more than two tergites .....56 - Head and thorax pale or only lightly
pigmented, or pale with distinctive dark markings, and dorsal abdomen with
any dark markings restricted to two tergites .....57 56 Abdomen with separate dark dorsal transverse bars on all tergites .....Callipterinella calliptera - Abdomen with a large dark quadrate patch on ABD TERG 4-6 .....Callipterinella tuberculata 57
Head with a black transverse band
across the venter between the eyes
.....58 - Head without a ventral transverse band .....61 58 Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 2-5 or 4-5,
and whole of SIPH, pigmented. R IV+V less than 1.2× HT II .....59 - Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 2-4 pale,
those on 5 either pale or pigmented. R IV+V at least 1.25× HT II .....60 59 Head and prothorax with a dark dorsal
longitudinal median stripe. Forewing veins evenly pigmented .....Betacallis
querciphaga - Head and prothorax without a dorsal longitudinal median stripe. Media of forewing pale, but Cu1b and distal part of Cu1a thickly bordered with fuscous .....Betacallis odaiensis 60 ANT III with 17-25 secondary rhinaria, on basal 0.5-0.7 of segment .....Betacallis sikkimensis - ANT III with 28-45 secondary rhinaria, extending more than 0.75 of length of segment .....Betacallis luminifera 61 Alata with a distinctive pattern of dark
markings dorsally; longitudinal stripes on head and thorax, and transverse
bars or patches on abdomen
.....62 - Alata without a distinctive pattern of
dark dorsal markings .....63 62 Dorsal abdomen with separate double black bars on ABD TERG 4 and 5 .....Calaphis betulella - Dorsal abdomen with a large black quadrate patch on ABD TERG 4 and 5 .....Calaphis
neobetulella 63 Knob of cauda elongate, longer than wide ..... Calaphis (Cepegillettea) betulaefoliae - Knob of cauda globular, no longer than its maximum width .....64 64 Apterous morph .....65 - Alate morph .....71 65 Most proximal secondary rhinarium on ANT III located near base of segment, no further from base of segment than the length of ANT II .....66 - Rhinaria on ANT III placed towards middle of segment, most proximal one about as far from base as the combined lengths of ANT I + II .....68 66 R IV+V 0.09-0.105 mm, less than 0.8× HT II,
and bearing only 2-4 accessory hairs besides the 3 subapical pairs .....Calaphis
viridipallida - R
IV+V at least 0.11 mm long, more than 0.8× HT II, with 4-8 accessory
hairs .....67 67 SIPH with dark distal zone. ANT III with 4-8 secondary rhinaria .....Calaphis ugamica* - SIPH without dark distal zone. ANT III with
2-5 secondary rhinaria .....Calaphis
flava 68 Antennae and legs wholly pale. Dorsal
and marginal body hairs short and inconspicuous, except on frons and
posterior abdomen .....Calaphis
manitobensis - Antennae with dark apices to antennal segments, tibiae and tarsi. Dorsal and marginal body hairs conspicuous .....69 69 Dorsal abdominal hairs arising from lightly
pigmented tubercles. ANT III only as long as, or a little longer than,
head width across eyes .....Calaphis
arctica - Dorsal abdominal hairs often arising from
tubercles, but these are unpigmented. ANT III at least 1.5× head width
across eyes .....70 70 SIPH usually dark brown distally. R IV+V more than 0.125 mm long, as long as or longer than HT II, with 14-23 accessory hairs. ANT III with 5-14 rhinaria .....Calaphis betulicola - SIPH usually pale, occasionally a little darker at flange. R IV+V less than 0.12 mm long, shorter than HT II, with 4-7 accessory hairs. ANT III with 3-7 rhinaria .....Calaphis coloradensis 71 SIPH with apical halves dark brown to black .....Calaphis
betulicola - SIPH pale, rarely a little dusky at flange .....72 72 ANT III with 4-8 secondary rhinaria .....Calaphis coloradensis - ANT III with 8-21 secondary rhinaria .....73 73 Tibiae dark, forewing veins heavily bordered with fuscous .....74 -
Tibiae pale except at base and
apex, forewing veins dark but not heavily bordered .....76 74 R IV+V usually more than 0.14 mm long, as long as or a little longer than HT II .....Calaphis
betulaecolens - R
IV+V usually less than 0.14 mm long, shorter than HT II .....75 75 Hairs on ANT III very short, all less than 0.5× basal diameter of segment .....Calaphis
similis - Hairs on ANT III mainly more than 0.5× basal diameter of segment .....Calaphis leonardi 76 R IV+V 0.09-0.105 mm, less than 0.8× HT II, and bearing only 2-4 accessory hairs .....Calaphis viridipallida - R IV+V at least 0.11 mm long, more than 0.8× HT II, and bearing 4-8 accessory hairs .....Calaphis
flava (or Calaphis ugamica*
– see text) Bidens Asteraceae Bidens aristosa Aphis coreopsidis B. aurea Aphis spiraecola; Myzus ornatus B. bipinnata Aphis
aurantii, coreopsidis, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus
helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae; Pemphigus
sp. (as lactucae); Prociphilus erigeronensis B. biternata Aphis craccivora, gossypii,
spiraecola; Myzus ornatus B. cernua Aphis
fabae, mimuli, [tripolii]; Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Macrosiphum rosae]; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Pemphigus borealis, Pemphigus sp.; [Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae]; Uroleucon chrysanthemi B. chrysantha Uroleucon ambrosiae B. chrysanthemoides = B. laevis B. comosa = B. tripartita B. connata Aphis coreopsidis; Uroleucon
chrysanthemi B. coronata (?) Uroleucon chrysanthemi B. frondosa Aphis
coreopsidis, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum
solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Rhodobium
porosum]; [Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae];
Uroleucon chrysanthemi B. grantii Myzus ornatus B. laevis Aphis
fabae, gossypii, nasturtii;
Neomyzus circumflexus; Uroleucon chrysanthemi, [rudbeckiae] B. leucantha (?) Aphis spiraecola B. megapotamica = Thelesperma
magapotamicum B. odorata Geopemphigus torsus B.
