C_HOSTS_Art_Asp – Blackman & Eastop's Aphids on the World's Plants

–	SIPH with numerous long hairs. Stridulatory mechanism absent	…..Greenidea anonae
–	SIPH without hairs. Stridulatory mechanism present	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Artemisia*	Asteraceae
Artemisia abrotanum	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;
	Coloradoa abrotani, [brevisiphon], [procerae];
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, absinthii, artemisiae, atra,
	frigidicola, nigropilosa, oblonga, paucisetosa, procerae,
	pulvera;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Microsiphum diversisetosum, [millefolii], procerae,
	procerae ssp. subalpicum;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus; Protaphis miranda;
	Xerobion judenkoi
A. absinthium	Aphis fabae, [plantaginis]; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;
	Coloradoa abrotani, absinthii, angelicae, artemisiae,
	brevipilosa, heinzei, rufomaculata;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae, brevipilosum;
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, abrotani ssp. sainshandi,
	absinthii, artemisiae, nigropilosa, oblonga,
	pseudoartemisiae, pulvera, seriphidii, tanacetaria;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Microsiphum [giganteum], jazykovi, jazykovi ssp. wahlgreni;
	Myzus ascalonicus; Pleotrichophorus glandulosus;
	Protaphis elatior, elongata, miranda;
	Protrama flavescens, longitarsus;
	Titanosiphon neoartemisiae, dracunculi; Trama troglodytes;
	Xerobion cinae, pannonica
A. adamsii	Macrosiphoniella atra ssp. latysiphon, pulvera
A. afra	Macrosiphoniella abrotani
A. alba (incl. camphorata,	Capitophorus formosartemisiae
dentata, saxatilis)	Coloradoa heinzei, palmerae;
	Macrosiphoniella atra, kaufmanni, szalaymarszoi;
	Metopeurum fuscoviride; Myzus ascalonicus;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus
A. alba ssp. saxatilis = A. alba
*A. albida* (?)	Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, seriphidii, terraealbae;
	Protaphis miranda; Xerobion cinae
A. alpina	Coloradoa taurica; Myzus ascalonicus
A. annua	Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Coloradoa campestrella, rufomaculata, viridis;
	[Kaltenbachiella pallida];
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, abrotani ssp. chosoni,
	abrotani ssp. sainshandi, [alatavica], antennata,
	kuwayamai, nigropilosa, oblonga, pallidipes,
	pseudoartemisiae, pulvera, tapuskae,
	yomenae, yomogifoliae;
	Protaphis elatior, elongata, miranda; Protrama flavescens;
	Rectinasus buxtoni; [Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae];
	Tshernovaia adenophorae; Xerobion cinae
A. apiacea	Aphis kurosawai; Coloradoa viridis;
	Macrosiphoniella ?annulata, antennata group, atra group,
	yomogifoliae, Macrosiphoniella sp.;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus group
A. arborescens	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Coloradoa angelicae;
	Macrosiphoniella absinthii, artemisiae,
	artemisiae ssp. meridionalis;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus
A. arbuscula	Artemisaphis artemisicola; [Epameibaphis sp. (Oregon)];
	[Obtusicauda sp.(p.) (western USA; aphidtrek.org)];
	Pleotrichophorus brevinectarius, decampus, obscuratus;
	[Pseudoepameibaphis sp. (Oregon, Nevada; A. Jensen)]
A. arctica	Macrosiphoniella arctica, borealis, jaroslaviholmani;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
A. arenaria = A. campestris ssp. inodora
A. argyi	Aphis kurosawai; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brevisiphonaphis hirsutissima;
	Capitophorus formosartemisiae;
	Coloradoa campestrella, rufomaculata;
	Cryptosiphumartemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella grandicauda, hokkaidensis, kuwayamai,
	oblonga, pseudoartemisiae, yomogifoliae;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus, [pseudoglandulosus];
	Protrama flavescens;
	Sappaphis [angelicograstis], [dipirivora], piri, [sinipiricola];
	Tenuilongiaphis stata;
	Tuberocephalus lazikouensis, liaoningensis
A. aromatica = A. dracunculus
A. aschurbajewii	Macrosiphoniella szalaymarszoi
A. asiatica = A. indica
A. astrachanica	Cryptosiphum astrachanicae
A. aucheri =	Seriphidium aucheri
A. austriaca	[Coloradoa sp. (Holman & Pintera 1981)];
(incl. var. orientalis)	Macropodaphis rechingeri;
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, atra, austriacae, pulvera,
	szalaymarszoi;
	Microsiphum procerae, woronieckae; Obtusicauda moldavica;
	Protaphis elatior, miranda; Xerobion cinae
A. balchanorum	Xerobion cinae
A. baldshuanica	Macrosiphoniella nigropilosa, oblonga;
	Protaphis elongata; Xerobion cinae
A. borealis	Obtusicauda frigidae
A. brevifolia = Seiphidium brevifolium
A. caerulescens (incl. ssp. cretacea)	Macrosiphoniella pulvera
A. caerulescens ssp. gallica	Coloradoa submissa; Macrosiphoniella abrotani, artemisiae
A. californica	Aphis hiltoni; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Epameibaphis atricornis; Obtusicauda coweni, frigidae;
	Pleotrichophorus decampus, obscuratus, quadritrichus
A. campestris (incl. ssp. glutinosa)	[Aphis plantaginis]; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Coloradoa artemisiae, campestrella, campestris;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae, brevipilosum;
	Macrosiphoniella absinthii, arenariae, artemisiae,
	austriacae, dimidiata, [dubia Ferrari (nomem dubium)],
	nidensis, oblonga, scopariae ssp. deserticola, subaequalis,
	tapuskae, teriolana, usquertensis;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Misturaphis shiloensis;
	Myzus ornatus; Obtusicauda moldavica;
	Pleotrichophorus persimilis;
	Protaphis anuraphoides, elongata, miranda;
	Protrama flavescens, longitarsus, [radicis], [ ranunculi];
	Titanosiphon artemisiae, minkiewiczi;
	Trama troglodytes; [Uroleucon picridis];
	Xerobion caspicae, cinae, judenkoi
A. campestris ssp. canadensis	Microsiphoniella canadensis
*A. campestris* ssp. inodora	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Coloradoa taurica;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae; Elatobium chomoense;
	Macrosiphoniella [alatavica], arenariae, dimidiata,
	kaufmanni, pulvera, scopariae, [teriolana];
	Pleotrichophorus persimilis; Protaphis elatior;
	Titanosiphon artemisiae, minkiewiczi, neoartemisiae,
	[zaisanicum];
	Xerobion lambersi
A. camphorata = A. alba
A. cana	Aphis canae; Artemisaphis artemisicola;
	[Epameibaphis sp. (Oregon; A. Jensen, aphidtrek.org)];
	Macrosiphoniella absinthii; Microsiphoniella canadensis;
	Obtusicauda coweni;
	Pleotrichophorus artemisicola, [decampus], obscuratus,
	pullus, rusticatus, zoomontanus;
	Pseudoepameibaphis tridentatae
A. canadensis = A. campestris ssp. canadensis
A. canariensis = A. thuscula
A. capillaris	Coloradoa campestrella, [campestris], rufomaculata,
	submissa;
	[Cryptosiphum artemisiae ssp. linanense];
	Macrosiphoniella annulata, atra ssp. latysiphon,
	capillaricola, chaetosiphon, formosartemisiae,
	nigropilosa, pseudoartemisiae, sanborni, yomogifoliae;
	Micraphis artemisiae; Myzus cerasi ssp. umefoliae;
	[Obtusicauda nilkaensis]; [Sappaphis sinipiricola];
	Titanosiphon neoartemisiae; Tuberocephalus sasakii;
	Uroleucon omeishanense; Xerobion cinae
A. carvifolia	Aphis kurosawai, spiraecola;
	Macrosiphoniella kikungshana, spinipes, yomogifoliae;
	Tuberocephalus tsengi
A. caspica (?)	Xerobion caspicae
A. caucasica = A. alpina
A. caudata = A. campestris
A. chamaemelifolia	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, chamaemelifoliae, mutellinae,
	oblonga
A. cina = Seriphidium cinum
A. commutata = A. pubescens
*A. compacta*	Macrosiphoniella frigidae; Xerobion alakuli, cinae
A. cretacea = A. caerulescens ssp. cretacea
A. dentata = A. alba
A. deserti	Macrosiphoniella seriphidii
A. desertorum	Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae; Xerobion amurensis
A. diffusa	[Macrosiphoniella staegeri]
A. douglasiana	Pleotrichophorus gnaphalodes, pseudoglandulosa
A. dracunculus (incl. var. glauca)	Aphis fabae, kurosawai; Cryptosiphum artemisiae, dracunculum;
	Macrosiphoniella alativica, antennata, artemisiae,
	dracunculi, glabra, ludovicianae, nigropilosa, nitida,
	nitida ssp. soongarica, oblonga, procerae, sibirica,
	szalaymarszoi, xinjiangica;
	Microsiphoniella artemisiae;
	Microsiphum giganteum, [jazykovi]; Nasonovia ribisnigri;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Obtusicauda dolychosiphon;
	Pleotrichophorus diutius, gnaphalodes, narzikulovi, parilis,
	persimilis, persimilis ssp. afghanensis, [wasatchii],
	[sp. near ambrosiae];
	Protaphis anuraphoides, [middletonii], miranda,
	[Protaphis sp. (Iran: Hodjat 1998)];
	Protrama flavescens; Titanosiphon dracunculi, neoartemisiae;
	Trama troglodytes; Xerobion lambersi
*A. dubia*	Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai, yomogifoliae
*A. dubia* ssp. digitata	Xerobion judenkoi
*A. fasciculata* = A. incana
A. feddei	Macrosiphoniella grandicauda, hokkaidensis, kuwayamai,
	pseudoartemisiae, taesongsanensis, yomogifoliae;
	Tuberocephalus sasakii
A. ferganensis	[Coloradoa tadzhica];
	Macrosiphoniella alatavica, tadshikana; Xerobion cinae
A. filifolia	Aphis canae, filifoliae, hermistonii, minutissima;
	Epameibaphis sp.;
	Macrosiphoniella antennata (California, USA – see text);
	Myzus ornatus; Obtusicauda filifoliae;
	Pleotrichophorus filifoliae, obscuratus, zoomontanus
A. frigida	Coloradoa heinzei; Cryptosiphum innokentyi;
	Epameibaphis frigidae; Macropodaphis paradoxa;
	Macrosiphoniella altaica, frigidae, frigidicola, frigidivora,
	sieversianae, taesongsanensis;
	Obtusicauda frigidae, mongolica;
	Pleotrichophorus intermedius, pseudoglandulosus;
	Protaphisanuraphoides, [terricola], middletonii, miranda;
	Pseudoepameibaphis glauca; Titanosiphon dracunculi;
	Xerobion cinae
A. gallica = A. caerulescens ssp. gallica
A. genipi	Macrosiphoniella mutellinae
A. gigantea = A. montana
A. gilvescens	Macrosiphoniella chaetosiphon
A. glabra = A. dubia ssp. digitata
A. glanduligera	Xerobion cinae
A. glauca = A. dracunculus
A. gmelinii	Aphis globosa, kurosawai; Coloradoa rufomaculata;
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani ssp. choseni, absinthii, antennata,
	atra ssp. latysiphon, [galatellae], gmelinicola,
	grandicauda, himalayana, hokkaidensis, jaroslavi,
	nigropilosa, oblonga, pallidipes, sanborni,
	taesongsanensis, yomenae, yomogifoliae,
	[Macrosiphoniella (Phalangomyzus) sp.
	(Kazakhstan: Kadyrbekov 2014d)];
	Protrama sp. (Japan, BMNH collection); Uroleucon dubium
A. gnaphaloides = A. ludovicianae
A. halophila	Cryptosiphum astrachanicae;
	Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, seriphidii;
	Protaphis elatior, miranda; Xerobion cinae
A. hanseniana = A. szowitziana
A. herba-alba (incl. subsp.	Coloradoa campestris, submissa; [Hyperomyzus lactucae];
	valentinum) Macrosiphoniella absinthii, artemisiae, dimidiata, [grandicauda], pulvera, seriphidii;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Uroleucon erigeronense];
	Xerobion blascoi, cinae
A. heptapotamica = Seriphidium heptapotamicum
A. heterophylla = A. douglasiana
A. incana	Titanosiphon artemisiae
A. indica	Aphis kurosawai;
	[Capitophorus sp. (Vietnam: Yoshitomi et al. 2014)]
	Coloradoa artemisiae, rufomaculata;
	Cryptosiphum [artemisiae ssp. linanense];
	Dysaphis microsiphon;
	Macrosiphoniella kikungshana, kuwayamai,
	[miyazakii (Bhagat 1981b; nomen nudum)], yomogicola,
	yomogifoliae;
	Neotoxoptera yasumatsui ssp. artemisiae;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus;
	Tuberocephalus artemisiae, higansakurae ssp. hainnevilleae,
	liaoningensis, sakurae, sasakii, uwamizusakarae
A. integrifolia	Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai
A. iwayomogi = A. gmelinii
A. jacutica	Coloradoa heinzei
A. japonica	Cryptosiphum artemisiae, [artemisiae ssp. linanense];
	Macrosiphoniella antennata, atra ssp. latysiphon,
	capillaricola, formosartemisiae, gaoloushana,
	grandicauda, kuwayamai, myohyangsani, oblonga,
	oronensis, pallidipes, sanborni, similioblonga,
	taesongsanensis, yomogicola, yomogifoliae;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus
A. judaica	Macrosiphoniella oblonga
A. juncea = Seriphidium junceum
A. karatavica = Seriphidium karatavicum
*A. keiskeana*	Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae, kikangshana,
	kuwayamai
A. kemrudica	Xerobion cinae
A. kopetdaghensis	Macrosiphoniella seriphidii, [tuberculata];
	Obtusicauda iranica
A. laciniata	Macrosiphoniella sibirica
A. lanulosa = A. alpina
A. latifolia	Macrosiphoniella alatavica; Protaphis miranda
A. lavandulaefolia	Aphis kurosawai;
	Macrosiphoniella hokkaidensis, kuwayamai;
	Tenuilongiaphis stata ssp. shanxiensis
A. lessingiana	Xerobion cinae
A. leucodes	Protaphis elongata; Xerobion cinae
A. lobelii = A. alba
A. longifolia	Aphis artemisicola, canae; Epameibaphis atricornis;
	Pleotrichophorus brevinectarius, longinectarius, pullus
A. ludoviciana	Aphis oregonensis
	Artemisaphis artemisicola; Coloradoa rufomaculata;
	Macrosiphoniella artemisiae, ludovicianae;
	Microsiphoniella artemisiae, canadensis;
	Obtusicauda frigidae;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus, gnaphalodes,
	pseudoglandulosus
A. macrocephala	Macrosiphoniella abrotani ssp. sainshandi, oblonga
A. manshurica	Aphis neoartemisiphila; Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae
A. maritima = Seriphidium maritimum
A. maritima var. *monogyna* = Seriphidium santonicum
A. maritima var. *vallesiaca* = Seriphidium vallesiacum
A. marschalliana (incl. ssp. tschernieviana)	Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Coloradoa campestrella, campestris;
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, arenariae, austriacae, dimidiata,
	kuwayamai, moldavica, scopariae, [teriolana];
	Pleotrichophorus persimilis, persimilis ssp. afghanensis;
	Protaphis elatior, elongata;
	Titanosiphon minkiewiczi; [Uroleucon gobonis];
	Xerobion judenkoi, lambersi
A. maximovicziana	Aphis gossypii; Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella gmelinicola
A. messerschmidtiana (incl. vars discolor, viridis)	Macrosiphoniella abrotani ssp. choseni, antennata ssp.
	takahashii, atra ssp. latysiphon, gmelinicola, jaroslavi,
	yomogifoliae, zeya