pinnata = B. pilosa B. pilosa Acyrthosiphon
bidenticola, ilka; Aphis
aurantii, citricidus, coreopsidis, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, [illinoisensis], solanella, spiraecola; Aulacorthum
solani; Brachycaudus [cardui], helichrysi; Hyperomyzus carduellinus; [Hysteroneura
setariae]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus [Rhopalosiphum
padi, rufiabdominale]; [Tricaudatus
polygoni]; Ucrimyzus villalobosi; Uroleucon
ambrosiae, compositae B. reptans Aphis
coreopsidis, gossypii, spiraecola; Uroleucon pseudambrosiae B. subalternans Aphis
coreopsidis, spiraecola B. tripartita Aphis
coreopsidis, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, [taukogi], triglochinis, [Aphis
sp. Davletshina1964: 124]; Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Epipemphigus niisimae]; Macrosiphoniella
tanacetaria; Pemphigus
borealis, [bursarius], [fuscicornis]; [Rhopalosiphum
nymphaeae]; Smynthurodes betae; Uroleucon chrysanthemi, tripartitum B. urbanii = B.
chrysantha B. vulgata Aphis
coreopsidis, fabae; Myzus persicae; Pemphigus sp. [as betae]; Prociphilus
erigeronensis; Uroleucon
chrysanthemi B. wallichii = B.
bipinnata Bidens spp. [Aphis
frangulae group], solitaria; Capitophorus litanensis; [Hyperomyzus pullatus]; Pemphigus tartareus; Uroleucon erigeronense, tucumani, [zerogutierrezis] Key to aphids on Bidens:- 1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent (on
roots) ..…2 - ANT PT/BASE more than 1.0. SIPH present (on
aerial parts) ..…10 2 Only alatae (sexuparae) or alatiform nymphs
present ..…3 - Apterae present ..…7 3 (Al.) ABD TERG (1-) 3-8 each bearing
transverse dark bands. Oblique veins of hind wing parallel and widely spaced ……4 - (Al.) ABD TERG pale. Oblique veins of hind
wing divergent, with bases adjacent ……5 4 (Al.) Body and appendages bearing numerous
long fine hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 25-50 hairs. ANT II 0.4-0.5 × ANT III and
bearing 20-30 hairs. ANT BASE VI 4.5-12 × PT. Rhinaria on ANT III with plain
rims ..…Smynthurodes betae - (Al.) Body and appendages with hairs rather
sparse and short. ABD TERG 8 with only 2-3 hairs. ANT II about 0.25 × ANT III
and bearing 5-8 hairs. ANT BASE VI 2.8-4.5 × PT. Rhinaria on ANT III with
strongly fimbriate rims …..Geopemphigus torsus 5 (Al.)
Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 12-27, IV 6-14, V 5-15, BASE VI
3-10. ANT VI BASE with 12-18 hairs. ANT BASE VI 2.5-4.0 × PT. R IV+V with 4-6
accessory hairs. Cauda with 15-20 hairs …...Prociphilus erigeronensis - (Al.) Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT
III 5-10, IV 1-4, V and BASE VI 0. ANT VI BASE with only 2 hairs. ANT BASE VI
4.0-6.0 × PT. R IV+V without accessory hairs. Cauda with 2-5 hairs …..6 6 (Al.)
ANT III longer than ANT IV+V together. Secondary rhinaria on III 8-10, and on
IV 2-3 …..Pemphigus
borealis - (Al.)
ANT III a little shorter than ANT IV+V together. Secondary rhinaria on III
5-7, on IV 2-3 ..…Pemphigus
tartareus 7 Dorsal body and antennae clothed in
numerous fine hairs. Primary rhinaria with thick sclerotised rims. Wax pore plates
absent ..….Smynthurodes betae - Dorsal body and antennae with sparse hairs.