A. mexicana	Pleotrichophorus gnaphalodes, pseudoglandulosus
A. mongolica	Aphis kurosawai; Coloradoa campestrella;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella grandicauda, hokkaidensis, khinganica,
	kuwayamai, myohyangsani, pseudoartemisiae,
	sanborni, taesongsanensis, yomogifoliae
A. monogyna = Seriphidium santonicum
A. monosperma	Colorodoa santolinae, Macrosiphoniella absinthii
A. montana	Aphis kurosawai; Aulacorthum solani;
	Capitophorus formosartemisiae;
	Coloradoa artemisiae, campestrella;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani ssp. choseni, grandicauda,
	hidaensis, hikosanensis, hokkaidensis, kuwayamai,
	oblonga, pseudoartemisiae, similioblonga,
	taesongsanensis, yomogicola, yomogifoliae;
	Sappaphis piri; Tuberocephalus artemisiae, sakurae
A. mutellina = A. umbelliformis
A. myriantha	Capitophorus formosartemisiae
A. nepalensis	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Capitophorus formosartemisiae
A. nitrosa	Brachyunguis tausaghyz;
	Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, szalaymarzsoi;
	Protaphis elatior, elongata, miranda; Xerobion alakuli, cinae
A. nova	Macrosiphoniella oblonga
A. nutans	Pleotrichophorus gnaphalodes (?)
A. opulenta	Capitophorus formosartemisiae;
	Uroleucon ambiguum, [fuchuense]
A. pauciflora	Obtusicauda dolichosiphon; Protaphis miranda;
	Xerobion cinae
A. pectinata Pall. = Neopallasia pectinata
A. pedemontana	Macrosiphoniella artemisiae, frigidicola
A. persica	Macrosiphoniella absinthii, himalayana, nigropilosa;
	Obtusicauda dolichosiphon, moldavica ssp. crassitubia
A. pontica	Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Coloradoa brevipilosa, brevisiphon, ponticae;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniellaabrotani, kaufmanni, oblonga, pulvera,
	sieversianae, [Macrosiphoniella sp. nr cinerascens:
	Leonard 1973];
	Protaphis elongata, miranda; Protrama flavescens
*A. porrecta*	Coloradoa heinzei; Cryptosiphum astrachanicae;
	Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, seriphidii; Xerobion cinae
A. princeps (incl. var. orientalis)	[Anuraphis farfarae]; Aulacorthum artemisiphaga, solani;
	Aphis kurosawai, [serissae], spiraecola,
	[yomogii Shinji 1922];
	Capitophorus formosartemisiae;
	Coloradoa artemisiae, campestrella, rufomaculata;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella antennata, chaetosiphon,
	formosartemisiae, grandicauda, hikosanensis, kuwayamai,
	oblonga, pseudoartemisiae, sanborni, taesongsanensis,
	yomogicola, yomogifoliae;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Macrotrichaphis yatsugatakensis;
	[Myzus yomogi Shinji (nomen dubium)];
	Pleotrichophorus [chrysanthemi], glandulosus;
	Sappaphis piri; [Shinjia orientalis];
	Tuberocephalus artemisiae, [momonis], sakurae, sasakii;
	[Uroleucon lactucicola]
A. procera = A. abrotanum
A. proceriformis = A. abrotanum
A. pubescens	Macrosiphoniella abrotani ssp. chosoni, [lena]
*A. reptans*	Macrosiphoniella absinthii, artemisiae
A. rhodantha	Macrosiphoniella alativica
A. rigida	Epameibaphis sp.; Obtusicauda coweni, Obtusicauda sp.;
	Pleotrichophorus brevinectarius, infrequenus, obscuratus,
	quadritrichus
A. roxburghiana	Aphis kurosawai; Capitophorus formosartemisiae
A. rubripes	Aphis kurosawai; Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae, grandicauda, hidaensis,
	hikosanensis, hokkaidensis, kuwayamai, oblonga,
	pseudoartemisiae, yomenae, yomogifoliae
A. rupestris	Macrosiphoniella atra ssp. latysiphon, borealis, frigidivora,
	subequalis;
	Obtusicauda mongolica
A. rutifolia	Macrosiphoniella sojaki
A. sacrorum	Uroleucon dubium
A. saitoana	Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai
A. salina = Seriphidium maritimum
A. santolina = Seriphidium santolinum
A. santolinifolia	Macrosiphoniella nigropilosa, oblonga, santolinifoliae,
	szalaymarszoi, Macrosiphoniella (Phalangomyzus) sp.
.	(Kazakhstan; Kadyrbekov 2009a, 2014d, e)
	[Pleotrichophorus ugamicus]; Protaphis miranda
A. santonicum	Coloradoa submissa; Macrosiphoniella pulvera;
	Obtusicauda moldavica; Xerobion hortobagyi
A. saxatilis see A. alba
A. schmidtiana	Macrosiphoniella absinthii, yomogicola, yomogifoliae
A. schrenkiana = Seriphidium schrenkianum
A. scopariiformis	Coloradoa heinzei; Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, seriphidii;
	Protaphis miranda; Xerobion lambersi
*A. scoparia*	Aphis fabae, gossypii;
	Coloradoa campestrella, campestris, [procerae], scopariae,
	taurica;
	Cryptosiphum brevipilosum;
	Macrosiphoniella absinthii, [achlys], [alatavica], arenariae,
	artemisiae, atra ssp. turanica, formosartemisiae,
	grandicauda, [hofuchui], [huochengensis], kuwayamai,
	lambersi, pallidipes, pseudoartemisiae, scopariae,
	scopariae ssp. deserticola, seriphidii, [teriolana], tsizhongi], [Macrosiphoniella sp. (Kadyrbekov 2005b)];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus [cerasi], persicae;
	Obtusicauda iranica; Pemphigus bursarius;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus, persimilis;
	Protaphis elatior, elongata;
	Protrama flavescens; [Sappaphis albinae, sinipiricola];
	Titanosiphon artemisiae, minkiewiczi, neoartemisiae;
	Xerobion lambersi
A. selengensis	Aphis kurosawai;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae, [artemisiae ssp. linanense];
	Macrosiphoniella grandicauda, hidaensis, hokkaidensis,
	kuwayamai, oblonga, similioblonga, yomogifoliae;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus
A. sericea	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, sibirica; Microsiphum jazykovi;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus
A. serotina	Coloradoa heinzei;
	Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, pulvera, seriphidii,
	szalaymarzsoi;
	[Microsiphum sp. (Juchnevitch 1968)];
	Obtusicauda moldavica;
	Protaphis elatior, miranda; Xerobion cinae
A. sibirica = Filifolium sibiricum
*A. sieberi* = Seriphidium sieberi
A. sieversiana	Aphis fabae, kurosawai; Coloradoa brevipilosa;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae, sieversianae;
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani ssp. sainshandi, absinthii,
	artemisiae, atra ssp. latysiphon, hokkaidensis, kuwayamai,
	oblonga, pulvera, sibirica, sieversianae, szalaymarzsoi,
	taesongsanensis;
	Microsiphum jazykovi; [Microsiphum sp. (Juchnevitch 1968)];
	Protaphis anuraphoides, [terricola]; Trama troglodytes;
	Xerobion cinae
A. songarica	Macrosiphoniella seriphidii
A. spinescens = Picrothamnus desertorum
A. splendens	Macrosiphoniella absinthii
A. stelleriana	Capitophorus formosartemisiae; Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella [albiartemisiae], altaica, artemisiae,
	hidaensis, kuwayamai, oblonga, pseudoartemisiae,
	sachalinensis, sanborni, yomogicola, yomogifoliae;
	Pleotrichophorus gnaphalodes
*A. stolonifera*	Aphis artemisiphaga, kurosawai;
	Aulacorthum artemisiphaga;
	Macrosiphoniella antennata, elenae, formosartemisiae,
	grandicauda, hikosanensis, hokkaidensis,
	kikungshana, kuwayamai, myohyangsani,
	pseudoartemisiae, sanborni, sikhotealinensis,
	yomogifoliae;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus;
	Tuberocephalus artemisiae, sasakii
A. stenophylla = A. marschalliana ssp. tschernieviana
A. sublessingiana = Seriphidium sublessingianum
A. subulata	Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai, yomogifoliae
A. suksdorfii	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella ludovicianae
A. sylvatica	Aphis kurosawai;
	[Coloradoa kasmirica Rishi & Lone (nomen nudum)];
	Delphiniobium ussuriense;
	Macrosiphoniella hikosanensis, kikungshana,
	kuwayamai, myohyangsani
A. szowitziana	[Cryptosiphum milsteppensis Rusanova 1942 (nomen nudum)];
	Macrosiphoniella pulvera; Titanosiphon dracunculi;
	Xerobion cinae
A. tanacetifolia	Macrosiphoniella antennata, atra ssp. latysiphon, borealis
A. taurica	Coloradoa heinzei, taurica;
	Macrosiphoniella tuberculatumartemisicola;
	[Protrama ranunculi]; Smynthurodes betae;
	Xerobion caspicae
A. tenuisecta	Macrosiphoniella atra ssp. turanica;
	Titanosiphum neoartemisiae, neoartemisiae ssp. hissaricum
A. terrae-albae	Coloradoa heinzei; Cryptosiphum astrachanicae;
	Macrosiphoniella alatavica, kirgisica, procerae, pulvera,
	seriphidii, terraealbae;
	Obtusicauda moldavica; Protaphis elatior, miranda;
	Xerobion alakuli, caspicae, cinae
A. thuscula	Macrosiphoniella absinthii, artemisiae; Myzus persicae
A. tilesii	Macrosiphoniella jaroslaviholmani;
	Pleotrichophorus knowltoni, tuberculatus
A. tomentella	Coloradoa taurica; Cryptosiphum brevipilosum;
	Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, scopariae, scopariae ssp. deserticola, seriphidii, [teriolana],
	[Macrosiphoniella sp. (Kadyrbekov 2003c)];
	Pleotrichophorus persimilis; Protaphis miranda;
	Titanosiphon minkiewski, neoartemisiae; Xerobion lambersi
A. tournefortiana	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, nigropilosa, oblonga
A. transiliensis	Coloradoa heinzei;
	Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, szalaymarszoi;
	Obtusicauda moldavica
A. tridentata	Aphis canae, chrysothamnicola, filifoliae, hermistonii,
	infrequens, oregonensis, reticulata, utahensis;
	Artemisaphis artemisicola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Epameibaphis atricornis, frigidae, utahensis;
	Flabellomicrosiphum knowltoni, tridentatae;
	[Forda marginata]; [Hyperomyzus occidentalis (vagr.?)];
	[Illinoia grindeliae]; Macrosiphoniella artemisiae;
	Microsiphoniella acophorum, artemisiae, oregonensis;
	Nevadaphis sampsoni;
	Obtusicauda anomella, artemisiphila, coweni, filifoliae,
	frigidae, zerothermum;
	Pleotrichophorus brevinectarius, decampus, glandulosus,
	gnaphalodes, heterohirsutus, pallidus, rusticatus,
	spatulavillus, zoomontanus; infrequenus, longipes,
	[oestlundi], [palmerae], pseudoglandulosus, pullus,
	[pycnorhysus], quadritrichus, quadritrichus ssp. pallidus,
	rusticatus, spatulavillus, zoomontanus;
	Pseudoepameibaphis essigi, tridentata, xenotrichis;
	[Uroleucon erigeronense]
A. tridentata var. trifida = A. tripartita
A. tripartita	Pleotrichophorus filifoliae, zoomontanus
A. tschernieviana = A. campestris ssp. inodora
A. turanica (incl. turcomanica)	Coloradoa heinzei; Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, seriphidii;
	Macrosiphum frigidivora;
	Pleotrichophorus persimilis ssp. afghanensis;
	[Protaphis afghanica]; Xerobion alakuli, cinae
A. umbelliformis	[Coloradoa palmerae – in error: Szelegiewicz (1996, 188)];
	Macrosiphoniella mutellinae
A. umbrosa	Aphis artemisiphaga, kurosawai; Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai, yomogifoliae
A. valida	Coloradoa heinzei; Macrosiphoniella kirgisica, seriphidii;
	Xerobion alakuli, cinae
A. vallesiaca	Macrosiphoniella vallesiacae
A. variabilis	Macrosiphoniella artemisiae, atra, subaequalis;
	Xerobion blascoi, caspicae
A. verlotiorum	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Colorodoa artemisiae;
	Macrosiphoniella artemisiae, oblonga;
	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus group
A. vestita	[Aphis sp. – Chowdhuri et al. (1969b, 335)];
	Brachycaudus helichrysi, [Brachycaudus sp. – Chowdhuri et
	al. (1969a, 90)];
	Capitophorus formosartemisiae; Cryptosiphum artemisiae;
	Dysaphis microsiphon; Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae;
	Protrama longitarsus ssp. sclerodensis
A. vulgaris	Aphis artemisiphaga, aurantii, fabae, gossypii, kurosawai,
	nevskyi, [plantaginis], spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum [perillae], solani;
	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;
	Capitophorus formosartemisiae;
	[Chaetosiphon gracilicorne];
	Coloradoa artemisiae, campestrella, heinzei, rufomaculata,
	viridis;
	Cryptosiphum artemisiae, [brevipilosum];
	[Dysaphis hirsutissima];
	[Geoica lucifuga]; [Lachnus inflatus Shinji (1922)];
	Macrosiphoniella abrotani, absinthii, artemisiae, atra,
	chaetosiphon, dimidiata, grandicauda, [helichrysi],
	hidaensis, hikosanensis, hokkaidensis, insignata,
	kalimpongensis, kikungshana, kuwayamai, lijiangensis,
	ludovicianae, nigropilosa, oblonga, paraoblonga,
	pseudoartemisiae, pulvera, sanborni, sibirica, spinipes,
	tanacetaria, umarovi, yomogicola, yomogifoliae;
	[Metopeurum sp.]; [Sitobion gravelii];
	Microsiphoniella artemisiae;
	Microsiphum giganteum, jazykovi, woronieckae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, cerasi ssp. umefoliae, [dycei], ornatus,
	persicae;
	Obtusicauda dolichosiphon, filifoliae;
	Pleotrichophorus brevinectarius, glandulosus,
	pseudoglandulosus, quadritrichus ssp. vulgaris,
	zoomontanus;
	Prociphilus erigeronensis;
	Protaphis elatior, elongata, [hirsuta], middletonii, miranda,
	[Protaphis sp. (Holman and Pintera 1981)];
	Protrama flavescens, longitarsus;
	Sappaphis piri; [Sitobion gravelii]; Smynthurodes betae;
	Szelegiewicziella chamaerhodi;
	Titanosiphon artemisiae, dracunculi, minkiewiczi;
	Trama longitarsus, troglodytes;
	Tuberocephalus sasakii, tsengi
A. vulgaris var. heterophylla = A. douglasiana
A. vulgaris var. indica = A. indica
A. vulgaris var. vulgatissima = A. montana
Artemisia sp. (or Seriphidium sp.)	Aphis artemisiphila, craccivora, lharsartemisiae;
	Aulacorthum dasi; [Chaetosiphon alpestre];
	Coloradoa mesasiatica, paradoxa; [Cryptomyzus taoi];
	Cryptosiphum [atriplicivorum], mordvilkoi;
	[Geoica utricularia]; [Hyalomyzus raoi]; [Iziphya maculata];
	[Kaltenbachiella pallida]; [Lipaphis erysimi];
	Longisiphoniella subterranea;
	Macrosiphoniella atrata, brevisiphona, cegmidi, [erythraea],
	huaidensis, lidiae, lopatini, [quinifontana], sikkimartemisiae;
	[Macrosiphum chukotense];
	Microsiphoniella oregonensis; [Myzakkaia verbasci];
	[Myzus kalimpongensis, ninae, siegesbeckicola]
	[Nasonovia ribisnigri]; [Indomasonaphis anaphalidis];
	[Paracletus cimiciformis]; [Phorodon cannabis];
	Protaphis artemisivora; [Saltusaphis scirpus];
	[Sipha elegans];
	[Sitobion sp. nr fragariae (as Uroleucon qinghaiense)];
	Tshernovaia spirocaudicula;
	[Uroleucon pseudotanaceti, sonchi]

The above list, taken together with the list of aphids on the similar genus Seriphidium, contains more than 260 species. This is by far the largest aphid fauna of any plant genus. We have split the key into three parts to make it easier to use.