Primary rhinaria with ciliate rims. Wax pore plates present at least on
posterior abdomen …..8 8 Head without wax pore plates. R IV+V
usually without accessory hairs ..…Pemphigus sp. - Head with wax pore plates. R IV+V with 2 or
more accessory hairs ……9 9 Abdomen with a dark posterior extension of
cauda and anal plate, which is strongly convex. R IV+V 0.95-1.2 × HT II and
bearing 4-10 accessory hairs .….Prociphilus
erigeronensis - Cauda and anal plate not on a dark
posterior extension of the abdomen. (Cauda very small, and anal plate divided
into dorsal and posterioventral parts by a marked concavity.) R IV+V 0.74-0.86 × HT II, with 2 accessory
hairs …..Geopemphigus torsus 10 ANT tubercles weakly developed, not
extending forward beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1
and 7 with or without marginal tubercles (MTu) ..…11 - ANT tubercles moderately to well developed,
extending clearly beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1
and 7 without MTu ..….17 11 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal
width in dorsal view, with a basal constriction. SIPH pale, smooth, with a subapical
annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. ABD TERG 1 and 7
without MTu …..Brachycaudus helichrysi - Cauda
tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width, without a basal
constriction. SIPH pale or dark, without a subapical annular incision.
Spiracular apertures small and reniform. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …..12 12 SIPH 0.24-0.40 × BL, about twice as long as
the much paler cauda. Head, ANT I, II
and basal part of III very pale, contrasting with dark rest of antenna ..….Aphis coreopsidis - SIPH only up to 0.2 × BL. Cauda pale or
dark. Head and antennal segments differently pigmented …..13 13 SIPH entirely dark …..go to key to
polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24 - SIPH pale, sometimes with dark tips …..14 14 ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0. Longest hairs on ANT III
0.4-0.7 × BD III …..Aphis nasturtii - ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8. Longest hairs on ANT III
0.7-1.2 × BD III …..15 15 R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II, with 3-6 accessory
hairs. ANT III usually with 1-15 rhinaria on distal part, often of bursiform
type (sunk in pits), and IV with 0-4 …..Aphis solitaria - R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × HT II, with 2 (-3) accessory hairs.
ANT III and IV usually without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens) …..16 16 SIPH 1.5-2.0 × longer than their basal width,
shorter than ANT PT, and also shorter than cauda. (Secondary rhinaria in
alata III 9-20, IV 4-6, V 0) …..Aphis mimuli - SIPH 2.0-3.5 × longer than their basal width,
longer than ANT PT and often longer than cauda. (Secondary rhinaria in alata
III 25-60, IV 9-25, V 7-17) …..Aphis triglochinis 17 SIPH wholly dark, with a distal zone of
polygonal reticulation .….18 - SIPH pale or dark, or pale basally and dark
distally, but if wholly dark then without any subapical reticulation ..…25 18 Cauda dark like SIPH ..…19 - Cauda much paler than
SIPH .….22 19 Tibia with paler middle section. Femora
pale on basal 0.3-0.5. R IV+V not stilletto-shaped, with short accessory
hairs. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs ..…20 - Tibiae wholly black. Femora almost wholly
dark, with only about basal 0.1 pale. R IV+V stilletto-shaped, with very long
accessory hairs on basal half of R IV. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs …..21 20 BL c. 5.0 mm. ANT III with 30-32 rhinaria
on basal half …..Uroleucon tripartitum* - BL
1.9-4.1 mm. ANT III with 41-78 rhinaria on 0.8-0.9 of length …..Uroleucon compositae 21 ANT PT 4.8-6.8 × R IV+V. R IV+V 0.7-0.9 ×
HT II ..…Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria - ANT PT 2.4-3.5 × R IV+V. R IV+V
1.0-1.3 × HT II …..Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae 22 SIPH usually at least 1.6 × cauda, which
bears 7-12 hairs .....Uroleucon tucumani - SIPH less than 1.5 × cauda,
which bears 16-28 hairs .....23 23 HT II rather long and thin, 6 or more × longer
than its maximum thickness and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V …..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae - HT II less than 5 × its maximum thickness
and 0.7-1.1 × R IV+V …..
24 24 R IV+V 0.15-0.16 mm, 0.9-1.0 × HT II …..Uroleucon chrysanthemi - R IV+V 0.16-0.22 mm, 1.1-1.33 × HT II ……Uroleucon ambrosiae 25 Head smooth with inner faces of ANT
tubercles smooth and divergent ..…26 - Head spiculose or nodulose with inner faces
of ANT tubercles steep-sided, convergent or parallel .....go to key to
polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5 26 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal
reticulation .....27 - SIPH without subapical polygonal
reticulation …..28 27 SIPH with a distinctly paler basal part contrasting with dark distal
part, and with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.25-0.35 of total length.
Some of distal caudal hairs usually shorter and blunt or capitate …..Uroleucon erigeronense - SIPH pale or dusky, without contrastingly
pale basal part, and with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.13-0.20 of
length. Distal caudal hairs all pointed …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae 28 Dorsal hairs
long and capitate, the spinal and marginal ones c. 3 × ANT BD III .....Capitophorus litanensis - Dorsal hairs short, less than 1.5 × ANT BD
III .....29 29 SIPH swollen on distal 0.7 of length .…..30 - SIPH tapering/cylindrical …..31 30 Prothoracic spiracular apertures
much larger than those on abdomen, which are reniform. Secondary rhinaria
distributed ANT III 11-29, IV 0-16, V 0 (-9). ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.6. Alata with
a dorsal abdominal (imperfect) patch .…..Hyperomyzus carduellinus - Prothoracic spiracular apertures
not much larger than those on abdomen. Secondary rhinaria only on ANT III
(1-20). ANT PT/BASE 5.3-8.2. Alata without any dorsal abdominal dark patch …..Ucrimyzus villalobosi 31 ANT PT/BASE 5.9-7.5. ANT dark except at
base, and SIPH dark except for basal 0.2-0.3 of length ..…Acyrthosiphon bidenticola - ANT PT/BASE 3.0-3.75. ANT
and SIPH mainly pale/dusky .…..Acyrthosiphon ilka Bifora Apiaceae Bifora radians Aphis fabae Bifrenaria Orchidaceae Bifrenaria aureofulva Cerataphis
orchidearum B. secunda = B. aureofulva Bignonia Bignoniaceae B. capensis = Tecoma
capensis B. radicans = Campsis
radicans B. stans = Tecoma stans B. unguis-cati = Dolichandra
unguis-cati B. venusta = Pyrostegia venusta Bignonia
sp. Aphis
gossypii, [punicae]; [Macrosiphum rosae]; Myzus ornatus Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Bilderdykia see Fallopia Polygonaceae Billardiera Pittosporaceae Billardiera fusiformis Myzus
persicae B. heterophylla Aphis
spiraecola B. lineata = Marianthus lineatus B. scandens Aphis spiraecola; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Billbergia Bromeliaceae Billbergia nutans Myzus
persicae B. ×windii Myzus
persicae Bischofia Euphorbiaceae Bischofia javanica Aphis
aurantii, odinae, [Aphis sp.
(Leonard 1972a: 98)]; B. trifoliata = B.
javanica Use key to
polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 25. Biscutella Brassicaceae Biscutella auriculata Brevicoryne brassicae B. austriaca see B. laevigata B. cichoriifolia Brevicoryne
brassicae B.
laevigata (incl. ssp. austriaca) Aphis
fabae; Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae Key to apterae on Biscutella:- - SIPH barrel-shaped, 0.8-1.0 × cauda which is broadly triangular, about as long as its
basal width, and bears 7-8 hairs …..Brevicoryne brassicae - Without that combination
of characters …..go
to key to
polyphagous aphids Biserrula Fabaceae Biserrula pelecinus = Astragalus pelecinus Bistorta Polygonaceae Bistorta bistortoides Aphthargelia symphoricarpi
(? – see text); [Illinoia sp. (Washington, USA; aphidtrek.org)] B. vivipara = Persicaria vivipara Bituminaria Fabaceae Bituminaria bituminosa Aphis craccivora, cytisorum Use key to apterae on Caragana. Bixa Bixaceae Bixa
orellana Aphis
gossypii; Neomyzus circumflexus; Sinomegoura citricola (Use
key to polyphagous aphids) Blackstonia Gentianaceae Blackstonia perfoliata Aphis
gentianae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Neomyzus circumflexus Key to apterae on Blackstonia:- - ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG
1-5 and 7 with large domed marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Aphis gentianae - Without that combination of characters …..go to key to
polyphagous aphids Blainvillea Asteraceae Blainvillea gayana Aphis gossypii B. rhomboidea Uroleucon
ambrosiae group Use key to
polyphagous aphids. Blechnum Blechnaceae Blechnum
brownei Aphis gossypii
(incl. pyramidatum) B. buchtienii Gibbomyzus pteridophytorum B. occidentale Idiopterus nephrelepidis B. orientale Macromyzus
woodwardiae; Micromyzus filicis B. patersonii Idiopterus nephrelepidis B. spicant Macrosiphum
dryopteridis; Taiwanomyzus alpicola Use key to fern-feeding
aphids under Polypodium. Blechum Acanthaceae Blechum pyramidatum Aphis gossypii Blepharis Acanthaceae Blepharis boerhaviaefolia Aphis
gossypii Blephilia Lamiaceae Blephilia hirsuta Aphis coreopsidis Bletia Orchidaceae Bletia spp. Myzus ascalonicus, persicae Use key to polyphagous
aphids, or key to orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium. Bletilla Orchidaceae Bletilla striata Aphis gossypii; Pseudomegoura magnoliae Use key to polyphagous
aphids, or try key to orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium. Blitum Amaranthaceae Blitum capitatum Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum
euphorbiae B. virgatum Aphis fabae Use key to apterae on Chenopodium. Blotiella Dennstaedtiaceae Blotiella natalensis Idiopterus nephrelepidis Blumea Asteraceae Blumea aurita = B.
viscosa B. axillaris Aphis
gossypii B.
balsamifera Aphis
gossypii; Protaphis formosana; Uroleucon
[gobonis], orientale B. chinensis Aleurodaphis blumeae B. lacera Aphis
gossypii, spiraecola;
Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus
ornatus, persicae B. laciniata Aphis gossypii B. megacephala Aleurodaphis blumeae B. solidaginoides = B.