Master key to aphids on Artemisia and Seriphidium:–

1	ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, and front of head convex in dorsal view; sometimes ANT tubercles are developed so that they project forward as far as the middle of the head, but then ANT III is without any secondary rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens)	..…KEY A
–	ANT tubercles developed or with developed processes, so that they project forward further than middle part of head, which is often concave in dorsal view. If the ANT tubercles are low (Microsiphoniella, Artemisaphis and some Obtusicauda and Microsiphum), then ANT III bears at least one rhinarium	…..2
2	SIPH tubular, clearly longer than their basal widths, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation, consisting of at least a few closed cells	..…KEY B
–	SIPH either very small or well-developed, but if well-developed then they lack polygonal reticulation	.….KEY C

KEY A

[ Note: the following species could not be included in the key because specimens were not available and they could not be discriminated on the basis of the published descriptions. The number in brackets after the species indicates the couplet they should run to in the key:- Aphis lhasartemisiae (82), Aphis reticulata (79), Coloradoa brevisiphon (20), C. procerae (26), Sappaphis albinae (45), S. angelicograstis (45), S. dipirivora (45), S. sinipiricola (45)]

1	ANT PT very short, with ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.4 (often more than 1)	..…8
2	Antennae very densely hairy; e.g. base of last antennal segment with more than 20 hairs	…..3
–	Antennae much less hairy; e.g. base of last antennal segment with less than 10 hairs	…..7
3	Hind tarsi elongate, more than 0.5 of length of hind tibiae. Antennae 6-segmented	…..4
–	Hind tarsi of normal length, much less than 0.5 of length of hind tibiae. Antennae 5-segmented	…..6
4	SIPH absent. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.25. Antennae without secondary rhinaria and eyes with only 3 facets (except in rare alatiform apterae)	.….Trama troglodytes
–	SIPH present as pores on slightly elevated, pigmented cones. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.25. Apterae typically alatiform, with secondary rhinaria on antennae and multifaceted eyes	..…5
5	Hind tibia 2.2-2.6 × ANT III. HT II 0.59-0.70 × hind tibia. R IV with 6-8 (usually 7) accessory hairs on dorsal side	…..Protrama flavescens
–	Hind tibia 2.7-3.2 × ANT III. HT II 0.53-0.63 × hind tibia. R IV with 6-10 (usually 9) accessory hairs on dorsal side	..…Protrama longitarsus
6	ANT V BASE and R IV+V both very long, respectively about 1.7 and 2.5 × width of head between antennal bases. ANT II similar in length to ANT I, much shorter than III	.….Rectinasus buxtoni
–	ANT V BASE and R IV+V of normal length , both about 0.5 × width of head between antennal bases. ANT II about twice as long as ANT I, similar in length to III	..…Smynthurodes betae
7	R IV+V 0.08-0.12 mm long, and without accessory hairs. Hairs at apices of tibiae and on first tarsal segments short and thick. Cauda and anal plate not projecting posteriorly	…..Pemphigus bursarius
–	R IV+V 0.13-0.175 mm long, with 4-8 accessory hairs. Hairs at apices of tibiae and on first tarsal segments long and fine. Cauda and anal plate forming a dark posterior projection of the abdomen	…..Prociphilus erigeronensis
8	Fore femora greatly enlarged, about twice as thick as mid femora, and fore tibiae with strengthened bases (Fig.12a). Dorsum adorned with numerous tubercular processes, most of which bear hairs and wax glands. Cauda knobbed	…..9
–	Fore femora not enlarged. Dorsum with or without tubercular processes. Cauda variable	…..10
9	Dorsal tubercles mammariform or quadrate, in a single row across each tergite, each bearing 1-3 hairs; the tubercles vary in size but all bear hairs of similar length (Fig.12b)	..…Macropodaphis rechingeri
–	Dorsal tubercles mammariform, conical and digitiform, in a double transverse row on each tergite, each bearing a single hair; both tubercles and hairs vary greatly in size, the hairs on the digitiform tubercles being minute (Fig.12c)	…..Macropodaphis paradoxa
10	Compound eyes well developed, with ocular tubercles (triommatidia) reduced or displaced ventrally, so that they do not form distinct projections in dorsal view. Dorsal hairs usually with expanded, and often fan-shaped, apices (e.g. Figs 12d, h-l)	…..11
–	Compound eyes sometimes reduced, if well-developed then with ocular tubercles forming distinct projections. Dorsal hairs variable but never fan-shaped, and usually thinner at apex than at base	…..38
11	SIPH reduced to raised pores (e.g. Fig. 12d)	..…12
–	SIPH tubular, longer than basal width	..…13
12	Femora dark. ANT PT/BASE more than 2	..…Flabellomicrosiphum knowltoni
–	Femora pale. ANT PT/BASE less than 2	…..Flabellomicrosiphum tridentatae
13	SIPH with flange swollen, so that the apex is knob-like (Figs 12e, f)	…..14
–	SIPH with normal, thin-walled flange	…..16
14	Dorsum pigmented. SIPH and legs black	…..Epameibaphis atricornis
–	Dorsum pale. SIPH and legs pale (except tarsi)	…..15
15	ANT III with 1-4 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II. Flange of SIPH not thickly swollen (Fig.12e)	…..Epameibaphis frigidae
–	ANT III without rhinaria. R IV+V 1.0-1.4 × HT II. Flange of SIPH thickly swollen (Fig.12f)	.….Epameibaphis utahensis

16	SIPH thinner on basal half than middle of hind tibia, swollen distally on inner side, with flange set obliquely (e.g. Fig.12g)	..…17
–	SIPH on basal half as thick as or thicker than middle of hind tibia; if swollen distally then the swelling is more symmetrical and flange less oblique (Figs 12m-p)	..…20
17	ANT PT/BASE 2.5-4.0	.….18
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.3	..…19
18	ANT PT 1.5-2.0 × SIPH	…..Pseudoepameibaphis glauca
–	ANT PT 1.0-1.3 × SIPH	…..Pseudoepameibaphis tridentatae
19	ANT PT 0.9-1.4 × SIPH	…..Pseudoepameibaphis essigi
–	ANT PT 0.3-0.7 × SIPH	.….Pseudoepameibaphis xenotrichis
20	SIPH short, less than 0.1 × BL and less than 1.2 × cauda	…..21
–	SIPH longer, more than 0.1 × BL and more than 1.3 × cauda	..…27
21	ABD TERG 8 bearing 13-19 hairs. ANT 5-segmented, and dorsal hairs all very short and fan-shaped, broadening abruptly from base (fundatrices), or ANT 6-segmented and dorsal hairs longer, broadening gradually from bases (later generations)	.….Coloradoa paradoxa
–	ABD TERG 8 bearing 6-8 hairs. ANT 6-segmented. Dorsal hairs broadening gradually from base or expanded only near their apices	.….22
22	R IV+V is 1.2-1.5 × HT II, and 0.75-1.0 × cauda	.….Coloradoa heinzei
–	R IV+V is 0.8-1.1 × HT II, and 0.5-0.7 × cauda	…..23
23	Dorsal abdominal hairs small, thin and rod-like (Fig.12h), only slightly expanded at apices; longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 shorter than BDIII. SIPH pale	…..Coloradoa abrotani
–	Dorsal abdominal hairs thicker and with fan-shaped apices; longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 longer than BDIII. SIPH uniformly dark	..…24
24	Dorsal abdominal hairs narrowest at base, cylindrical or gradually thickening proximal to the fan-shaped apex (Fig.12i)	…..Coloradoa campestris
–	Dorsal abdominal hairs tapering or cylindrical from base, thinnest on distal half, then widening abruptly into fan-shaped apex (e.g. Fig.12j)	…..25
25	Coxae pale, and at least basal parts of femora and SIPH pale, although sometimes darker distally	.….Coloradoa santolinae
–	Coxae, femora and SIPH all dark	…..26
26	Antennae dark except for ANT II and base part of ANT III. Dorsal hairs pale, 50-60 μm long, with longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 at least 3 × BDIII	..…Coloradoa taurica
–	Antennae with ANT III and IV pale except at apices, and V pale basally. Dorsal hairs pigmented, 40-50 μm long, with longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 less than 3 × BDIII	…..Coloradoa submissa
27	Antennae 5-segmented	..…28
–	Antennae 6-segmented	..…29
28	Dorsal cuticle smooth. Dorsal hairs broadly fan-shaped (Fig. 12k). ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.4. SIPH 0.75-0.95 × ANT III	.….Coloradoa ponticae
–	Dorsal cuticle with reticulate sculpturing. Dorsal hairs broadly capitate (i.e., with rounded apices; Fig.12l). ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0. SIPH 1.05-1.25 × ANT III	..…Coloradoa viridis
29	R IV+V 0.8-1.1 × HT II. SIPH distinctly clavate (Fig.12m)	..…30
–	R IV+V 1.1-1.5 × HT II. SIPH variable	..…32
30	ANT PT more than 1.5 × ANT III	…..Coloradoa absinthii (also mesasiatica)
–	ANT PT less than 1.3 × ANT III	…..31
31	ABD TERG 8 with the cuticle at the base of the cauda thickened and raised as a shallow, irregularly shaped process, bearing 1-2 small spinal tubercles. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.8	.….Coloradoa palmerae
–	ABD TERG 8 with small single or paired spinal tubercles but these are not placed on a raised, thickened area of cuticle. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.4	…..Coloradoa brevipilosa
32	Dorsal abdominal hairs broadly fan-shaped and very numerous, not in rows. SIPH distinctly clavate	…..Coloradoa indica
–	Dorsal abdominal hairs sparse, rod-shaped, fan-shaped or spatulate, roughly in a single row across each segment. SIPH with or without distal swelling	..…33
33	SIPH swollen on distal half to at least 1.2 of minimum width on basal half (Fig.12n)	..…Coloradoa angelicae
–	SIPH cylindrical or if slightly swollen near apex, maximum width does not exceed 1.15 of minimum width (e.g. Figs. 12o, p)	…..34
34	R IV+V 0.75-1.11 × ANT PT	.….Colorodoa scopariae
–	R IV+V 0.53-0.74 × ANT PT	…..35
35	ANT 0.4-0.5 × BL, with PT/BASE 1.4-1.7. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 6-10, IV 4-8, V 0-2)	..…Coloradoa campestrella