axillaris B. viscosa Aphis
gossypii; Uroleucon ambrosiae B. wightiana Aphis gossypii Blumea spp. Uroleucon budhium, compositae Key to apterae on Blumea:- 1 Body flattened and dorsum sclerotic, with fused
head and pronotum, fused ABD TERG 1-7, and a crenulate rim due to a
continuous marginal row of wax glands. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed …..Aleurodaphis blumeae - Body not flattened, segments not fused, no
crenulate margin of wax glands. Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire …..2 2 ANT PT/BASE about 1. SIPH a little shorter
than cauda, which is broadly triangular with a rounded apex
…..Aphis formosana - ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5 (or less than
0.5). SIPH longer than cauda, which is
helmet-shaped or tongue-shaped …..3 3 SIPH wholly dark with a subapical zone of
polygonal reticulation .….4 - SIPH pale or dark, but if wholly dark then
without any subapical polygonal reticulation ..…go to key to
polyphagous aphids 4 R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II …..5 - R IV+V long and thin, 1.7-2.0 × HT II …..6 5 Cauda pale, contrasting with dark SIPH, which are
1.0-1.5 × cauda. Coxae pale. ANT III with 8-35 rhinaria .....Uroleucon ambrosiae - Cauda almost as dark as SIPH, which are
1.7-2.3 × cauda. Coxae dark. ANT III with 51-77 rhinaria .....Uroleucon compositae 6 SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal
0.12-0.17 of length .…..Uroleucon budhium - SIPH with polygonal
reticulation on distal 0.21-0.30 of length …...Uroleucon orientale Blumeopsis Asteraceae Blumeopsis falcata Brachycaudus helichrysi Bocconia Papaveraceae Bocconia
frutescens Acyrthosiphon
bidenticola; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus
helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus
persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus Bocconia sp. [Sitobion avenae] Key to apterae on Bocconia:- - ANT
tubercles well developed with smooth divergent inner faces. ANT dark except
at base, with ANT PT/BASE 5.9-7.5. SIPH dark except for pale basal 0.2-0.3 of
length, with any subapical polygonal reticulation restricted to much less
than 0.1 of length ..…Acyrthosiphon bidenticola - Without that combination
of characters …..go to key to
polyphagous aphids Boechera Brassicaceae Boechera
stricta Aphis gossypii B. laevigata Pemphigus populitransversus Use key under Arabis. Boehmeria Urticaceae Boehmeria candidissinia Myzus
ornatus B. cylindrica Aphis gossypii; [Uroleucon
ambrosiae] B. frutescens = Oreocnide
frutescens B. japonica Myzus moriokae, boehmeriae B. longispica Myzus persicae B. nipononivea Myzus boehmeriae, moriokae B. nivea (incl. candicens, Aphis
craccivora, gossypii;
Aulacorthum solani; tenacissima) Myzus boehmeriae, moriokae, ornatus, persicae B . pannosa Aulacorthum solani B. platanifolia Myzus boehmeriae; Neomyzus
circumflexus B. platyphylla Myzus persicae B. polystachya [Schoutedenia
ralumensis] B. sidaefolia [Matsumuraja sp.]; Neomyzus
circumflexus B. spicata Myzus boehmeriae Boehmeria sp. [Aphis
(Toxoptera) citricidus]; [Capitophorus
indicus]; Myzus
fataunae, indicus Key to aphids on Boehmeria:- 1 ANT tubercles well developed, with inner
faces parallel or convergent and strongly nodulose or spiculose ..…2 - ANT tubercles weakly developed (or if well
developed then smooth and divergent) ..…go
to key to
polyphagous aphids 2 Dorsal hairs and those on ANT III longer
than BD III .…. “Myzus” moriokae* - Dorsal hairs and hairs on ANT III mostly
very short and inconspicuous, less than 0.5 × BD III (except those on head
and ABD TERG 7 and 8)
…..3 3 ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.5. SIPH strongly
imbricated or scabrous, and curved or with asymmetrical swelling of inner
side ..…4 - ANT PT/BASE
2.8-4.5. SIPH variously imbricated, straight, tapering or slightly clavate .….6 4 ANT 5-segmented. Dorsal cuticle sclerotic,
wrinkled and/or nodulose. ABD TERG 7 extended posteriorly, cowl-like .....Myzus fataunae - ANT
6-segmented. Dorsum membranous or sclerotic. ABD TERG 7 not extended
posteriorly ..…5 5 Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark
intersegmental ornamentation. ANT V
shorter than ANT IV .….Myzus ornatus - Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental
ornamentation. ANT V longer than IV
(?) …..Myzus indicus* 6 Dorsum with distinctive black markings; a
large roughly horseshoe-shaped abdominal patch, and paired patches on
thoracic tergites ….. Neomyzus circumflexus - Dorsum without dark markings .....7 7 SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal
half. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II. (Immatures with spinules on hind tibiae)
…..Myzus boehmeriae - SIPH slightly clavate. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT
II. (Immatures without spinules on hind tibiae) ..…Myzus persicae Boerhavia Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia coccinea Aphis
gossypii B. diffusa Aphis craccivora,
gossypii, spiraecola;
Myzus persicae B. erecta Aphis [coreopsidis],
craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola B hispida (?) Aphis gossypii, spiraecola B. repens Aphis
gossypii B. viscosa = B. coccinea Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Boisduvalia Onagraceae Boisduvalia
densiflora Aphis
(Bursaphis) sp., Idaho
USA (see aphidtrek.org) (= Epilobium densiflorum) Bolboschoenus see Scirpus Cyperaceae Boltonia see Kalimeris Asteraceae Boltonia indica = Kalimeris indica B. lautureana = Kalimeris lautureana Bomarea Alstroemeriaceae Bomarea
caldasiana = B. multiflora B. multiflora Brachycaudus helichrysi Bombax Bombacaceae Bombax buonopozense Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus B.