–	ANT 0.5-0.7 × BL, with PT/BASE 1.3-2.0	…..36
36	Hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are c.2 × diameter of ANT III. ABD TERG 8 with 10-12 hairs	…..Coloradoa deserta
–	Hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are not more than 1.5 × diameter of ANT III. ABD TERG 8 with 4-5 hairs	…..37
37	SIPH almost smooth on basal part, in comparison with more coarsely imbricated distal part. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 9-19, IV 3-10, V 0-4)	…..Coloradoa rufomaculata
–	SIPH with coarse imbrication near base similar to that near apex. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 14-22, IV 11-14, V 2-9)	…..Coloradoa artemisiae
38	Dorsum with numerous barrel-like or stump-like processes. Dorsal hairs extremely thick and long (80-160 μm), broad-based and tapering, arising from tubercular bases	..…Tenuilongiaphis stata
–	Dorsum without barrel-like or stump-like processes. Dorsal hairs short, or fine if long	.….39
39	ABD TERG 1 and 7 both without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..40
–	MTu always present at least on ABD TERG 1 (or 1-5), and usually on 7	..…52
40	SIPH evident, tubular or conical, as long as their basal widths or longer	..…41
–	SIPH small, pore-like or on shallow cones, not longer than their basal width ; sometimes almost invisible	.….44
41	Cauda longer than its basal width	..…42
–	Cauda as short as or shorter than its basal width	.….43
42	SIPH shorter than cauda, which has a midway constriction and a rounded apex. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE more than 3.5	.….Misturaphis shiloensis
–	SIPH longer than cauda, which is conical, without a constriction. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.2	.….Micraphis artemisiae
43	ANT 0.7-0.9 × BL, with PT/BASE 4.6-6.1. SIPH long and dark, 0.23-0.29 × BL and 6.0-7.8 × cauda. Spiracles reniform	…..Longisiphoniella subterranea*
–	ANT 0.4-0.7 × BL, with PT/BASE 2.4-3.2. SIPH truncate, pale, 0.07-0.1 × BL and 1.1-1.3 × cauda. Spiracles large and circular	.….Brachycaudus helichrysi
44	Dorsum clothed with numerous fine hairs	…..45
–	Dorsum sparsely hairy	…..46
45	SIPH short, conical, with a flange, and with surrounding hairs (Fig. 12q). Cauda bluntly triangular or helmet-shaped	…..Sappaphis piri
–	SIPH as very small shallow flangeless cylinders, only slightly conical, and without surrounding hairs. Cauda with broad basal part and narrowly extended apical part	..…Brevisiphonaphis hirsutissima
46	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.1	…..47
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 1.1	.….48
47	Body broadly spindle-shaped. SIPH as short cylinders, length about half of width. First tarsal segments with 2-2-2 hairs	..…Cryptosiphum mordvilkoi*
–	Body broadly oval. SIPH as pores. First tarsal segments with 3-3-2 hairs	..…Cryptosiphum sieversianae*
48	R IV+V 0.95-1.1 × HT II. Posterior margin of subgenital plate with 6-9 hairs	…..Cryptosiphum dracunculum*
–	R IV+V 1.2-1.7 × HT II. Posterior margin of subgenital plate with 7-19 hairs	…..49
49	Cauda semicircular, almost as long as wide. Tubercular bases of dorsal hairs mostly longer than their basal widths. Prothoracic MTu evident	.….Cryptosiphum astrachanicae*
–	Cauda semilunar, much broader than long. Tubercular bases of dorsal hairs not longer than their basal widths. Prothoracic MTu not evident	.….50
50	Stigmal plates of the spiracles on the first two abdominal segments united. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs	…..Cryptosiphum innokentyi*
–	Stigmal plates of the spiracles on the first two abdominal segments separated. First tarsal segments with 3(2)-3(2)-2 hairs	..…51
51	ANT III 1.0-1.6 (-2.2) × PT. Subgenital plate usually with 2 (sometimes up to 4) hairs on anterior half and 6-11 on posterior margin. (Alatae with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-13, IV 0)	.….Cryptosiphum brevipilosum
–	ANT III 1.6-2.8 × PT. Subgenital plate with 5-10 hairs on anterior half and 12-19 on posterior margin. (Alatae with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 21-28, IV 2-5)	..…Cryptosiphum artemisiae
52	ANT PT/BASE 3.7-5.4	…..53
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 3.5	.….54
53	Antennae 4-segmented. Dorsum with a continuous sclerotic shield covering metanotum and most of ABD TERG 1-6. No stridulatory apparatus	..…Szelegiewicziella chamaerhodi
–	Antennae 6-segmented. No sclerotic dorsal shield. Stridulatory apparatus present, comprising cuticular ridges on abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a row of short, peg-like hairs on each hind tibia	..…Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
54	R IV+V more than 2 times HT II and bearing 8 or more long fine accessory hairs. (ANT PT/BASE about 1.1-1.2. SIPH very short, pale and cylindrical. Cauda semicircular)	.….Nevadaphis sampsoni
–	R IV+V less than 2 × HT II and bearing 2-6 accessory hairs	…..55
55	SIPH as short, dark sclerotic truncate cones with broad bases (volcano-shaped; Fig.12r), shorter than their basal widths; smooth or, if weakly imbricated, then without spicules on the imbrications. Cauda conical, very short and broad, much shorter than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE always less than 1	…..56
–	SIPH tapering or cylindrical, with spiculose imbrication; if tapering from a broad base then longer than their basal widths. Cauda rounded, conical, tongue- or helmet-shaped; shorter or longer than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE more or less than 1	..…64
56	Cephalic frontal hairs 7-20 μm long, 0.5-1.2 × BD III	..…57
–	Cephalic frontal hairs 22-65 μm long, 1.5-4.5 × BD III	..…59
57	R IV+V 1.3-1.4 × HT II. ANT III-V usually without secondary rhinaria	…..Xerobion pannonica*
–	R IV+V 0.95-1.25 × HT II. ANT III-V usually with at least some secondary rhinaria	.….58
58	Small MTu present on at least some of ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7	.….Xerobion hortobagyi
–	No MTu on ABD TERG 2-5	..…Xerobion caspicae
59	Legs and antennae wholly dark	…..Xerobion blascoi
–	At least middle parts of tibiae and antennae pale	…..60
60	ANT without secondary rhinaria	…..Xerobion amurensis*
–	ANT III with (0-)1-7 secondary rhinaria, IV with 0-3 and V with 0-2	..…61
61	MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7 very large, much broader than high, much larger than the adjacent stigmal plates. Dorsal hairs rather fine with pointed apices	..…Xerobion judenkoi
–	MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7 papilliform, similar in size to, or smaller than, adjacent stigmal plates. Dorsal hairs rather thick and spine-like with abruptly pointed or blunt apices	..….62
62	R IV+V 1.0-1.18 × HT II. Femora pale	..…Xerobion lambersi
–	R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. Femora dark	..…63
63	Cephalic frontal hairs 1.5-2.5 × BD III. Cauda with 14-24 hairs	..…Xerobion cinae
–	Cephalic frontal hairs 2.5-4.0 × BD III. Cauda with 8-14(-16) hairs	..…Xerobion alakuli*
64	R IV+V stiletto-shaped, with RV extended as a needle-like tip, and RIV with a pair of very long finely pointed accessory hairs, as long as or longer than the “apical” hairs, which are displaced so that two pairs occupy a midway position (Fig.12s; Aphis subgenus Zyxaphis)	…..65
–	R IV+V variable in shape but RV is not extended as a needle-like tip, and the accessory hairs are often shorter than the longest of the apical pairs, which are not displaced to a midway position (e.g. Fig. 12t)	.….71
65	R IV+V 0.24-0.29 mm long, about 2 × HT II	..…Aphis infrequens
–	R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm long, 1.3-1.6 × HT II	..…66
66	SIPH very short, only about as long as their basal widths. ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.9	…..67
–	SIPH longer than their basal widths. ANT PT/BASE 0.6-2.0	…..68
67	Cauda broadly rounded, not longer than its basal width. RV less than half as long as RIV. [Only alatae are known, but these characters are probably applicable also to apterae.]	…..Aphis utahensis
–	Cauda clearly longer than its basal width. RV attenuate, almost as long as RIV	..…Aphis minutissima
68	SIPH about equal in length to cauda and ANT BASE VI	..…Aphis filifoliae
–	SIPH clearly longer than both cauda and ANT BASE VI	…..69
69	SIPH rather thick and broad-based, slightly broader at base than middle of hind femur. Abdominal pigmentation when fully developed consists of a central patch on ABD TERG 2-4 joined to widely separate paired patches on ABD TERG 5, that extend laterally towards the siphunculi (Fig.12u). ABD TERG 7 with MTu well developed; only in small specimens are they much smaller than those on ABD TERG 1	…..Aphis hermistonii
–	SIPH slightly narrower at base than middle of hind femur. Abdominal pigmentation variable, but if there are any paired patches on ABD TERG 5 then these do not extend further laterally than the central patch on ABD TERG 2-4, and are not widely separated (e.g. Fig. 12v). ABD TERG 7 with MTu often much smaller than those on ABD TERG 1, and in very small specimens they are little larger than hair bases, or even absent	..…70
70	ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.5. SIPH 0.09-0.19 × BL. Abdominal pigmentation when fully developed consisting of a large broad irregular quadrate central patch over most of ABD TERG 2-4 or 2-5, typically with a central notch in the posterior margin on ABD TERG 5 (Fig.12v). Hairs on ANT III 14-31 μm long, not usually exceeding BD III	..…Aphis canae
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0. SIPH 0.19-0.26 × BL. Abdominal pigmentation when fully developed consisting of an oval central patch on ABD TERG 2-4, longer than wide and not extending onto ABD TERG 5. Hairs on ANT III 30-50 μm long, longer than BD III	.….Aphis oregonensis
71	ANT III with 1 or more secondary rhinaria (in normal apterae)	..…72
–	ANT III without secondary rhinaria (except in clearly alatiform apterae)	..…75
72	ANT 5-segmented. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. Cauda with 5-6 short hairs	.…Aphis globosa*
–	ANT 6-segmented. R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II. Cauda with 7-20 short or long hairs	..…73
73	ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.1. Cauda with 16-20 hairs	…..Protaphis elatior
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.3-2.4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs	…..74
74	ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.7. Cauda with 7-12 short hairs, which are maximally 1.5 × BDIII	.….Protaphis artemisivora*
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.4 (rarely less than 1.7). Cauda with 10-15 long hairs, which are more than 2 × BDIII	…..Protaphis middletonii
75	ANT PT/BASE 1.3 or less	.….76
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.36 or more	…..81
76	SIPH much longer than cauda	….. Aphis hiltoni*
–	SIPH 0.5-1.0 × cauda	..…77
77	Cauda c.0.2 mm long, at least twice its basal width	..…Aphis nevskyi*
–	Cauda 0.08-0.13 mm long, about as long as its basal width or only a little longer	.….78
78	Cauda with 6-8 hairs. SIPH pale	..…Brachyunguis tausaghyz*
–	Cauda with 14-20 hairs. SIPH dark	…..79
79	Longest hairs on ANT III 1.1-1.2 × BD III. MTu usually absent from ABD TERG 6	.….Protaphis elongata
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III. MTu present or absent on ABD TERG 6 …..80
80	MTu consistently present on ABD TERG 6 as well as 1 and 7	…..Protaphis miranda
–	MTu usually absent from ABD TERG 6	…..Protaphis elatior
81	MTu present on ABD TERG 1-5 but not on 7. SIPH 0.4-0.8 (-1.2) × cauda which is helmet-shaped, distinctly shorter than its basal width. (Dorsal body and appendages with numerous long hairs)	…..Dysaphis microsiphon
–	MTu always on ABD TERG 1 and 7, sometimes also on 2-4 or 2-5. SIPH 0.8-2.0 × cauda which is tongue-shaped, tapering or triangular	…..82
82	MTu normally present on most of ABD TERG 2-4 (or 5) as well as 1 and 7	..…83
–	MTu absent from or only rarely present on tergites other than 1 and 7	…..85
83	SIPH 0.8-1.25 × cauda. ANT III with hairs on anterior side short, but usually with one or more long, fine hairs on posterior side which are 2-3 × BD III	…..Aphis artemisiphaga*
–	SIPH 1.4-2.0 × cauda. Hairs on ANT III all short, the longest 0.2-0.8 × BD III	.….84
84	ANT PT/BASE 2.8-3.3. R IV+V 1.25-1.4 × HT II. Cauda triangular, about as long as its basal width, with about 16 hairs	.….Aphis artemisiphila*
–	ANT PT/BASE 2.5-2.7. R IV+V 1.1-1.2 × HT II. Cauda about twice as long as its basal width, with 6-7 long hairs	..…Aphis neoartemisiphila*
85	R IV+V 1.36-1.91 × HT II, tapering almost to a point, and often with concave sides. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0	..…Aphis kurosawai
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.5 × HT II, ending bluntly and with straight or convex sides. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.5 (rarely less than 2.0)	..…polyphagous Aphis spp. (fabae, gossypii and spiraecola);
	for separation see key to polyphagous aphids.

KEY B

[Note: the following Macrosiphoniella species could not be included in the key because specimens could not be discriminated on the basis of available material or published descriptions. The number in brackets after the species indicates the couplet they should run to in the key:- Macrosiphoniella achlys (71), M. arenariae (69), M. alativica (35), M. austriacae (71), M. brevisiphona (69), M. dracunculi (74), M. erythraea (25), M. frigidae (71), M. hofuchui (46), M. khinganica (43), M. lena (69), M. lidiae (30), M. lopatini (30), M. procerae (30), M. santolinifoliae (69), M. scopariae (53), M. sibirica (91), M. tsizhongi(46).]

1	SIPH (Fig. 13a) bearing many fine hairs, and long (9-10 × longer than their midlength diameter and more than 2 × the pale triangular cauda which is about 2 × its basal width). First tarsal segments with (4-) 5 hairs	…..Macrotrichaphis yatsugatakensis
–	SIPH with few or no hairs (or if with many hairs then short (Fig.13e); c. 3 × midlength diameter and similar in length to dark tongue-shaped cauda, and first tarsal segments with 3 hairs)	…..2
2	Cauda short, less than 1.5 × its basal width, more-or-less triangular, sometimes with a narrower distal part (e.g. Fig.13b)	…..3
–	Cauda finger-like, longer than 1.5 × its basal width, tapering or rounded at apex	..…6
3	SIPH with reticulation confined to a few transverse striae and closed cells at apex (Fig.13c). Abdominal spiracles with broadly open, rounded apertures	…..Artemisaphis artemisicola
–	SIPH with polygonal reticulation extending over distal 0.25-0.7 of length. Abdominal spiracles with small reniform apertures, partly occluded by the stigmal plates	..…4
4	SIPH thin, 1.3-2.0 × cauda, 6-11 × their least diameter near midlength. ANT III with 4-32 tuberculate secondary rhinaria, and IV with 0-12	…..Metopeurum fuscoviride
–	SIPH thick and short, 1.0-1.3 × cauda, 2.2-4.5 × their midlength diameter. ANT III with 5-18 rhinaria, and IV with or without 1-2 rhinaria	…..5
5	ANT III with 5-13 rhinaria confined to basal half, none on IV	…..Macrosiphoniella elenae*
–	ANT III with 14-18 rhinaria distributed over most of length, and 0-2 on IV	…..Macrosiphoniella insignata*

6	Thoracic spiracles very large, with round apertures, conspicuously larger than abdominal ones, although these also have broad open, oval apertures, Dorsal abdomen without any dark sclerotisation	…..Delphiniobium ussuriense*
–	Thoracic spiracles similar in size and form to abdominal ones. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark sclerotisation	…..7
7	Abdominal spiracles with broadly open, oval apertures. Dorsal abdomen with dark intersegmental muscle plates. SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation extending over 0.05-0.25 of length, and often bearing a few hairs	…..8
–	Abdominal spiracles with small reniform apertures, partly occluded by the stigmal plates. Dorsal abdomen with unpigmented intersegmental muscle plates. SIPH if with polygonal reticulation then this extends over 0.12-0.75 of length, and usually without hairs	…..16
8	ANT III (of apt.) with 12-26 secondary rhinaria (rarely less than 18), extending over full length of segment, and ANT IV with 0-6 (rarely 0). (Al. with 23-30 on III and 1-12 on IV)	..…Obtusicauda frigidae
–	ANT III with 0-13 secondary rhinaria, and ANT IV without any. (Al. with 4-28 on III and 0-2 on IV)	…..9
9	SIPH 1.0-1.7 × ANT PT	.….10
–	SIPH 0.4-0.95 × ANT PT	…..13
10	SIPH thick, 4.0-5.5 × longer than their middle diameters. Coxae dusky or dark	..…Obtusicauda dolychosiphon
–	SIPH 5.5-10.5 × longer than their middle diameters. Coxae pale or dark	…..11
11	Coxae pale	.….Obtusicauda filifoliae
–	Coxae dark	.….12
12	SIPH 0.58-0.81 mm long, 1.75-2.5 × cauda and longer than ANT III	.….Obtusicauda iranica*
–	SIPH 0.43-0.49 mm long, 1.4-1.7 × cauda and shorter than ANT III	….. Obtusicauda anomella*

13	SIPH 0.4-0.6 × ANT PT, and 0.8-1.0 × cauda	…..Obtusicauda mongolica*
–	SIPH 0.65-0.95 × ANT PT, and 1.1-2.0 × cauda	..…14
14	Coxae pale. ANT III (of apt.) with 0-2 secondary rhinaria. (Al. with 4-9)	.….Obtusicauda artemisiphila
–	Coxae dusky or dark. ANT III (of apt.) with 0-12 secondary rhinaria. (Al. with 12-24)	.….15
15	ANT PT/BASE 3.3-5.1. SIPH 1.1-1.5 × cauda, and 0.17-0.22 × BL	..…Obtusicauda moldavica group
–	ANT PT/BASE 4.9-6.5. SIPH 1.0-2.0 × cauda and 0.19-0.37 × BL	…..Obtusicauda coweni group
16	First tarsal segments with 4-5 hairs, 3 subapical and 1-2 lateral	..…17
–	First tarsal segments with 3 subapical hairs only, without lateral hairs	…..19
17	Cauda dark. Tibiae wholly dark. SIPH about 1.6-1.7 × cauda	…..Uroleucon omeishanense*
–	Cauda pale. Tibiae with paler middle section. SIPH 1.0-1.6 × cauda	…..18
18	ANT PT/BASE 5.5-6.5. SIPH 1.0-1.35 × cauda. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. Cauda with 12-27 hairs	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.8-4.8. SIPH 1.3-1.6 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II. Cauda with 10-16 hairs	…..Uroleucon ambiguum
19	SIPH pale at least basally, 1.7-2.3 × cauda, with reticulation over distal 0.12-0.20(-0.25) of length. ANT PT/BASE 4.2-7.0. R IV+V with convex or straight sides and with hairs on basal half similar in length to subapical (primary) hairs	…..20
–	SIPH pale or dark, 0.6-2.0 × cauda, with reticulation over distal 0.16-0.75 of length. ANT PT/BASE often less than 4.2. R IV+V variable but often more-or-less stiletto-shaped, with straight or concave sides and a pointed apex. Hairs on basal half of R IV+V often long and fine, longer than the subapical primary hairs	..…21
20	ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. SIPH pale or only dusky towards apex, which is not flared and has a distinct flange	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	ANT III with 6-26 rhinaria. SIPH pale at base but darker distally, flared at apex, without any distinct flange (Fig. 5i)	…..Macrosiphoniella tapuskae
21	Cauda with a remarkable bipartite structure, comprising a broad base and a long thin twisted distal part	…..22
–	Cauda finger-like or gradually tapering, not twisted	…..23
22	Thin twisted distal part of cauda bearing c.10 hairs. ANT III with c.7-10 rhinaria. R IV+V with acutely pointed apex and 6 accessory hairs	…..Tshernovaia spirocaudicula*
–	Thin twisted distal part of cauda without hairs. ANT III with 20-40 rhinaria. R IV+V with blunt apex and 8-12 accessory hairs	….Tshernovaia adenophorae
23	Hind tibia with a ventral row of short thick peg-like hairs, distinct from the normal ones (Fig.13d)	..…24
–	Hind tibia without a ventral row of short thick peg-like hairs	…..26
24	R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. SIPH with reticulation over at least distal 0.5. Genital plate with 2-5 hairs on anterior part	..…Macrosiphoniella jaroslavi*
–	R IV+V 1.2-1.6 × HT II. SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.16-0.4. Genital plate with 9-14 hairs on anterior half	…..25
25	SIPH long and stout, 0.22-0.28 × BL, with reticulation over distal 0.25-0.30. R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II	..…Macrosiphoniella spinipes
–	SIPH 0.18-0.21 × BL with reticulation over distal 0.16-0.25. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II	..…Macrosiphoniella myohyangsani*
26	ABD TERG 2-4 each with at least 50 long, fine hairs arranged irregularly, not in transverse rows. Head with at least 12 dorsal hairs in addition to the frontal ones (Macrosiphoniella subgenus Sinosiphoniella)	..…27
–	ABD TERG 2-4 each with 8-35 hairs arranged in 1-2 transverse rows. Head with only 8-10 dorsal hairs in addition to frontal ones	…..30
27	SIPH bearing long fine hairs (Fig. 13e)	…..Macrosiphoniella chaetosiphon
–	SIPH without hairs	.….28
28	Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands (sometimes broken into segmental groups of sclerites). Tibiae uniformly dark	…..Macrosiphoniella yomogicola
–	Dorsal abdomen without dark markings, or with small scleroites at bases of hairs. Tibiae usually with paler middle section, sometimes uniformly dark	.….29
29	SIPH 1.1-1.6 × cauda which tapers sharply from base and has long thin distal part (Fig.13f). R IV+V more than 3 × its basal width, similar in length to HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs without scleroites at their bases	..…Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai
–	SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda which tapers gradually from base to apex (Fig. 13c). R IV+V about 2 × its basal width, clearly shorter than HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs often arising from scleroites	..…Macrosiphoniella hikosanensis

30	SIPH pale, dusky or dark, if mainly dark then with basal section distinctly paler over at least 0.1 of length	…..31
–	SIPH entirely or almost entirely dark, sometimes somewhat less dark at extreme base	.….53
31	SIPH as long as or longer than head width across (and including) eyes	…..32
–	SIPH shorter than head width across eyes	.….42
32	ANT III with 24-56 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II. SIPH thick, tapering from base to flange, not at all flared apically	…..Uroleucon dubius
–	ANT III with 1-16 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V 0.65-1.4 × HT II. SIPH narrowing on distal reticulated section and often somewhat flared apically	…..33
33	Hind tibia pale over most of length	…..34
–	Hind tibia dusky to dark	…..41
34	R IV+V stiletto-shaped, more than twice as long as its basal width	…..35
–	R IV+V short, less than twice as long as its basal width	.….39
35	Cauda with 8-10 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella tadshikana* (or alativica?)
–	Cauda with 12-20 hairs	…..36
36	ANT III 1.9-2.2 × ANT IV. SIPH 1.38-1.62 × cauda	…..Macrosiphoniella xinjiangica
–	ANT III 1.05-1.3 × ANT IV. SIPH 1.0-1.5 × cauda	…..37
37	ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.5. SIPH reticulated for 0.24-0.30 of length	…..Macrosiphoniella kermanensis*
–	ANT PT/BASE 2.6-3.2. SIPH reticulated for 0.45-0.56 of length	…..38
38	SIPH 1.0-1.2 × cauda	…..Macrosiphoniella terraealbae
–	SIPH 1.2-1.5 × cauda	…..Macrosiphoniella seriphidii
39	Cauda with 7-15(-18) hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 3-6 hairs. Primary rhinaria with naked rims	..…Macrosiphoniella grandicauda
–	Cauda with 18-33 hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 4-12 (mostly 8-11) hairs. Primary rhinaria with ciliate rims	.….40
40	R IV+V 0.68-0.80 × HT II. ABD TERG 8 with 6-12 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella oblonga group (incl. hidaensis)

–	R IV+V 0.59-0.61 × HT II. ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella similioblonga*
41	Femora entirely pale contrasting with wholly dark tibiae. Cauda with 6-9 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella paucisetosa
–	Femora with apical regions as dark as tibiae. Cauda with 18-26 hairs	..…Macrosiphoniella ludovicianae
42	ANT III with 23-73 secondary rhinaria	…..Macrosiphoniella borealis*
–	ANT III with 1-16 secondary rhinaria	…..43
43	R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × HT II	..…44
–	R IV+V (1.0-) 1.05-1.5 × HT II	…..47
44	SIPH usually a little longer than cauda, which bears 8-14 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella frigidicola
–	SIPH usually a little shorter than (0.7-1.01 ×) cauda, which bears 10-28 hairs (if only 10-11 then SIPH 0.7-0.8 × cauda)	…..45
45	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III	.….Macrosiphoniella pulvera
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 1.1-1.8 × BD III	…..46
46	ABD TERG 3 with 10-14 hairs. R IV+V 0.6-0.8 × HT II	…..Macrosiphoniella abrotani
–	ABD TERG 3 with 21-32 hairs. R IV+V 0.85-0.95 × HT II	.….Macrosiphoniella sieversianae*

47	Cauda with 18-22 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella lijiangensis
–	Cauda with 8-15(-22) hairs	..…48
48	Cauda with 10-15(-22) hairs. ANT III with 1-16 secondary rhinaria. SIPH with polygonal reticulation extending over distal 0.50-0.65	…..Macrosiphoniella szalaymarszoi (part)
–	Cauda with 8-12 hairs. ANT III with 1-6 secondary rhinaria. SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.35-0.56	..…49
49	ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.4. Hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.8 × BD III	…..Macrosiphoniella sachalinensis*

–	ANT PT/BASE 2.5-4.0. Hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 2.0-3.4 × BD III	.….50
50	ANT PT/BASE 3.2-4.0. ANT III 1.3-1.7 × cauda	…..51
–	ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.1. ANT III either 1.0-1.25 or 1.6-2.25 × cauda	.….52
51	R IV+V 1.30-1.5 × HT II	…..Macrosiphoniella altaica*
–	R IV+V 1.0-1.1 × HT II	…..Macrosiphoniella nitida ssp. soongarica
52	SIPH 1.05-1.4 × cauda. ANT III 1.6-2.25 × cauda and 1.35-1.95 × ANT IV. Hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 2.0-2.5 × BD III	…..Macrosiphoniella cegmidi*
–	SIPH 0.8-0.9 × cauda. ANT III 1.0-1.25 × cauda and 0.95-1.2 × ANT IV. Hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 2.7-3.4 × BD III	.….Macrosiphoniella taesongsanensis*
53	SIPH 0.90 –1.45 × cauda and flask-shaped; constricted at base, strongly swollen on basal half , narrowing on reticulated distal section to less than half the maximum width of the swollen part, and flared at apex (Fig.13h). R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II	..…54
–	SIPH of various shapes, including flask- (or bottle-) shaped, but if strongly swollen on basal half then either less than 0.9 × cauda, or R IV+V is more than 0.9 × HT II (or both)	…..56
54	Legs mostly pale, with only distal third of femora, bases and apices of tibiae, and tarsi dark brown to black. (ANT 1.14-1.25 × BL)	…..Macrosiphoniella pallidipes*
–	Legs mainly black, with extreme bases of femora and sometimes middle parts of tibiae brown	…..55
55	Body spindle-shaped. ANT 1.3-1.75 × BL, with ANT IV 0.8-1.2 × ANT III	…..Macrosiphoniella antennata group
–	Body oval. ANT 1.0-1.1 × BL, with ANT IV 0.5-0.6 × ANT III	.….Macrosiphoniella gmelinicola

56	Tibiae with at least middle part pale, contrasting with dark apex and not clearly darker than body	…..57
–	Tibiae wholly dusky or dark, sometimes with middle section slightly less dark, but always clearly darker than body	.….69
57	Hairs on ANT III 2.3-4.0 × BD III	.….Macrosiphoniella kikungshana
–	Hairs on ANT III 0.5-2.2 × BD III	..…58
58	SIPH with distal polygonal reticulation extending over 0.6 or more of length	.….59
–	SIPH with distal polygonal reticulation over 0.3-0.55 of length	.….61
59	ANT III with 8-32 secondary rhinaria (rarely less than 10, and usually extending whole length of segment)	..…Macrosiphoniella sanborni
–	ANT III with 2-9 secondary rhinaria, not extending beyond basal 0.6	..…60
60	Hairs on dorsal body and antennae with pointed apices, and mostly arising from pigmented scleroites; longest hairs on ANT III 1.4-2.0 × BD III, and on ABD TERG 3 more than 2.5 × BD III. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II	..…Macrosiphoniella himalayana
–	Hairs on dorsal body and antennae with blunt or slightly capitate apices, and not arising from pigmented scleroites; longest hairs on antennae III 0.9-1.35 × BD III, and on ABD TERG 3 less than 2.5 × BD III. R IV+V 0.95-1.25 × HT II	…..Macrosiphoniella pseudoartemisiae
61	R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II	..…62
–	R IV+V 1.0-1.5 × HT II	…..66
62	ANT III (of apt.) with 54-100 secondary rhinaria distributed over most of segment	…..Macrosiphoniella jaroslaviholmani*

–	ANT III (of apt.) with much fewer than 50 secondary rhinaria	…..63
63	ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.0. Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly arising from brown scleroites	…..Macrosiphoniella oronensis*
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.2-4.25. Scleroites at bases of dorsal abdominal hairs unpigmented or lightly pigmented	…..64
64	Anterior abdominal tergites with distinct tubercles each bearing 1-2 hairs	.….Macrosiphoniella arctica*
–	Abdominal tergites without tubercles	..…65
65	SIPH 1.04-1.2 × cauda, which bears 11-13 hairs	.….Macrosiphoniella subaequalis
–	SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which bears 14-20 hairs	..…Macrosiphoniella usquertensis
66	R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II	..…Macrosiphoniella sp. on A. apiacea, China
–	R IV+V 1.0-1.25 × HT II	…..67
67	ANT III with 4-5 secondary rhinaria and longest hairs 1.6-2.1 × BD III. Cauda with about 10 hairs	..…Macrosiphoniella sikkimartemisiae*
–	ANT III with 1-18 secondary rhinaria and longest hairs less than 1.3 × BD III	…..68
68	Cauda with 23-29 hairs	..…Macrosiphoniella kalimpongense*
–	Cauda with 10-22 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella szalaymarzoi (part)
69	Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark sclerotisation anterior to SIPH, usually involving some dark spinal and marginal sclerites that extend between hair-bases	.….70
–	Dorsal abdomen without a pattern of dark sclerotisation anterior to SIPH (presiphuncular sclerites excepted), although often there are separate or lightly pigmented scleroites at bases of some of the hairs	..…74
70	ANT III with 14-64 small secondary rhinaria (inner diameters not more than about 0.25 × BD III). R IV+V 0.87-1.1 × HT II. SIPH 0.9-1.2 × cauda	…..71
–	ANT III with 2-13 secondary rhinaria of various sizes, the largest with inner diameter 0.33-0.5 × BD III. If SIPH less than 1.1 × cauda then R IV+V 0.75-0.85 × HT II	..…72
71	ANT PT/BASE 3.0-3.5. SIPH short and thick, 0.13-0.16 × BL with reticulation on distal 0.48-0.60. Cauda with 12-18 hairs	..…Macrosiphoniella absinthii
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.9-5.0. SIPH long, 0.16-0.21 × BL with reticulation on distal 0.36-0.52. Cauda with 19-28 hairs	..…Macrosiphoniella yomenae

72	SIPH 0.6-1.1 × cauda	..…Macrosiphoniella atra group (incl. atrata, nigropilosa)
–	SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda	…..73
73	Dorsal abdominal and femoral hairs with fine-pointed apices, 2.0-2.5 × BD III. SIPH almost cylindrical, only slightly narrower at flange than at base (Fig.13i)	..…Macrosiphoniella teriolana

–	Dorsal abdominal and femoral hairs with blunt or slightly capitate apices, and maximally 1.5-1.8 × BD III. SIPH tapering, slightly swollen at base and with diameter at flange only about half that at base (Fig.13j)	..…Macrosiphoniella dimidiata (or kirgisica*?)
74	Femora pale over at least half of length	.….75
–	Femora mainly dusky or dark, pale on basal 0.35 or less	.….79
75	SIPH 0.9-1.25 × cauda	.….76
–	SIPH 1.4-1.7 × cauda	..…78
76	ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.6	…..Macrosiphoniella huaidensis
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.8	…..77
77	R IV+V 0.7-0.8 × HT II. ANT III dark except at base, with 8-20 rhinaria. Femora pale except at apices	…..Macrosiphoniella nitida group
–	R IV+V 0.93-1.14 × HT II. ANT III mostly pale, dark only towards apex, with 2-9 rhinaria. Femora dark on distal 0.4-0.5 of length	…..Macrosiphoniella capillaricola
78	R IV+V longer than HT II. ANT about 1.1 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE about 3.9	.….Macrosiphoniella lambersi (? – see text)
–	R IV+V shorter than HT II. ANT about 1.4-1.5 × BL, with ANT/PT BASE about 3.0-3.1	..…Macrosiphoniella glabra
79	Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly arising from papilliform tubercles	.….Macrosiphoniella tuberculatumartemisicola*

–	Dorsal abdominal hairs sometimes arising from sclerotic and slightly raised cuticular areas, but not from distinct tubercles	…..80
80	Femora each with pale spot at apex (Fig.13k). SIPH with reticulation only on distal 0.25-0.3 of length	…..Macrosiphoniella umarovi
–	Femora without pale spot at apex. SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.3-0.7	.….81
81	Dorsal abdominal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 mostly arising from small dark scleroites. SIPH swollen on basal part	…..82
–	Dorsal abdominal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 not arising from scleroites (presiphuncular sclerites excepted), or if cuticle around hair bases is sclerotic then it is only faintly pigmented. SIPH not swollen on basal part	…..84
82	R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. SIPH 1.0-1.5 × cauda	…..Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II. SIPH 0.7-0.9 × cauda	…..83
83	ANT III with 3-5 rhinaria. Cauda with 13-16 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella gaoloushana
–	ANT III with 8-14 rhinaria. Cauda with 8-10 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella santolinifoliae
84	ANT III with 16-25 secondary rhinaria extending over most of segment III	..…85
–	ANT III with 1-32 secondary rhinaria, but if more than 15 then they are limited to basal half of segment	…..86
85	SIPH shorter than (0.7-0.8 ×) cauda	.….Macrosiphoniella mutellinae
–	SIPH longer than (1.3-1.5 ×) cauda	..…Macrosiphoniella zeya
86	BL 3.2-4.1 mm. ANT PT 4.8-6.8 × R IV+V. Cauda with 27-44 hairs	.….87
–	BL 1.6-3.6 mm. ANT PT 2.4-5.0 × R IV+V. Cauda with 10-36 hairs	.….88
87	R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II. ANT almost entirely jet black in mounted specimens, with only PT sometimes a little paler	…..Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria
–	R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × HT II. ANT mainly dark brown in mounted specimens , with base of ANT III and PT sometimes paler	…..Macrosiphoniella sikhotealinensis*
88	ANT I-VI uniformly dusky-dark, concolorous with head in cleared specimens. ANT PT 2.4-2.9 × R IV+V. SIPH short and thick, about as thick as the constricted part of cauda at midlength. Cauda with 14-25 hairs	.….Macrosiphoniella hokkaidensis
–	ANT mainly dusky-dark, but with paler basal section of ANT III, and sometimes ANT I and II also paler. ANT PT 2.4-5.0 × R IV+V. SIPH narrower than cauda at midlength. Cauda with 10-36 hairs	..…89
89	SIPH 1.0-1.23 × cauda. ANT III with 1-8 (usually 2-4) secondary rhinaria	..…Macrosiphoniella vallesiacae