ceiba Aphis
citricidus, gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae B.
malabaricum = B. ceiba (Use key to polyphagous aphids ) Bonjeania see Lotus Fabaceae Bontia Scrophulariaceae Bontia daphnoides Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Borago Boraginaceae Borago
officinalis Aphis
fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, symphyti, [triglochinis], [varians]; Aulacorthum
solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae; [Uroleucon compositae] B. orientalis = Trachystemon orientalis Borago spp. Brachycaudus cardui ssp. turanica Key to apterae on Borago:- 1. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its
basal width, with a basal constriction. Spiracular apertures rounded. SIPH
with a subapical annular incision …..2 - Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than
its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. SIPH without a subapical
annular incision …..go to key to
polyphagous aphids, (noting that specimens running to Aphis gossypii may be A. symphyti - see text for this
species) 2. SIPH pale or slightly dusky, less than 1.5
× cauda. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen without dark sclerotization .....Brachycaudus helichrysi - SIPH dusky or dark, more than 1.8 × cauda. R
IV+V 1.3-2.0 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dark
sclerotization .....Brachycaudus cardui (incl. ssp. turanica) Boronia Rutaceae Boronia denticulata Macrosiphum euphorbiae B. megastigma Aphis
gossypii; Myzus ornatus, persicae Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Borreria see Spermacoce Rubiaceae Bossekia see Rubus Rosaceae Bossekia deliciosa see Rubus
deliciosa B. nutkana see Rubus parviflorus B. odorata see Rubus
odoratus Bothriochloa Poaceae Bothrichloa
bladhii Hysteroneura
setariae;
Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum
padi; Sitobion avenae B. caucasica = B.
bladhii B. glabra = B.
bladhii B. insculpta Forda
orientalis; Hysteroneura setariae; Sitobion
africanum, miscanthi B. ischaemum Schizaphis graminum;Sipha flava, maydis; Sitobion
avenae; Tetraneura ulmi B. pertusa Forda
orientalis, riccobonii;
Hysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum maidis; Sitobion lambersi, miscanthi; Tetraneura fusiformis Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria. Bothriocline Asteraceae Bothriocline laxa Aphis gossypii B. longipes Aphis gossypii; Capitophorus elaeagni; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; Uroleucon compositae B. inyangana Myzus
persicae B.
ugandensis Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Uroleucon compositae Key to apterae on Bothriocline:- - Hairs on front of head and
dorsal body mostly long and capitate, with tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE
more than 6. SIPH pale with dark apices …..Capitophorus elaeagni - Dorsal hairs not capitate,
without tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE less than 6. SIPH dark or pale, with
or without dark apices …..go to key to
polyphagous aphids Bothriospermum Boraginaceae Bothriospermum chinense Myzus persicae B. tenellum = B.
zeylanicum B. zeylanicum Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus
persicae Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Bougainvillea Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea brasiliensis = B.
spectabilis B. buttiana Myzus persicae B. glabra (incl. var. sanderiana) Aphis
aurantii, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola; Macrosiphum
euphorbiae; Myzus persicae B. spectabilis Aphis
aurantii, [bougainvilleae Börner in Bodenheimer
& Swirski 1957 (nomen nudum)], citricidus, craccivora, fabae,
gossypii, odinae, spiraecola; Brachycaudus
helichrysi; [Greenidea ficicola]; Myzus antirrhinii, ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus B. spinosa Aphis craccivora Bougainvillea spp. Lizerius
cermeli; [Schoutedenia ralumensis]; Sinomegoura citricola Key to aphids on Bougainvillea:- - Fore femora much thicker than mid and hind
femora. Anal plate bilobed. Cauda with a constriction and an elongate
knob. SIPH as short dark truncate
cones. Apt. with long, pointed
marginal processes. Forewing of al. with pterostigma extended to tip and
heavily infuscated cubital veins ..…Lizerius cermeli - Fore femora similar in thickness to mid and
hind femora. Anal plate entire. Other characters not as above …..go to key to
polyphagous aphids Bouteloua Poaceae Bouteloua americana Sipha flava B. gracilis Sitobion
graminis Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria. Bouvardia Rubiaceae Bouvardia
spp. Aphis
gossypii, spiraecola;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Bowkeria Stilbaceae Bowkeria gerrardiana = B.
verticillata B. verticillata Myzus ornatus, persicae Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Boykinia Saxifragaceae Boykinia elata = B.