–	SIPH 0.6-1.05 × cauda, but if more than 0.95 × cauda then there are 4-15 secondary rhinaria (usually 6-8) on ANT III	..…90
90	R IV+V 0.7-0.85 × HT II. (but if more than 0.83 × HT II then ANT 1.25-1.65 × BL)	.….91
–	R IV+V 0.8-1.3 × HT II (if less than 0.9 × HT II then ANT 0.9-1.2 × BL)	…..93
91	ABD TERG 8 with 8-11 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella sojaki
–	ABD TERG 8 with 4-7 hairs	..…92
92	R IV+V with very acute apex (Fig. 13n); width at level of most distal primary hairs is much less than BD III	..…Macrosiphoniella kaufmanni
–	R IV+V blunter at apex and thicker subapically (Fig.13o); width at level of most distal primary hairs is similar to or only a little less than BD III	..…Macrosiphoniella chamaemelifoliae

93	BL 1.6-2.8 mm. SIPH broadest at base (Fig.13l), without evident basal constriction. Cauda with 12-22 hairs	.….Macrosiphoniella frigidivora
–	BL 2.0-3.6 mm. SIPH usually slightly swollen on inner side near base so that there is a slight basal constriction (e.g. Fig.13m). Cauda with 17-36 hairs	.….94
94	ANT PT 2.4-3.5 × R IV+V. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × ANT BASE VI and 1.0-1.3 × HT II. Subgenital plate with 2-8 (usually 4-6) hairs on anterior half	.….Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae
–	ANT PT 3.6-5.0 × R IV+V. R IV+V 0.67-1.0 × ANT BASE VI and 0.8-1.1 × HT II. Subgenital plate with 2-3 hairs on anterior half	..…Macrosiphoniella artemisiae

KEY C

[N.B. This key cannot be applied to fundatrices, likely to be found in early spring populations. Couplets 6-11 are based on Kadyrbekov (2006)]

1	SIPH very small, not or hardly longer than their basal widths. Cauda triangular or helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..2
–	SIPH tubular, much longer than their basal widths. Cauda tongue- or finger- shaped, usually longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..12
2	Hairs on anterior ABD TERG as long as or longer than BD III. Tibiae with pale middle section	…..3
–	Hairs on anterior ABD TERG very small, much less than 0.5 × BD III. Tibiae uniformly dark	…..6

3	Tergum pale. Femora only dark apically	…..Microsiphoniella canadensis*
–	Tergum dark, sclerotic. Femora mainly dark, only pale at bases	.….4
4	Dorsal abdominal hairs thick, 2-3 × longer than BD III, with expanded or fan-shaped apices	..…Microsiphoniella oregonensis

–	Dorsal abdominal hairs fine-pointed or blunt, spine-like, not more than 2 × longer than BD III	…..5
5	ANT PT/BASE 4.7-6.3 (except fundatrices). R IV+V 0.14-0.17 mm long, more than 2 × basal width	.….Microsiphoniella artemisiae
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.1-4.5. R IV+V 0.12-0.14 mm long, not more than 2 × basal width	.….Microsiphoniella acophorum
6	Hairs on front of head inconspicuous, 0.12-0.20 × basal diameter of ANT III	…..Microsiphum diversisetosum*
–	Hairs on front of head equal to or longer than basal diameter of ANT III	…..7
7	R IV+V 0.57-0.67 × HT II. Cauda 0.70-0.76 × HT II. ANT BASE VI 1.1-1.8 × cauda, which is helmet-shaped with tapered apex	…..Microsiphum giganteum
–	R IV+V 0.70-0.95 × HT II. Cauda 0.9-1.3 × HT II. ANT BASE VI 0.57-1.1 × cauda, which is triangular	…..8
8	ANT III with (10-)15-43 secondary rhinaria, and IV with 0-7. (Al. with 30-48 rhinaria on ANT III, and IV with 6-18)	…..9
–	ANT III with 6-18 secondary rhinaria, and IV with 0-2. (Al. where known with fewer secondary rhinaria)	…..10
9	ANT PT/BASE 4.7-6.2. R IV+V 0.8-0.95 × HT II	…..M. jazykovi s.str.
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.0. R IV+V c.0.7 × HT II	…..M. jazykovi ssp. wahlgreni
10	Hairs on front of head 1.7-2.0 × basal diameter of ANT III. ANT III 1.35-1.45 × longer than ANT IV. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.4. Cauda 1.2-1.45 × R IV+V, and bearing 20-30 hairs. SIPH 0.6-0.87 × as long as their greatest width	…..Microsiphum woronieckae
–	Hairs on front of head 1.3-1.6 × basal diameter of ANT III. ANT III with 1.0-1.15 × longer than ANT IV. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.5. Cauda 0.9-1.2 × R IV+V, and bearing 14-20 hairs. SIPH 1.07-1.4 × as long as their greatest width	…..11
11	ANT PT/BASE 4.9-5.7. ANT III with 8-13 secondary rhinaria, and ANT IV with 0	…..Microsiphum procerae s. str.
–	ANT PT/BASE c.4.0. ANT III with 12-15 secondary rhinaria, and ANT IV with 1-2	…..Microsiphum procerae ssp. subalpicum
12	Dorsal hairs either thick with fan- or funnel-shaped apices, or long and mostly with expanded, or slightly to moderately capitate, apices	..…13
–	Dorsal hairs (or at least those on anterior abdominal segments) all short and blunt, or if rather long then with pointed apices	..…37
13	ANT III (of apt.) without any secondary rhinaria. Accessory hairs on basal part of R IV+V similar in length to more distal ones. SIPH 3.3-5.2 × cauda	…..Capitophorus formosartemisiae
–	ANT III (of apt.) almost always with at least one secondary rhinarium near base. R IV+V usually with a pair of particularly long and rather thick basal accessory hairs (e.g. Fig.14a). SIPH 0.28-4.2 × cauda	.….14
14	SIPH 0.28-0.72 × cauda	..…15
–	SIPH 0.74-4.2 × cauda	…..19
15	ANT PT/BASE 5.6-7.6	..…Pleotrichophorus brevinectarius
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.1-5.4	..…16
16	R IV+V tapering from base to apex, without an extended needle-like tip. Antennae clearly longer than BL, with ANT PT/BASE 4.2-5.4	.….Pleotrichophorus filifoliae*
–	R IV+V with the distal part of RV extended as a needle-like, cylindrical tip (most evident in dorsoventral aspect; Fig.14a). Antennae either longer or shorter than BL, with ANT PT/BASE 3.1-5.3	…..17
17	Legs entirely dusky to dark. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 fan-shaped distally but with at least the basal half forming a cylindrical stem	.….Pleotrichophorus obscuratus
–	Legs pale except for apices of tibiae and tarsi. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 short, fan-shaped from base, usually without any cylindrical stem	…..18
18	SIPH, cauda and subgenital plate pale. Dorsal abdomen without sclerotic cross-bands. R IV+V longer than HT II, which is 0.07-0.12 mm long	…..Pleotrichophorus infrequenus
–	SIPH, cauda and subgenital plate dusky or dark. Dorsal abdomen with sclerotic cross-bands, dark at least on posterior tergites. R IV+V shorter than HT II, which is 0.14-0.17 mm long	.….Pleotrichophorus tuberculatus*

19	SIPH mainly or entirely dark	…..20
–	SIPH pale or dusky, sometimes darker on distal half	..…23
20	BL 2.4-3.0 mm. SIPH 3.0-3.75 × cauda and bearing 2-12 long slightly capitate hairs on basal half (Fig.14b). Dorsal body hairs rather sparse and all long and only slightly capitate	…..Pleotrichophorus longipes
–	BL 1.3-2.0 mm. SIPH 0.77-3.3 × cauda and without hairs. Dorsal body hairs dense, with fan-shaped or distinctly capitate apices	…..21
21	SIPH 3.0-3.3 × cauda, which is unpigmented	…..Pleotrichophorus artemisicola*
–	SIPH 0.77-2.2 × cauda which is dusky or dark	…..22
22	SIPH 0.77-1.57 × cauda, which is 0.22-0.33 mm long and has a distinct constriction at about one third from base (Fig. 14c)	..…Pleotrichophorus quadritrichus
–	SIPH 1.17-2.50 × cauda, which is 0.14-0.23 mm long and tapering, without any constriction (Fig. 14d)	…..Pleotrichophorus pullus
23	Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 all or mostly with distinct, more-or-less cylindrical rod-like stems, broadening distally into fan-shaped or capitate apices (Fig.14e)	…..24
–	Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 mostly cone- or fan-shaped, broadening from base (Fig.14f)	..…27
24	SIPH 1.5-2.5 (-2.8) × cauda	..…25
–	SIPH 2.6-4.2 × cauda	..…26
25	ABD TERG 8 with 18 or more hairs	..…Pleotrichophorus knowltoni*
–	ABD TERG 8 with 6-13 hairs	..… Pleotrichophorus glandulosus group
26	SIPH 0.9-1.1 mm long, 3.6-4.2 × cauda	..…Pleotrichophorus narzikulovi*
–	SIPH 0.6-0.8 mm long, 2.6-3.3 × cauda	.….Pleotrichophorus persimilis
27	SIPH 0.74-2.0 × cauda	…..28
–	SIPH 2.05-4.0 × cauda	..…33
28	Hairs on antennae with pointed apices, the longest ones on ANT III being as long as or longer than BD III. Hairs on front of head varying greatly, from long and pointed to short and cone-shaped (Fig.14g)	..…Pleotrichophorus heterohirsutus
–	Hairs on antennae very short, less than 0.5 × BD III, with blunt or expanded apices. Hairs on front of head all cone-shaped or with expanded apices (Fig.14h-k)	.….29
29	R IV+V with the distal part of RV extended as a needle-like, cylindrical tip (most evident in dorsoventral aspect; as in Fig.14a)	…..30
–	R IV+V tapering from base to apex	..…32
30	SIPH 0.74-1.0 × cauda which bears 5-8 hairs (usually 2-4 dorsal). R IV+V short, broad-based, 0.11-0.12 mm long, 0.83-1.05 × HT II	…..Pleotrichophorus spatulavillus
–	SIPH 0.8-1.6 × cauda which bears 5 hairs (1 dorsal). R IV+V 0.12-0.16 mm long, 1.0-1.45 × HT II	…..31
31	Anterior hairs on dorsal surface of head mostly with broadly expanded apices, like those more posterior (Fig.14h). Head and appendages very pale	.….Pleotrichophorus gnaphalodes
–	Anterior hairs on dorsal surface of head longer and with narrower apices than those more posterior (Fig.14i). Head, ANT I-II, SIPH and basal leg segments dusky or faintly sclerotic	..…Pleotrichophorus quadritrichus ssp. pallidus*

32	SIPH 0.18-0.33 mm long, 0.8-1.2 × cauda	…..Pleotrichophorus parilis
–	SIPH 0.41-0.52 mm long, 1.5-2.0 × cauda	…..Pleotrichophorus diutius
33	ANT PT/BASE 3.6-4.2. R IV+V 0.85-0.95 × HT II	…..Pleotrichophorus sp. on Seriphidium tridentata, Oregon, BMNH collection

–	ANT PT/BASE 4.7-7.5. R IV+V usually either less than 0.85 or more than 0.95 × HT II	…..34
34	R IV+V 0.56-0.82 × HT II	…..Pleotrichophorus zoomontanus
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.5 × HT II	.….35
35	SIPH 0.66-1.02 mm long (aphids with BL 2.0-2.4 mm). Dorsal surface of head with 54-81 cone-shaped hairs (not including those projecting forward on front of head). Compound eyes conspicuously protruding	..…Pleotrichophorus longinectarius*
–	SIPH 0.32-0.64 mm long (aphids with BL 1.2-2.0 mm). Dorsal surface of head with 16-55 cone-shaped hairs. Compound eyes not conspicuously protruding	..…36
36	Dorsal surface of head with 16-29 cone-shaped hairs, mostly with distinct stems (Fig.14j). R IV+V 0.125-0.16 mm long	..…Pleotrichophorus pseudoglandulosus
–	Dorsal surface of head with 29-55 cone-shaped hairs, including many smaller and shorter stemless ones that fan out from base (Fig.14k). R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long	.….Pleotrichophorus decampus
37	Cuticle of head smooth, with broadly divergent ANT tubercles. SIPH 0.30-0.73 × BL	..…38
–	Cuticle of head spiculose, with convergent, parallel or somewhat divergent ANT tubercles. SIPH usually less than 0.30 × BL	..…42
38	ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.7. Cauda with 5-8 hairs	…..Elatobium chomoense

–	ANT III with 2-25 rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-5.3. Cauda with 13-26 hairs	…..39
39	Coxae pale. ANT III with 2-10 (-14) rhinaria, usually more-or-less in a row, with the rhinariated part not or only slightly swollen. SIPH smooth or only very weakly imbricated, 0.45-0.73 × BL	..…Titanosiphon neoartemisiae
–	Coxae dark. ANT III with 4-25 rhinaria which are not in a row and occupy a swollen part of the segment. SIPH smooth or imbricated, 0.3-0.6 × BL	…..40
40	SIPH 0.3-0.45 × BL, with conspicuous imbrication. Cauda tapering to a point. ANT III with 7-12 rhinaria	…..Titanosiphon dracunculi
–	SIPH 0.45-0.6 × BL, smooth-surfaced. Cauda finger-shaped with a rather rounded apex. ANT III with 4-25 rhinaria	…..41
41	R IV+V 1.00-1.22 × HT II. ABD TERG 8 with 6-9 hairs. (Al. with 24-33 rhinaria on ANT III and none on IV)	..…Titanosiphon artemisiae
–	R IV+V 0.80-1.04 × HT II. ABD TERG 8 with 4-6 hairs. (Al. with 26-50 rhinaria on III and 0-7 on IV)	…..Titanosiphon minkiewiczi
42	Dorsal body with distinctive black markings, including transverse bands or paired patches on thorax and a large roughly horseshoe-shaped patch on the abdomen	..… Neomyzus circumflexus
–	Dorsal body pale or dark, without such markings	…..43
43	ANT III with at least one secondary rhinarium near base (rarely none on one side). ANT tubercles with inner faces parallel or divergent, spinulose but not scabrous. SIPH rather long, straight and tapering from a broad base, with moderate imbrication	..…44
–	ANT III without any secondary rhinaria. ANT tubercles with inner faces parallel or convergent, or with distinct processes, and/or scabrous. SIPH variable, often curved, cylindrical over most of length or swollen on distal half, moderately to heavily imbricated or scabrous	.….46
44	Head dark. SIPH dark at least on basal half. Cauda dark	..…Aulacorthum dasi*
–	Head pale. SIPH pale except at apices. Cauda pale	…..45
45	ANT III with (0-)1-2(-4) rhinaria near base. SIPH 2.1-2.5 × cauda	…..Aulacorthum solani
–	ANT III with 3-10 rhinaria distributed on basal half. SIPH 2.7-3.7 × cauda	…..Aulacorthum artemisiphaga
46	SIPH dark brown or black	…..47
–	SIPH pale or dusky, or dark only at apices	…..52
47	ANT PT c.4.25 × R IV+V and c.1.35 × SIPH, which are clavate, with swollen part c.1.33 × minimum diameter of stem	…..Neotoxoptera yasumatsui ssp. artemisiae
–	ANT PT 0.7-2.3 × R IV+V and 0.25-0.9 × SIPH which have little or no swelling of apical part	…..48
48	ANT PT 1.7-2.3 × R IV+V. SIPH without hairs. ANT III, IV and tibiae pale	…..49
–	ANT PT 0.7-1.4 × R IV+V. SIPH with or without hairs. ANT and legs mainly brown	…..50
49	Dorsum almost wholly dark. R IV+V 1.1-1.2 × HT II	…..Myzus cerasi ssp. umefoliae
–	Dorsum pale. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II	.….Tuberocephalus lazikouensis
50	SIPH without hairs. ANT 5-segmented, with PT/BASE 1.0-1.6. SIPH 2.3-3.8 × PT. Dorsum dark	…..Tuberocephalus uwamizusakurae*
–	SIPH with some hairs. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with PT/BASE 1.4-2.4. SIPH 1.7-2.4 × PT. Dorsum pale or dark	…..51
51	(Apt. with 6-segmented antennae) ANT III 0.21-0.25 mm long. SIPH 1.4-1.5 × ANT III	.….Tuberocephalus sakurae
–	(Apt. with 6-segmented antennae) ANT III 0.14-0.16 mm long. SIPH 1.6-2.0 × ANT III	.….Tuberocephalus higansakurae ssp. hainnevilleae

52	SIPH with several (about 5-8) hairs	..…Tuberocephalus liaoningensis
–	SIPH without hairs	…..53
53	ANT tubercles with forwardly pointing finger- or thumb-like projections, and often the inner sides of ANT I similarly extended. Hairs on ANT tubercles conspicuous, erect, slightly capitate, 0.7-1.2 × BD III. (Al. with sec. rhin. on both ANT III and IV)	..…54
–	ANT tubercles gibbous, their inner faces convergent or parallel, without projections. Hairs on ANT tubercles short and blunt, less than 0.6 × BD III. (Al. with sec. rhin. only on ANT III)	…..56
54	ANT 5- or 6-segmented, 0.50–0.85 × BL, with PT/BASE 1.67–2.8. Dorsal cuticle wrinkled or smooth, not nodulose. Frontal projections thumb-like, 0.04–0.06 mm long, less than 2 × their diameter	…..55
–	ANT 4-, 5- or 6-segmented, 0.3–0.4 × BL, with PT/BASE 1.3–1.8. Dorsal abdominal cuticle markedly nodulose. Frontal projections finger-like, 0.08–0.1 mm long, 3 or more times longer than their diameter	.….Tuberocephalus artemisiae
55	R IV+V 1.0–1.3 × HT II. ANT 5-segmented, 0.65–0.85 × BL, with PT/BASE 2.1–2.8. Inner sides of ANT I projecting forward and bearing long thick hairs like those on frons. SIPH 2.18–3.83 × cauda, with a moderate apical flange	..…Tuberocephalus sasakii
–	R IV+V 1.4–1.9 × HT II. ANT 6-segmented, 0.50–0.65 × BL, with PT/BASE 1.67–2.33. Inner sides of ANT I not projecting forward and bearing much smaller hairs than those on frons. SIPH 1.85–2.46 × cauda, with a large apical flange	..…Tuberocephalus tsengi
56	Dorsal abdomen with an intersegmental pattern of dark ornamentation. ANT PT/BASE less than 2.5. SIPH tapering, with a slight S-curve, and coarsely imbricated	…..Myzus ornatus
–	Dorsal abdomen without any clear dark intersegmental markings. ANT PT/BASE more than 2.5. SIPH slightly to moderately clavate	…..57
57	SIPH as long as or longer than ANT III. Inner faces of ANT tubercles convergent in dorsal view	…..Myzus persicae
–	SIPH clearly shorter than ANT III. Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view	..…Myzus ascalonicus

*Arthraxon*	Poaceae
Arthraxon ciliaris = A. hispidus
A. hispidus	Ceratovacuna nekoashi; Hysteroneura setariae;
	Kaochiaoja arthraxonis;
	Melanaphis arthraxonophaga, sacchari;
	Pseudoregma panicola; Rhopalosiphum padi
A. lancifolius	Sitobion microspinulosum
A. langsdorfianus = A. hispidus

Key to aphids on Arthraxon:-

1	Front of head with a pair of short conical horns between ANT bases. Antennae very short, less than 0.2 × BL. SIPH as slightly raised pores with sclerotic rims. Sides of body with groups of wax pore-plates	…..2
–	Front of head without horns. Antennae more than 0.6 × BL. SIPH tubular. No evident wax glands	…..3
2	Frontal horns short and rounded apically, 20-47 μm long. Sclerotised areas of cuticle warty, with especially warty areas at posterior margin of prothorax. Spinal and marginal wax glands often present on all or most tergites. SIPH pores slightly raised on dusky or dark-pigmented cones, with a few surrounding hairs	…..Pseudoregma panicola
–	Frontal horns with apices somewhat curved distally, 96-140 μm long, slightly constricted at base and 2.5-3.5 × their basal widths. Sclerotised areas of cuticle smooth or wrinkled, not warty. No spinal wax glands. SIPH pores not placed on raised cones and without any surrounding hairs	…..Ceratovacuna nekoashi
3	Dorsum with extensive dark pigmentation. Head weakly or markedly spiculose	..…4
–	Dorsum without pigmentation, or with only small dark patches. Head without spicules	.….5
4	SIPH only a little longer than cauda, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation, and ornamented proximal to this with numerous small nodules. Dorsal abdomen with close-set, irregular rows of minute spicules	..…Sitobion microspinulosum
–	SIPH more than 2 × cauda, without subapical polygonal reticulation, and with normal imbrication. Dorsal abdomen without spicules, but with variolate sculpturing of the sclerotic areas	….. Kaochiaoja arthraxonis
5	SIPH clearly shorter than cauda	…..6
–	SIPH longer than cauda	.….7
6	Cauda with 16-20 hairs. Longest hairs on hind tibia almost as long as its middle diameter	…..Melanaphis arthraxonophaga*
–	Cauda with 8-17 (mostly 10-14) hairs. Longest hairs on hind tibia usually shorter than its middle diameter	…..Melanaphis sacchari
7	Cauda long and pale, contrasting with black calf-shaped SIPH	.….Hysteroneura setariae
–	Cauda short and with similar pigmentation to SIPH, which are slightly swollen distally	…..Rhopalosiphum padi

(or, if none of these fits, try general keys to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria)

*Arthrophytum*	Amaranthaceae
Arthrophytum ammodendron = Haloxylon ammodendrum

*Arthropteris*	Oleandraceae
*Arthropteris orientalis*	Micromyzella [davalliae], filicis, pterisoides

See key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium.

*Artia*	Apocynaceae
*Artia balansae*	Aphis spiraecola

*Artocarpus*	Breadfruit Moraceae
*Artocarpus altilis*	Greenidea artocarpi
*A. heterophyllus*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Greenidea artocarpi
*A. incisa*	Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus; Greenidea artocarpi
*A. integrifolia*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Greenidea artocarpi, ficicola
*A. lingnanensis*	[Taoia indica]

Key to species on Artocarpus:-

1	SIPH with numerous long hairs. Stridulatory apparatus absent	…..2
–	SIPH without hairs. Stridulatory apparatus present	…..3
2	ANT III (of aptera) 2.2-2.4 × longer than ANT IV. SIPH of aptera 0.48-0.55 × BL, and of alata c.0.8 × BL	…..Greenidea artocarpi*
–	ANT III (of aptera) 1.6-2.1 × longer than ANT IV. SIPH of aptera 0.29-0.42 × BL, and of alata 0.55-0.76 × BL	…..Greenidea ficicola
3	Longest hairs on ANT III 12-27 µm long, 0.5-1.0× basal diameter of segment. Longest hairs on hind tibia up to 60 µm long, less than 0.6× HT II. Cauda with 10-26 hairs (rarely more than 20). BL often less than 2 mm	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 29-64 µm long, 1.5-2.0× basal diameter of segment. Longest hairs on hind tibia 80-110 µm, 0.7-1.0×HT II. Cauda with 19-54 hairs (rarely less than 25). BL usually more than 2 mm	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus

*Arum*	Araceae
Arum besserianum	Patchiella reaumuri
A. canariensis = A. italicum ssp. canariense
A. dioscoridis	Myzus cymbalariae
A. italicum	Dysaphis tulipae; Patchiella reaumuri;
	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
A. italicum ssp. canariense	Myzus persicae
A. korolkowii	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
A. maculatum	Melanaphis sacchari; Patchiella reaumuri;
	Pentalonia nigronervosa
A. orientale	[Aploneura ampelina]; Patchiella reaumuri
Arum spp.	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; [Dysaphis tulipae];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Neomyzus circumflexus

Key to aphids on Arum:-

1	ANT PT/BASE much less than 1. Eyes 3-facetted. SIPH absent	…..Patchiella reaumuri
–	ANT PT/BASE much more than 1. Eyes multifacetted. SIPH present	..…2
2	Cuticle of head densely spiculose	…..3
–	Cuticle of head without spicules	…..4
3	SIPH and femora covered with irregular, transverse rows of spicules. ANT PT/BASE 5.8-8.1. (Alata with dark-bordered wing veins, with radius and costa fused for part of lengths to form a closed cell behind the pterostigma)	…..Pentalonia nigronervosa
–	SIPH and femora smooth or imbricated, not markedly spiculose. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-5.8. (Alata with normal wing venation, veins not dark-bordered)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
4	ANT tubercles very well developed with inner faces smooth and divergent. SIPH pale with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation, and usually dusky or dark	…..5
5	SIPH clavate. Dorsal cuticle with a pattern of spicules arranged in polygons, each polygon with 1 or more central spicules	…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–	SIPH cylindrical/tapering. Dorsal cuticle without spicules arranged in polygons	…..6
6	Cauda helmet-shaped, about as long as its basal width. Head and ABD TERG 7 and 8 with spinal tubercles (STu)	..…Dysaphis tulipae
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width. STu absent	.….7
7	SIPH shorter than the similarly dark cauda, which bears 9-17 hairs	…..Melanaphis sacchari
–	SIPH longer than cauda, which is pale or dusky and bears 4-8 hairs	..…Aphis gossypii

*Aruncus*	Rosaceae
Aruncus dioicus = A. vulgaris
*A. kamtschaticus* = A. sylvester
*A. sylvester*	[Aphis frangulae, spiraecola]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
A. vulgaris	Acyrthosiphon pseudodirhodum;
	Macrosiphum cholodkovskyi
Aruncus sp.	Aphis ulmariae

Key to apterae on Aruncus:-

1	Head dark with ANT tubercles not developed. ANT shorter than BL. Large marginal tubercles (MTu) on ABD TERG 1 and 7. Cauda short and rounded at apex	..…Aphis ulmariae
–	Head pale with well-developed, divergent ANT tubercles. ANT longer than BL. No MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7. Cauda long and pointed at apex	..…2
2	SIPH 0.75-1.15 × cauda and without any subapical polygonal reticulation	…..Acyrthosiphon pseudodirhodum
–	SIPH 1.7-2.4 × cauda, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.11-0.20 of length	…..3
3	Femora entirely pale. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 always less than 38 μm long. Cauda with 8-12 (-13) hairs	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	Femora usually darker at apices. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually more than 50 μm (43-68 μm) long. Cauda with 11-19 hairs	…..Macrosiphum cholodkovskyi

[N.B. Other Rosaceae-feeding Aphis, Acyrthosiphon or Macrosiphum spp. might occur on this genus; or try the key to polyphagous aphids)]

Arundinaria Bamboos

Poaceae

Many of the species formerly in the genus Arundinaria are now placed in related genera, such as Pleioblastus and Yushania. The Arundinaria group of genera seems to have a more restricted aphid fauna than Bambusa, and some species are specific to it, so a separate, shorter key is provided. However, it is probable that other bamboo-feeding aphids, not so far recorded from Arundinaria, will feed on this and related genera, and if the key below does not provide a satisfactory answer then it may be worthwhile to work through the Bambusa key.

Arundinaria alpina = Yushania alpina
A. amara = Pleioblastus amarus
A. anceps = Yushania anceps
A. cantorii = Pseudosasa cantorii
A. chino = Pleioblastus argenteostriatus
A. gigantea (incl. ssp. macrosperma, tecta)	Paracolopha morrisoni; [Melanaphis arundinariae];
	Takecallis taiwana
A. japonica = Pseudosasa japonica
*A. jaunsarensis* = Yushania anceps
A. niitakayamensis = Yushania niitakayamensis
A. pygmaea = Pleioblastus fortunei
*A. shiuyingiana* = Oligostachyum shiuyingianum
A. simonii = Pleioblastus simonii
Arundinaria spp.	Astegopteryx bambusae, minuta;
	Cerataphis bambusifoliae; Ceratovacuna [longifila], silvestrii;
	Cranaphis indica; [Forda marginata];
	Melanaphis meghalayensis ssp. bengalensis, takahashii
	Neocranaphis arundinariae; Pseudoregma koshuensis;
	Sitobion avenae;
	Takecallis affinis, affinis ssp. niitakayamensis, sasae

Key to species on Arundinaria and related genera:-

Separation of the two Cranaphis species is based on Quednau (2003). If no satisfactory conclusion is reached then try the key to aphids on Bambusa.