occidentalis B. occidentalis Nasonovia
stroyani Brachanthemum Asteraceae Brachanthemum fruticulosum Myzus ornatus Brachiaria Poaceae Brachiaria
brizantha Sitobion
africanum, graminis, leelamaniae B.
comata Aphis
gossypii; Hysteroneura setariae B.
deflexa Hysteroneura
setariae B.
fasciculata Sipha
flava; Tetraneura fusiformis B.
humidicola Sitobion
africanum B.
kotschyana = B. comata B.
lachnantha Sitobion
graminis B.
lata Aphis
gossypii B. mutica Hysteroneura
setariae; Rhopalosiphum maidis; Schizaphis graminum, hypersiphonata; Sitobion miscanthi; Tetraneura fusiformis B.
paspaloides = Urochloa glumaris B.
ramosa Sitobion
graminis; Tetraneura fusiformis, radicicola group B.
remota Tetraneura
fusiformis B. reptans Hysteroneura
setariae; Pseudoregma panicola; Schizaphis graminum; Tetraneura fusiformis B.
subquadripara Hysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum padi Brachiaria sp.(?) Pentalonia gavarri (as Micromyzus brachiariae) Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria. Brachychiton Sterculiaceae Brachychiton
spp. Myzus persicae; Sitobion
sp. Brachycome see Brachyscome Asteraceae Brachyglottis Asteraceae Brachyglottis
huntii Brachycaudus helichrysi Brachylaena Asteraceae Brachylaena
dentata (?) Aphis gossypii B.
discolor Aphis
(Toxoptera) aurantii B.
ramiflora Uroleucon
compositae Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Brachypodium (including Brevipodium) Poaceae Brachypodium
phoenicoides Myzus
persicae; Sipha elegans, flava B. pinnatum Anoecia
corni, major, zirnitsi; Metopolophium dirhodum; Paracletus
cimiciformis; Rhopalomyzus poae; Rhopalosiphum
padi; Sipha maydis; Tetraneura africana, longisetosa, ulmi B. retusum Atheroides serrulatus; Rhopalosiphum
oxyacanthae; Schizaphis
graminum; Sipha
elegans B. sylvaticum Anoecia corni, major,
zirnitsi; Diuraphis noxia; Forda rotunda; Melanaphis
pyraria; Metopolophium
dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion
avenae, miscanthi; Tetraneura longisetosa Use key to apterae of
grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria. Brachyscome (including
Brachycome) Asteraceae B.
iberidifola Uroleucon
compositae B.
multifida Myzus
persicae Use key to polyphagous
aphids. Brachystegia Fabaceae Brachystegia spp. Aphis
craccivora, gossypii
(Use key to polyphagous aphids ) Brachytheciastrum Brachytheciaceae Brachytheciastrum
velutinum Muscaphis
musci Use key to moss-feeding
aphids under Polytrichum. Brachythecium Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium
albicans Pseudacaudella rubida B.
frigidum Myzodium
mimulicola B.
rivulare Myzodium
mimulicola B.
rutabulum Muscaphis
musci B.
salebrosum Muscaphis
escherichi B.
starkii [Pachypappa
sacculi] B.
velutinum Muscaphis
musci Brachythecium
sp. [Clydesmithia canadensis]; [Prociphilus
xylostei] Use key to moss-feeding
aphids under Polytrichum. Brasilettia see
Peltophorum Fabaceae Brasenia Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi Rhopalosiphum maidis Brassaia see Schefflera Araliaceae Brassia Orchidaceae Brassia cochleata Myzus ornatus B.
lawrenceana = B.
cochleata Brassica Brassicaceae Brassica
alba = Sinapis alba B.
arvensis = Sinapis arvensis B.
barrelieri Brevicoryne brassicae B.
campestris = B. rapa B.
caulorapa = B. oleracea B.
cernua = B. juncea B.
chinensis = B. rapa B.
elongata Aphis
nasturtii, triglochinis B.
fimbriata = B. oleracea B.
fruticulosa Brevicoryne
brassicae B.
hirta = Sinapis alba B.
integrifolia = B. juncea B. juncea Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum
solani;
(incl. var. crispifolia) Brachycaudus helichrysi; Brevicoryne brassicae; [Liosomaphis himalayensis]; Lipaphis
pseudobrassicae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae; [Sitobion avenae, miscanthi]; [Utamphorophora commelinensis] B.
kaber = Sinapis arvensis B.
napobrassica = B. napus B. napus
(incl. vars Aphis
fabae; Brevicoryne brassicae; esculenta, rapifera) Lipaphis pseudobrassicae; Myzus
ascalonicus, persicae; Pemphigus populitransversus; Smynthurodes betae B. nigra Aphis
fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae; Macrosiphum
euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Pemphigus
populitransversus; Protaphis middletonii B. oleracea Aphis
craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola; (incl. vars acephala, Aulacorthum [prasinum], solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; alboglabra, botrytis, Brevicoryne brassicae; [Dysaphis
montemartinii ghanii];
capitata, caulorapa, [Hyalopterus pruni]; Lipaphis
pseudobrassicae;
gongyloides, ramosa) Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus
antirrhinii, ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Pemphigus populitransversus; Protaphis middletonii; Rhopalosiphoninus
latysiphon; [Sitobion miscanthi]; Smynthurodes betae B.
pekinensis = B. rapa B.
petsai = B. rapa B. rapa Acyrthosiphon
gossypii; Brevicoryne brassicae; [Dysaphis tulipae]; [Liosomaphis himalayensis]; Lipaphis
erysimi, [lepidii], pseudobrassicae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus antirrhinii, persicae; Pemphigus
populitransversus; Protaphis middletonii; Pseudobrevicoryne buhri; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae; Smynthurodes betae; [Tuberocephalus longqishanensis (= Myzus padellus?)] B.
rugosa = B. juncea B.
rupestris Brevicoryne
brassicae B.
sabularia = B. barrelieri B.
sinapistrum = Sinapis arvensis B.
tournefortii Brevicoryne
brassicae Brassica spp. Brevicoryne
nigrisiphunculata; Lipaphis unguibrevis; [Myzus certus] Key to apterae on Brassica and Sinapis:- (See Blackman & Eastop (2000) for simpler keys to aphids on
cultivated Brassica spp.) 1 SIPH present and only
0.6-0.8 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.8 ..…Brachyunguis harmalae - SIPH present or absent,
but if present then ANT PT/BASE is always more than 1 ..…2 2 SIPH
as very short, flangeless, pigmented cones, less than 0.5 × cauda. Apt. with
secondary rhinaria on distal part of ANT III, and also usually on IV and V .….Pseudobrevicoryne buhri - SIPH either absent or
tubular and at least 0.6 × cauda. ANT of aptera with or without secondary
rhinaria, but these are always restricted to ANT III ..…3 3 SIPH slightly swollen,
but not clavate (without narrow section on basal half). ANT tubercles absent,
or if developed then not projecting forward beyond middle part of head, so
that front of head is convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1
and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..4 - Without this combination
of characters; i.e. if SIPH are
present then they are tapering, cylindrical or clavate (with narrow section
on basal half), and either ANT
tubercles are very well-developed or ABD
TERG 1 and 7 have MTu ..…8 4 ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH,
which are 0.65-1.0 × cauda .….5 - ANT III 1.2-1.7 × SIPH,
which are 1.2-1.6 × cauda .….6 5 SIPH
0.8-1.0 × cauda, which is as dark as SIPH and broadly triangular. R IV+V
0.6-0.7 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.8.
(Al. with secondary rhinaria on ANT III 40-78, IV 0-5, V 0) ..…Brevicoryne brassicae - SIPH 0.65-0.8 × cauda,
which is tongue-shaped and pale, contrasting with jet black SIPH. R IV+V 0.85-0.95 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-2.2. (Al. with secondary
rhinaria distributed ANT III 36-38, IV
0, V 0) ..…Brevicoryne nigrisiphunculata 6 ANT PT/BASE about 1.2.
SIPH more than 2 × ANT PT. (Al. with secondary rhinaria on ANT III 5-8, IV
0-2, V 0) .….Lipaphis unguibrevis - ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. SIPH
about as long as ANT PT. (Al. with secondary rhinaria on ANT III 9-32, IV
2-13, V 0-3) ..…7 7 ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90% of specimens less than 2.4
×) …..Lipaphis erysimi - ANT
III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90% of specimens more than 2.4 ×) …..Lipaphis pseudobrassicae 8 Thoracic
spiracles enlarged, much larger than abdominal spiracles. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4,
usually more than 8.0. Hairs on ANT III 0.7-1.1 × BD III. Dorsum usually with
paired dark intersegmental markings …..Nasonovia ribisnigri - Without that combination
of characters ..…9 9 SIPH pale, very long and
attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths,
0.33-0.45 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon gossypii - SIPH (if present) pale or
dark, thicker and relatively shorter …..10 10 ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8. SIPH 0.7-1.3 × cauda …..Aphis triglochinis - Without that combination
of characters; if ANT PT/BASE is less than 1.9 then SIPH are either absent or
more than 1.3 × cauda …..11 11 SIPH mainly pale and moderately clavate.
Dorsal abdomen evenly darkly pigmented. Cauda dark …..Myzus raphanense* - Without that combination
of characters; If SIPH are pale and clavate then dorsum and cauda are pale .....go
to key to
polyphagous aphids Breea Asteraceae Breea segeta Aphis gossypii; Capitophorus elaeagni,[evelaeagni]; [Hyperomyzus sinilactucae]; Uroleucon cephalonopli Use key to apterae on Cirsium. Bremeria Rubiaceae Bremeria
landia Aphis spiraecola (var holosericea) Brevipodium see
Brachypodium Poaceae Breynia (including Melanthesa) Phyllanthaceae Breynia cernua Aphis eugeniae; Schoutedenia ralumensis B. disticha Schoutedenia ralumensis B. formosana = B. vitis-idaea B.
fruticosa Schoutedenia
ralumensis B.
microphylla Sitobion
breyniae B.
nivosa = B. disticha B.
oblongifolia Schoutedenia
ralumensis B. officinalis = B. vitis-idae |