1	Antenna of aptera more than 0.5× BL, or if only alatae are present, these have antennae bearing circular or oval secondary rhinaria	…..2
–	Antennae of aptera much less than 0.5× BL, and secondary rhinaria on antennae of alatae are ring-like, extending more than half-way around the circumference of the antenna	….18
2	Anal plate bilobed, cauda knobbed. ANT PT/BASE less than 1.2. (All viviparae alate)	…..3
–	Anal plate entire, cauda tongue-shaped (sometimes with a mid-way constriction). ANT PT/BASE at least 1.5	….12
3	ANT PT/BASE only about 0.25	…..Neocranaphis arundinariae*
–	ANT PT/BASE at least 0.75	…..4
4	Antennae and tibiae wholly dusky to dark, SIPH pale or dusky	…..5
–	Antennae pale or dark or contrastingly banded, tibiae pale to dusky, SIPH pale	…..6
5	SIPH pale, with marginal hair of ABD TERG 6 not appended. ABD TERG 8 with a short cone-shaped process bearing 2-4 hairs	….. Cranaphis formosana*
–	SIPH dark sclerotic with marginal hair of ABD TERG 6 appended to its base. ABD TERG 8 with c. 13 hairs, of which 2 are on a wart-like process	….. Cranaphis indica*
6	Antennae longer than body	…..7
–	Antennae shorter than body	…..11
7	R IV+V without any accessory hairs. ABD TERG 1-7 with paired dark circular spots around spinal hairs	…..Takecallis assumenta*
–	R IV+V with 3-4 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 1-7 with or without dark spots	…..8
8	ANT I with (4-) 5-7 hairs. ANT III-VI dark except for basal part of ANT III. ANT III with 4-15 rhinaria	…..9
–	ANT I usually with 4, rarely with 3 or 5, hairs. ANT III-VI or IV-VI BASE usually pale basally and dark apically. ANT III with 3-9 rhinaria	…..10
9	ANT III with 10-15 rhinaria	…..Takecallis affinis s. str.*
–	ANT III with 4-7 (often 5) rhinaria	…..Takecallis affinis ssp. niitakayamensis*
10	ANT III with most proximal secondary rhinarium situated rather near to base of segment. Thorax with variably-developed longitudinal dark stripes, and abdomen with a pair of elongate dark patches on each tergite. ANT III wholly dusky or dark including base, or with paler middle section, cauda pale or dusky	…..Takecallis arundinariae
–	ANT III with most proximal secondary rhinarium situated at some distance from base of segment. Thorax and abdomen usually without dark dorsal markings, never with paired elongate dark abdominal patches. ANT III with pale base contrasting with dark sensoriated section on proximal third, with distal two-thirds pale or dark. Cauda usually black	…..Takecallis arundicolens

11	Secondary rhinaria confined to basal third of ANT III. Only 2 spinal hairs on each abdominal tergite	…..Takecallis taiwana
–	Secondary rhinaria extending about half of length of ANT III. Each abdominal tergite bearing at least 4 hairs besides the marginal ones	…..Takecallis sasae
12	SIPH shorter than, or not more than 1.4 × longer than, cauda	…..13
–	SIPH about 2 × cauda	…..17
13	Body broadly spindle-shaped. SIPH tapering, 1.1-1.4 × cauda, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	….Sitobion avenae
–	Body oval. SIPH truncate, shorter than or not longer than cauda, without subapical reticulation	…..14
14	Hairs on ANT III short and inconspicuous, maximally about 0.5 x basal diameter of segment. Alata with dark wing veins	…..Melanaphis bambusae
–	Hairs on ANT III at least 2-3 times longer than basal diameter of segment. Alata with wing veins not deeply pigmented	…..15
15	Antennae 5-segmented. SIPH more than 1.5 × longer than their width at base	…..Melanaphis takahashii
–	Antennae 6-segmented. SIPH less than 1.5 × longer than their width at base	…..16
16	SIPH a little longer than their width at base	…..Melanaphis pahanensis
	– SIPH a little shorter than their width at base	…..Melanaphis meghalayensis
17	Body spindle-shaped, cauda much paler than siphunculi and about 3 × its basal width in dorsal view. Aptera with a single rhinarium on ANT III	…..Sitobion papillatum ssp. subnudum
–	Body small and oval, cauda as dark as siphunculi and only a little longer than its basal width. Aptera without any rhinaria on ANT III	…..Rhopalosiphum arundinariae
18	Antennae of aptera extremely short, hardly longer than the elongate R V+V. Tarsi 1-segmented. SIPH displaced towards the mid-line (on roots)	…..Paracolopha morrisoni
–	Antennae of aptera short, but much longer than the short R IV+V. Tarsi 2-segmented. SIPH in more normal position	…..go to key to aphids on Bambusa

*Arundinella*	Poaceae
*Arundinella hirta*	Rhopalosiphum padi

*Arundo*	Poaceae
Arundo donax	Hyalopterus amygdali, arundiniformis, pruni;
	Hysteroneura setariae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Melanaphis donacis, sacchari;
	Metoplophium dirhodum; Myzus ornatus, persicae
	Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;
	Schizaphis graminum, [rosazevedoi]
	Sipha maydis; [Takecallis arundicolens]
*A. mauritanica* = A. plinii
*A. pliniana= A. plinii*
*A. plinii*	Melanaphis donacis; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion fragariae

Key to aphids on Arundo:-

1	Dorsal body hairs long and spine-like. SIPH as short, truncated cones. Cauda broadly rounded	…..Sipha maydis
–	Dorsal body hairs if long then fine and pointed (but more often short and inconspicuous). SIPH tubular. Cauda longer than its basal width	…..2
2	SIPH as long as or longer than cauda	.…go to key to apterae on grasses under Digitaria
–	SIPH much shorter than cauda	.….3
3	SIPH dark, stump-shaped, broadest at base. ANT PT/BASE 0.95-1.95. Cauda with 12-22 hairs	…..Melanaphis donacis
–	SIPH pale or dusky, thin, cylindrical, narrow-based. ANT PT/BASE 2.5 or more. Cauda with 4-6 hairs	..…Hyalopterus pruni, amygdali or ?arundiniformis

*Asarum*	Aristolochiaceae
*Asarum canadense*	[Aphis sp. – Leonard 1973, 3]; Myzus persicae
A. europaeum	Brachycaudus cardui; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
A. kooyanum	Myzus persicae
Asarum sp.	Aulacorthum solani

Key to aphids on Asarum:-

–	Dorsum with an extensive solid black patch. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view	..…Brachycaudus cardui
–	Without this combination of characters	.….go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Asclepias*	Apocynaceae
Asclepias cornuti	= A. syriaca
A. curassavica	Aphis asclepiadis, fabae, gossypii, nerii, spiraecola;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Macrosiphoniella kikungshana];
	Myzus persicae
A. exaltata	Aphis nerii
A. fascicularis	Aphis nerii
A. floridana	Aphis asclepiadis
A. fruticosa = Gomphocarpus fruticosus
A. galioides = A. verticillata
A. glaucescens	Aphis spiraecola
A. grandiflora	Aphis nerii
A. incarnata (incl. pulchra)	Aphis asclepiadis, neriii
A. lanata = Gomphocarpus tomentosus
A. lanuginosa	Brachycaudus helichrysi (as Anuraphis padi)
A. lineolata = Pachycarpus lineolatus
A. longifolia	Aphis asclepiadis
A. mellodora	Aphis nerii
A. mexicana = A. fascicularis
A. michauxii	Myzus persicae
A. nivea	Aphis nerii
A. physocarpa = Gomphocarpus physocarpus
A. purpurascens	Aphis nerii; Myzocallis asclepiadis
A. speciosa	Aphis asclepiadis, fabae, gossypii, nerii;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae; Protaphis middletonii
A. stenophylla	Protaphis middletonii
A. syriaca	Aphis asclepiadis, fabae, gossypii, nerii, spiraecola;
(incl. alba, cornuti)	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzocallis asclepiadis; Myzus persicae
A. tomentosa	Aphis spiraecola
A. tuberosa	Aphis asclepiadis, nerii; Aulacorthum solani;
	[Macrosiphum gaurae – Leonard 1973: 8];
	Myzocallis asclepiadis
A. verticillata	Aphis gossypii, nerii
A. vestita	Aphis gossypii, nerii
Asclepias spp.	Abstrusomyzus phloxae; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii;
	[Hyperomyzus lactucae]

Key to aphids on Asclepias (also Cryptostegia):-

1	(All adult viviparae alate.) Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. Forewings maculate	…..Myzocallis asclepiadis
–	Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire. (Fore-wings of alatae not maculate)	…..2
2	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. Abdominal spiracles widely open, large and rounded	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Cauda tongue of finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width	.….3
3	ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH mainly pale. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4
–	ANT tubercles weakly developed, not or hardly projecting forward beyond middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu	…..4
4	Stridulatory apparatus present, consisting of cuticular ridges on abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a row of peg-like hairs on each hind tibia	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–	No stridulatory apparatus	…..5
5	ANT III (in normal apt.) with 1-14 rhinaria. SIPH 0.7-1.2 × R IV+V. Dorsal abdomen with variable, often rather extensive, dark patches	…..Protaphis middletonii
–	ANT III without rhinaria (except in alatiform apt). SIPH more than 1.5 × R IV+V. Dorsal abdomen without or with a few scattered markings anterior to SIPH, or with a solid black shield	..…6
6	Dorsal abdomen with a solid black shield	…..Aphis craccivora
–	Dorsal abdomen without a solid black shield	…..7
7	ANT PT/BASE 3.4-4.7. R IV+V 1.25-1.6 × HT II. SIPH 1.7-2.7 × cauda	…..Aphis nerii
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.4-3.5. R IV+V 0.85-1.24 × HT II. SIPH 0.7-2.5 × cauda	…..8
8	ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs (rarely with 3). Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings	..…9
–	ABD TERG 8 with 2-11 hairs (usually 4-6). Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings	..…10
9	Cauda paler than SIPH, without any constriction, and bearing 4-7(-8) hairs. Femoral hairs shorter than trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda black like SIPH, usually with a midway constriction, and bearing (6-) 8-15 hairs. Femoral hairs long and fine, the longest longer than trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis spiraecola
10	ANT III 0.65-1.01 × PT, 1.1-1.6 × cauda and 0.95-1.35 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen usually with some dark markings anterior to SIPH (in addition to dark intersegmental muscle sclerites)	…..Aphis fabae
–	ANT III 1.05-1.95 × PT, 1.55-2.2 × cauda and 1.2-1.9 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH (except for dark intersegmental muscle sclerites)	….. Aphis asclepiadis

*Ascocentrum*	Orchidaceae
*Ascocentrum ampullaceum*	Ceraphis orchidearum

Ascyrum see Hypericum

Hypericaceae

*Asparagus* (including Protasparagus)	Asparagaceae
*Asparagus acutifolius*	Aphis fabae
A. aethiopicus (var. sprengeri)	Asparagus Fern
	Aphis aurantii, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycorynella asparagi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Sitobion africanum
A. asparagoides	Myzus ornatus
A. brachyphyllus	Brachycorynella asparagi
*A. cochinchinensis*	Myzus persicae
A. crispus = A. declinatus
*A. declinatus*	Myzus persicae
*A. densiflorus*	Aphis craccivora; Neomyzus circumflexus
A. falcatus	Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae
A. horridus	Aphis craccivora
A. myriocladus = A. densiflorus
A. neglectus	Aphis craccivora; Brachycorynella asparagi
A. officinalis	[Acyrthosiphon pisum];
	Aphis asclepiadis, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, [salsolae],
	spiraecola;
	Brachycorynella asparagi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, pallidum, stellariae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Sitobion africanum, avenae, [chanikiwiti] ;
	Smynthurodes betae
A. orientalis (?)	Brachycorynella asparagi
A. palaestinus	[Miraphis asparagi Börner in Bodenheimer 1930 (probably
	Brachycorynella asparagi)]
A. persicus	Brachycorynella asparagi
A. plumosus = A. setaceus
A. retrofractus	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae
A. schoberioides	Aphis fabae, spiraecola
A. setaceus	Aphis craccivora; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycorynella asparagi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
A. sprengeri = A. aethiopicus
A. stipularis = A. horridus
A. tenuifolius	Aphis craccivora; Brachycorynella asparagi
A. umbellatus	Myzus ornatus
Asparagus spp.	Myzus cymbalariae

Key to apterae on Asparagus:-

1	SIPH as very small truncated cones, much shorter than cauda	…..Brachycorynella asparagi
–	SIPH much longer than cauda (or absent)	…..2
2	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. If ANT tubercles are well developed then head is spiculose	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
–	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells). Head always without spicules	…..3
3	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III. SIPH pale, or if dark then usually pale at base. ANT tubercles well developed	…..4
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.4 × BD III. SIPH wholly dark. ANT tubercles rather weakly developed	…..6
4	SIPH wholly or mostly dark, pale only at base. Tibiae wholly dark	…..Macrosiphum pallidum
–	SIPH wholly pale, or dark only distally. Tibiae mainly pale	…..5
5	Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices. Dorsal hairs on head and ABD TERG 3 mostly longer than BD III	…..Macrosiphum stellariae
–	Femora pale or honey brown near apex. Dorsal hairs on head and ABD TERG 3 not longer than ANT BD III	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
6	SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda. HT II 1.2-1.6 × R IV+V	…..Sitobion avenae
–	SIPH 1.5-1.9 × cauda. HT II 1.0-1.3 × R IV+V	…..Sitobion africanum

*Asperella* see Hystrix	Poaceae
*Asperella hystrix* = Hystrix patula

*Asperugo*	Boraginaceae
Asperugo procumbens	Brachycaudus bicolor, helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to apterae on Echium.

*Asperula* Woodruff	Rubiaceae
Asperula aristata	Aphis galiiscabri; Staegeriella asperulae;
(incl. var. scabra)	Uhlmannia singularis
A. arvensis	Aphis gossypii, [Aphis sp. (Davletshina 1964, 124)]
A. cynanchica	Aphis galiiscabri, nonveilleri; Dysaphis pyri;
	Hyadaphis molluginis, [Hydaphias sp. (Bozhko 1976a)];
	Myzus langei, cerasi;
	Staegeriella asperulae, necopinata; Uhlmannia singularis
A. glauca = Galium glaucum
A. glomerata	Dysaphis pyri
A. graveolens	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
A. hirta	Aphis fabae
A. humifusa = Galium humifusum
A. longifolia = Galium paschale
A. neilreichii	Uhlmannia singularis
A. odorata = Galium odoratum
*A. purpurea*	[Brachycaudus lamii]; Staegeriella necopinata
A. setulosa = A. graveolens
A. tinctoria	Aphis galiiscabri; Aulacorthum solani
Asperula sp.	Myzus sp. (Crimea; BMNH collection, leg. J. Holman)

Use key to aphids on Galium, on which most of the listed (unbracketed) species also occur.

*Asphodeline*	Asphodelaceae
Asphodeline liburnica	Aphis fabae group; Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Asphodelus*	Asphodelaceae
*Asphodelus fistulosus*	Sitobion avenae

*Aspidistra*	Asparagaceae
Aspidistra sp.	Myzus persicae

Aspidium see Tectaria

Dryopteridaceae

(See also Bathmium, Dryopteris, Polypodium, Polystichum and Thelypteris for fern species previously placed in Aspidium.)

“Aspidium” sp.

Myzus sp. (Pakistan, BMNH collection, leg. M.A. Ghani)

See Polypodium for a key to fern-feeding aphids.

*Aspilia*	Asteraceae
Aspilia spp.	Aphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola;
	Uroleucon compositae

One or more of the above polyphagous aphid species is recorded from each of the following Aspilia spp.: africana, helianthoides, kotschysi, latifolia, multiflora, rudis.

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Asplenium*	Aspleniaceae
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum	Idiopterus nephrolepidis; Macromyzus woodwardiae
A. aethiopicum = A. praemorsum
A. auriculatum	Macromyzus woodwardiae
A. auritum	Idiopterus nephrolepidis
A. bulbiferum	Macrosiphum walkeri
A. ceterach = A. officinarum
A. cunicularium (?)	Macromyzus woodwardiae
A. dalhousiae	Taiwanomyzus himalayensis
A. esculentum = Diplazium esculentum
A. hemionitis	Idiopterus nephrelepidis
A. marinum = A. auritum
A. nidus	Micromyzella filicis
A. officinarum (?)	Idiopterus nephrelepidis
A. praemorsum	Micromyzella kathleenae, pterisoides, sophiae
A. ramosum	Taiwanomyzus alpicola
A. ruta-muraria	Idiopterus nephrolepidis; Taiwanomyzus alpicola
A. scolopendrium	Idiopterus nephrelepidis
A. septentrionale	Taiwanomyzus alpicola
A. tenerum	Micromyzella filicis
A. trichomanes	Aulacorthum solani; Idiopterus nephrelepidis;
	Micromyzodium filicium; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Taiwanomyzus alpicola
A. unilobum = Diplazium unilobum
A. viride = A. ramosum
A. viviparum	Idiopterus nephrelepidis
Asplenium spp.	Amphorophora ampullata, ampullata ssp. bengalensis,
	ampullata ssp. laingi;
	Micromyzella judenkoi; [Myzakkaia verbasci]

See Polypodium for a key to fern-feeding aphids.